MODULE -1 AMPLI TUDE MODULATION

TNTKODUC TION :_
Messctfle signc ls o?te ?n cornrpa*rb-le for d i recf -*rorv6 nnjs sion . For
* "rg'r.t, _h :trove) )onXet_dixFqnce^, f I Sftengh f,,ox b be
::
tmc^reased by
^odula*fo7 Nifb a l-,igr. frena<nca cerrier krqVe.

o l*erfin7 qnt6 eae pororrel.er (o^

er 5i?nql, in accorJqnc" hJ?th '1ine
rn€ssqfle srSnal bil keepg_u_r7 CrlBer
fenF .

1, shoru s tt-te general Sche.mrqlic

F-r7uae
TrepTsaerdofion g .^odulq+ion
Process" r* covxlai
t s-fupea ,3 6iTnoLs qa follorux,
signa Modutq*or n4odLllqled
I siSnaI

N P'J€,TI:
ru hfch Con{,ai rg A nnesse fl€
ft beJnqnxnni*"d, is cqlled @8 nnesso?e 5i7nal. T+ is crlao
Knorrn qx'
?Wf;bgpd Sixrnlr ruhi4t'., hqa b' ladengo tae process
* nnodura$,'on,
{ence Tt Ts el80 ne,ned (x ,'I$5!gE1in7 g!',i
lrla#',enna ffl c q tr y
, ?t T.s &rtted bg nn tt) .
9U. rnct) = A. cosanf-1
ruhere, A-= Annpti*tld. *F nneseq?e gignaf ln Voto.

fo,, = freclruen !g 4 nnessqgR STgnal , .f 4 Hs.

*t Jn f vuq,ru€o gg J oitt lhe .8pecln-rro + nn c b) lr Aenot tr

"rn
U14 M (F), lhe .8 Fecttu'rr Ia bq",J l; rnited b & r,..t uz .

Mtf) ..Nhert
' M(o) + M(f)
= Annplifude
feguo,lrg frrepen%E}
nl(qlexha. M, JRtr & AolTrlor.t Fol(u lhJ, DePt eP EcS
{, Cq-miet
A-.l'z\- -/ /r\1il4 i. f}, is a_ high fre_q,uenu/ aignd, r-xed h-
c qr ?F$ bte sl1nd -E J,he Te ce? ver cf {er nn odu l"}ion . '

MqttFnnq.licol! it iS dey,oted by c C+) .

Er "" c c+)
= A. cos@n+& + 4" ), i B E-pqrqnneterx ere
Ac -- Arnplifu.l. + cqrrier 6'ig4d in VolE-

Fe = fieTueog S &rrier signaf in Hz

4. = phore + cqrrT<r 6i7ne |" i"r deTr<e6 ,

b DependtnT en -the q t-lertrrtr pqrqnnefer S cqrrrer 6igmal,

qf,e 3 -+Vp.x of Mod crlaliory':lechnigu€8 ?rqnn"l? ,

i) {fpti&d. XRfXIRIgt : {rrnptitud. g Grrter ix ellereJ,

I XdXJS{gn I pregueog -4 cqtrrier la alfe
"ed.
utr {p{1!3UX i phoxe + cqrrler i,r q l-le red,
5. Modutqled x.i*nd 3-
ha+"-r n,rA'^ -lhe fesultunF signqJ
oF{er lhe process *
r'rodulafie4 is cqiled q6 ,. Moduhkd gtryd'l fhix niTnd eonsia[-
'! modufatfn6 siVna,) o.,d cqrrie ^6 fitgna) "
vfalhernuiicet)y ii ia denofed by S (+).

ffggl"eirhu Annpffuale ,nodulq]ed 6i7,ra.l for orrg m(t) la grven b3

s(+)= A. I t* k^rn6! cos(ax{"f)
Nl'reve, Kq= fuptifuje \'r slerts
Eensi]iuitg fqrqmekr (
"g..ffi11
Ntl'Jn thix .",oJuk -the@ oool *?q.r,v
v\Aa'r odgnarn
oonqlsx in
dtn.,-u:ad ^^/^,!
' Fx.uPr@ ! r* ?,c q'lechnrTqe -uxeJ td converts
.lf me donn*ic) ,x'iftnqJ J5 #re?ueog dor"rc.lO F,igrvJ,
Lx'. L.e ,, Tn t|) .- F' T ) M (e)
sc+,) ,Fr > s(PJ
+ Qmpl"iaa, qepre1entqh'pn + M(f )@scf) fs cqlled *"q,ecftu'
r t(

+ trre?ueoly.gffcfnrrl-y $ves the glt4. _$ fteVltqnq CrnponepE-"

Tir"ble 1 ftives fhe F@eff ien =gansfor rra*iot-) ,F +ru 6+d"da^rd
-*f rne ds{odin 6\VnaB , which ere ?repea{ed !g tued nn thjr nrdule .

Tirne Doqnoi O Eignof -Fou

ri er Jta nSfor rnqhon
( r.r)
x(f)=

Any q.r,saql fosine € iXna) qf Jourqr

Ni lb- a-,plrtr.rde A o a,rcl

f=go +gfo L; specfrunn of X(+)
4, e?uen cu 'f, ' * S(f-pd) aod rcF+fo)
0 ro. qre ..}6PUlse,_;flflrn[
qnd f= -Fc ruitb-
€?uqf qnnpfrludex
Ao
E'
rnt+). &nfotr
* t" (r-Ft+ m rr+r,f
Cos
)
Produd'
* lvl (+) + specfnro qf
' b'nntt) shot'oo
?.'4t^t
Cen+rreJ 'j
f= O
+Mrr_ro)_u
;M(Ft -
Hl*ffi_
f=f,o ,.-
Mff) o\t
cenler fr n(q
f=_Fo
tble i,
N\n /\-

=4drnn"luge6 :F LEinV nnoJuhHon process tzn @-,-.-mics$ian

sy*fernt Are Ag follorus .

1. Reduce,s-fhe heighb gr'A"lr-nna.

2. Avoi& h.rixiop $ 6Qnatx
B. +llourrS Mu lfiplexin1
"'F
siA nql8
4, Atlotd8 Ad.u^trnenft + Aqndruiat[
5. :fncreclr"s -h" 11cr,.,?€ -F GrnrnUnl@hen
6. I.rzrproves eUotitl Bpqsp+fon.
Ve nKaJeaha . N.f , JRtr + otl.
"f
Reu lf./, Oep|. DF ECE svlr
r.a,4gglj!" $g{gel11: (q h4) +

Ogfl{fff t r* ts q Pr-ocess + ol*e.rio7 the onnplitrde- +

" cqrrTer
Bignol nn a.o"dqnce r'otJb- -the h'rlen{oneoLs8 varlqc,s
+
rnessq?e aiXnal b5 KeeplnT fteiuuentrJ ooJ phe<e + cornTe
arTnoJ Gslevrh .
L> Jn'G"nerql 4M siTnal "slor.dar.f e7uodf,o6 ia ftiven U'6

s( t) - A. [r * kornl+t cos&r'tct
Ko.= flrn pllfuJe {en*lti t'! 'FqTq nne}€r

rn(t) = M€ssqge At^d

Ac= *tPtlfuJ. $ c'hraier AiSd
fc &'4raeng T Slrrier 5ignd
= '

)l-Io r4nrplS*ud e ulqf on, rnfortr,tlinn

r'a od

nnessq?e SfVnoJ tn(t ),resideK onlu h

* scr).
+ M{ul"dio1 rn/e1 ..; (vf l))
/\A'rav4.,z1./^\,/L, p€

I{ i4 -the, p"rd u$ + <rnnplt*ude EQraitiv;ry poranneler

"lg"nd fie yla.ySnnurn \Zblue S rrresso.f€ A8^) .

t.r,,
F= G I'r,(t)frnox No uni[ @ pr = l("Aon
ke= A'nrplttude qscnPl livity
I'nt.l-)lr; $rlqrfnni-ern \Alue @ ,t'rrflrfude + rq(t),
b 1Le N4axfmrunn Mlqe ,ri rqoJub..he.'n f"J ?r{,
W=!.
L) rf l-t > 1 , the CqTrier hlqnne t..orn* over .rodqlqted.
L) r+ lIaL , tli€ Gyrter hls.ve beco."1.s -r^J* Mo.lula{ed
b ff P=l , lh. earr,ier .Now beco,"1.6 crF*icsrly Mo.futntd
rF rq Afi ,1he c@ryrier jregueng,llJt >>f. 'll-i J-= fregueng Sm{+)
t-i
*Tlq.
/\n.A/\
arrd FTeqruency r dsrnqio descrlp*ion
-'r^;^-{/,-..- "+
'AM-signqj: 5
\..\,^,z\,-- A.,1- ,t ,.-/U-- e',r-l-W

;4> Deffrne A'npl?turJe Vodub.iion. ob.lshn trre txf,ressien ftr frq

F by b'tb J$ror" Jo'nntn qnd fre-vue^g d'-oiar veprresen}..h'm Nrtb

PU :- r+ 7s a, pro cess + elJe ntnT #t- 4opr{urde rF Cor rT er $lgnc.l

$o qccordan(e ati.fh lhe lflslendsneouS \zelues tt *soXz 6Zm)
bX keepfnrT frellveocg ad
t
Fhq6" T Ccrrier Aign"J GDnsla"'b'

Rrelon fg*grs,n3.t:-
.o lhe fqdl-en*aneou,t Volue S nt.ssq?€ z;l1nq) $s fr,^nbp,
t(*) = A, [email protected]*) _ (,J
.
tuheoe, Arn) Arnpltlde $ rnesscr2:q e\gndJ.
f-9 fr.?ueocgr @ gqndr^ridtb $ nness W fiZ,MJ ,

' Jhe frnglan+qneoLr.8 Volue

S carnief zg,td f"s Afi^e/n
+,
c (*) = A. Cos@nf.*)
_ 611
u.there, Ac9 Annplrlude
$ Canri er 6ry\q,) ,

Fo $ FrenUenq eF Cs rrier ,3i1r1ql ,

' lolu knor hh".l Jhe Slonderd eltl^h.oo *f AM E; Wd iA

ff,reo bg ,

sFf)- A" Ll * k^rn(r)] [email protected])

rul^ere, tq= AnnphS.lJe S'*rl-rvl! 1"o*Ilf;' ,

Sula,lt4*b Intt) Aq coS0ng,ot fr, e?Ltdli-l

= (gJ
(anf-+)]
sc+)- = Ac L r+ kj. cos ces@nFc+l
.-. ' sC*) = A. [ 1 +$ cos (en Fr+D cos Gt^ F"+) _(al
\lbnkqleaha- 14,JtF and ,g6qntj- Fccu lf9, xp1- +FcE sV t.1-
 6
'Nhere ko A,o+ Vo.f ubr.fiao r^olex fr.rr *M -signoJ
P=
S (*) = tn" + H Ac cos e-nf;t] cos an$.*

= A.cos anfi.* t Fac cos&7Tf"f Ces en+#

s c+)

Ne k*w thr,j , (_oeL.cosB = [*.(* _a; +cos fA+O]

=|-

"' 5t+) = Aq cos tanq+; 1 f-rAc cos s,' (fc-fi_)| ,+

rycgs&n(+"+dt
C+) - Ao cose^fc+ l+. cos A.T (Fc_f-)+ +
+
.o#i.n '2 *"
.1,

E?q^+iBo (o)gfws tbe g,hn pfi p;ed €xpnessio4

t Avr - .<ril(t'
I+ Cn,*taV S Jhree Frenqrr*/ Corrrponea[-
. f. cqrrler t^JijB anopll],-rJu 'A" , r.lhich
- doE rroffre]ueoul
Gnlqirns o1y messsae B\Zn^)
. f.-F, j Loruer Sidu b"nJ 1ee) Nitb annplitucle [1|:

. F.+Fr ) upper x?de bqnd {use) hrilb' annplifudg

TAk$nA Fburt.r #o,nrfornnodiso o4., botb ,Sde(
H.
e!,Uaho",
Ne ?ej-
$ F),

I s(F- (4"-R")) + E (Fr (fc_For)] t

ry [sce-(FcrF-)) + sG*cec+p.)n
ls%tt^lien Gf g'J'ves Jhe &urier trqrs.fornn % sr+). 4(e)
 pig ure ,l_GJ AlrowZ ne spechnr'o + nnessq? e ArA"uJ rn t*) . ond f
pfgur j_G) ahwr h" 6pet}ruo t +M NqMe scb).
nlf F)

oFn
Ia)
sc#)

-Hlttt*t ( ussJ

-F.-F-
o F.-- F.",
E+Ft
(.bl
pigur I (o^lff*P ?,.1U*l (uJ s15ggE
,lulfryd'
,
r'v r-
'\n
[:i'gqre &, Bhgwx tke--++trp d"rnoio dngna,l Nq\rcForrx,
1rruJ)
rntt)= a^rosaaF,l-
Ar"t € 'Mess age ,*gna)
itvtc
fr e)
I

L- t

A.qrt= Ac(lf tr1)

<= At/l -sT?,vi

l- Aqnio- Ac( t-p)
I

ti,re
c+)

-r-
I
I

risq(a: (q) ryK:xqe,6?s,TLrnct) (u'l A*K{* :?^'r[#

Ven ka-leaho. Mr JRF & MTutrrd- Fat-u lfi{, Dep+. T gce S{/ lT
 g
Trqos
/vny^.4-l\,
mi ssi
A-
s n BanJ N iit "f
6..,71-rv^. n_n_-a_nn
+v s??nqJ .- /B_) \ |
,71._, .- -Ir..!^./,1,^

Ee oJiF.Ference 'befrueero 11pp€r 6f+ b""'d otnd Lornrer aide bqnd

'Fre-?gs q L7@\ ia cq ue d trensrniss jso gqcrd ruTd th
1"e., BT = t.; f.r. : F.,' y Uigna-l
Bl = fi.+Ft- o-ua f,t"= FctF- & Ft*= Fd-F-,,

BT = Fctf61- F" f F,t

Br = a'f'n I n=
a
Bqcd ttd-fb fnuVfuired for "\ Not,tle f6
the -J6:q1gnnjssiorl 3p AM-
rNrcg he nnodultfn7 .frzVuenry,

'{$![]p'*r. o^d pJxsgz",@{1pn glgq:-

lhe ru*io S .**r+
sign,J mpltluJe ,b -0hr,F .Lroynodcolqi<d
$
cqbf,ier Tzigqql qrnpffu+ Is cslkd ,. MgglrablionJ".i.r,'.
-lhe
P*dr*-.$ yfr-rJ"? +n6ilr\, ft po*nDeler- .qod aororpri tude
nnessc,€€ 6" nd lr< cqffed . qoduhi-
I"J*;
+
i.e., r"1dul^liar J",J.r ,
[r=_F @ P= kolt,ntoi*: koA,
perce'tla2e
d MoJ,"l.*l-inn I",,J ex f S

'/" V:txtoo @ %F= Ko 4* xteo

l=;' rf An h fho", Ao , modub.hun, ?oJer ft beconne4 greal.'ai

Qre^ier
than I- therr Dirton"lioa \n fc|rpduceJ hob lF.B_ ,q+SG,o.

+ For pToFr - signd inan<nni, ssi oay q",J D€ret}i oo, -lhe
AM
t"todul#V rz?gn^) %r+*gn 'A; .ynu+ be fess.thqn (arrtzr
EiXnaJ yo llq?€ . AJ ,

*k: r. sremA AM 6i?nqj -the Moxin-rrro & Mininrq'n annfli{-,_dta

+
Aurt ,sitnd 16 ?ivro hg . Arnor= A"Ir+1!
. Arnt^ _ Ac l- Hl
 \WrZnoJ Modu,[p.Sdx
bUrgt tlf 1

lV'!l nnuo mpf+qdes:-

,\
A.-,A-n a

enve,loPe dh 8(f)
Arnqr=Ac tr'+f]

Arolfn
= A. I t- ;rJ
f
Fim' EJgx. t
WI ia [pgsx-u{r.)
lnle k^or Jrt"t tb" ..l+","hrd AM-aigro
ff*r, b.{
sl*) _ A" [ | * ko r'ntg] cosea [.t (rr
--
k+ A*r_:)l"lax innueo aonBlTfuda
$ SC+;
A.l":) Minirnuro o.o^rpli j..lJe 3? -S( t )

Frgure 3 . Fhorda 1b'e Earvelope

$ stD ["u, A"f r] kq.",rf] arekA,
4vl aigna,l Teqch ?g iE nnqrTnnu&n Vqlue r,,.rho hn(t) - AnD. poo -
"o. A,noz= A" ( l* kc.A.r,): Ac ( HH) : kaA,n J-r=
sirnilarfy, at'r trgna-r reaohel nnTninnuro *rr. 1.1,"." ,'(t)=-Aro
"on A,nro = Ac ( t - ko Ao.'): A" (l-Fr)
(z)
D'iv;clu7 eluNl-'ao (r) Ni 16 e?Lf ao Cg -Ne Arl
"j-i
A
^\rnat A.(ttl,t) _ ,.tM
-r\ni4 =
A
A. C l-l'r) t- U
-Arnax ( r .- pr )

- l-t, Arnqr( :
A,nqt A nrl n * lQ Arni o
Ato{ - A.tfn :

Ven fe*eXha .Vl t JR.tr & Adftn0 facu lry "Dep+ 4 SCe sul
Exonurpl ,.
A/\,^.l\ t, L, i LXTng the rness^?e
v v *iryd
v rnft) =
*;l+ta , .ftJs',nFo" 'o
^,v!
-+qd JEe annplifude nnoolll^]rd 0rhw fo.r the FollohrhDtr
6a,Q*&',
tnoJu lo,}feo s",Jcx r/aluex (i)
H: s oz (ii) p = roo%
[-y Qtveq .'
rurqlsq lY zu t7
/l/\/^'"\
Mess €e 6ignd ynt*) rl rLr q,p
Itbr-
Ct) vodulg:l fnder p: 0.5 ;_
? gn=/\.A
l.^"n-r\n-_-
tzA._/\-z\\r,\- ._^y\
Ne knpr^r tnn* frT ala4{qur4 $rvl 6nry) e?U^}i ont .tg
Sc+)= A. I r* kom(+t cosonf..t _ [r)
'f.tr F= o" S : -tn+
t^le knoru , F: Kn l.n'r+ll.r4st

" J& ff*o AignoJ mr(*) la nnqtlnnurr\ o& *=o.

o
nnt*)
onof
<--{nnt*ll
l?lolx
' nn(+) TS Mtofnnurn
"$ *= tDo .

Inn(+)l-, = E"l ft-t,= O. Mln

.'. Fr= Irtt)I,,..,o.- k.x I

K.. - oo **la
I=t
-1-rr
---v-
lo

F= Ka-= o'5
- .' s,\,4/\^
Ker{h q rnf*) "*
" A/^-n "

o"o s(f) o'-€ -l

l+
= A" I: I+tz J
Cos"t^ bc+
A
To Sxertl s[*) '- j oo'?
.rxz..^x,^.',);- ^4."u,7: A. I e.4lpt4*J= A. [r* o.sc,D - FsAc
,A^in = A. I t+ r<o l,gbrf
= Ac I ttoJ = Ac il
fie povelop t5 nnt+) "{rpengr* befirueeo Arorn^= A" ond
*'o
A** : 1.5 Ae tn St+) c*ignd *s thor^r, io g,f 9ax,l

Fiture 1: U^flg:J l1_l*:ls

 iD
L= L. ( "." p=Kt**
L

St*)= A. [1+ h'nct! cos(cn].+) ) nrtr)

=.*L,
:) 6r+)= Ac L r + .i ..1 c^s (r,rf.+)
i^*- AcLl+ka 6rXff) o"tr+ N={Ac
'A^rn = 4c [t+ -reydj*] = A" [r+o] : Aq

srt)
- -d'4c=Attqr
-- Ac- A.nirr

V(\) *+.1
fur5J|J:!nrn7 he Messa2< 6jt'\e,J,
tnt*)= g
€i$,^J fw (iJ Y= so% (Iu
l+t- , Delerrnftne 0^.r1d 5rerct" At.r1

F= oD% Ci,, pXrt&s% I

b Qrvst dr,Jq I $4essag< SiZ'\^) mf

+) = -L _
Itt"
+ -0e '3 _L -l 0.s, 0 0"5 7 2" ,
\J bo
r0Gr) 0 Jpl
-og', -o'lt -o.S 0'Lt 0.9 0.+
-D'lJ o
I
, 0
wrtt)
lnrTirl;o.s
+)l = -0.
lrnrc+tlr.,:^0.5
qf 0=-i.
Innct)f*f e.5 + t=1

F .', f'r thls nnessq7,( ,tig*r) , *t4 rug*)

Sf+J bewrr.u Mnxrrnu/n o^f t= 1 atp)
l-eRch ?,\ tq,blrnu.nD
"^j--
J-= -I .

Venkqle8\q ,6 ,-r {e-oia 44g unt} Rcu 14 , Dep+ + EcE

 1"1

Cas{D F;5o% = 0"S :- L}" k"T. ko_=

tg8{hj-(+)
-rhe ,<4ondqrd e?q,\fi bi4 SC+), 4v1
"f ,signa) lA = A. [r+ Kl',r
scr-)
= Ac I r + K. rnru!.o.onft+ A*: A.[t+ t^u"i
H" +
rorttll U rry*)7 L
f .rr_)qX b. S J+t2- 4"rn= l.[r-o.i
n2 g'"5
ot
ond lg 6 hot^lq .'
$-gux I.aQ)
G,EL0D: f.ro-
'\,\,.^-/\ o
o

p= l(,. 1.rt,1.^F) Ko= I -q

*, =
I'nc+rf*.,,_ 0,s
-
_Q:L

s(*) = A c I t+ q^ rnttt] cDs"r^.fc+

To
SIft€t*)'n
":keleA St+),^ A-r* - A. [t + r*la4/^.,J = A. [r+ero"s]:- &ac ,

o. f r + k^ [^**,L,J +"fr_exo,sl
t :. iA ghot^r. il"']*,2r l.J
-The s kd"A1T^ s+) = =o
q1p i- F,- Fr= tos /, = l..rs :- e) ,(0'v." Modub.,led)
r':.'z:-r:-n-z\

P -- K^lrrrc,l*€ (:
"
"-
5(f)
*-i; + =d.(
= 4. tt+ Knr^ct)] cosanf,$

S[+) = 4c {,sxh I
[r+ _l+t.r cosaaF.:f
'\
-', st4) : Ac' I l+ d"s"tr, ] C.os&nfl.f
c l+t,)
To s ke 4$ s(+) -
:-
Arrqx, 4. I t+ kq lrn*, l**l - Ac [t+r-rro.s]=€ +c
4^rn = Ac I t+ K. l.ncf]|.,J - Ac
[t-a.rSxo.r]= -0,&SAc
The S,<e}el, S S(+) f.no- lr= t.a_C tS dhouro :o #Eu* i_.e(c_)
a"d iS ov"6 Mod rn[^]e J ,
 t3

rl
Cqgt(l) j p:5oy" I U nder frfoolu W'on'"-
A^- .^'^.-

_L
- - Amox= l'SAc
Ac
--Arne" = o"f Ac
(ft) V
_0.S4 c
-Ac
_l.ffic
I

s t*)r
"l-EJ-
four=&Ar

ilr:^- oft=-f 4c

4dn= O-+

A_r
(b)

9regllF=Ps%:W:-
-- A.rif,as+(

(0.

- o"9S'4"-
- - A.in= -o'&g+c
-Ac

- J-0-(4 c

(c-l

FTgur" 1. J ) A r\4 Slgv\d f.r +)=ft,-+." (^J tHIDz @ i!{lz. "*t

(cl ; LAs%
Venkq.l€6hq.M, JRF &4dl:rhcl- Fqcu lf9, Dtp* sce sy lT
"F
 l4

Ertplqsfi'n
n/A-/\/4./4y+
W
' ,/\.-,/\.-M*Utui"^-1f^pFtude
-r\../\./\- /A. .. \-^./i n/A,/^-&
r'aodgJ,.iion
r.\., -/\.,4/,^r -
:-
Qftn&il'en -J*do m'odulalto7 tsW"h
vnr(*) - {rntCps &nfrrt (l)
trL$) :' A'r5 cos &nf\t - ('J
N.k.T #le .Zdc.n/,ard - +*l-r.Jq\€
"qruqh-"n +
fA

Sc*) = Ac I r + k^mrc+1] e,s a^ Fc+ _ 6;

.fo-Jh?s Cqxe nn(*): tr)t(*)+rr\(+)= A"o*t&"f# * AOC"sung"{
s C*J = A" [f + f" (Arp*euf,i + At6*a"f41] Cns cn.p"t

sc*) = n" I r+ bSrcos&nffi + fl CusanFc$

l-tr s!'.'*t*t
[.,
s(*) = A.Itf hcosgnf;rJ +F.lbt-@:"rt{q*;
s(+) - ' AcGs ar F.t t Fr A. eosenf"t. Gs&nf$+ ltA.Gsenf,.*-Gsanfit
N,l(,T. Cog A. CogB = + { cos (*-e)-l- cos (,+tBD
o

st+)= A.cosotd8.+ + tl' ttcos&nct,.-

\vcqrrier & br.)t t'
'| ;iri{'",- ry& cos(an(rctl4t
q-ur"r
+ lar
F-no,o eTuoJion
@';
*ru0 nn'ddt:a Ne
Yurc)cie"[F,"r, fo")
ulPer'ud..d3; Z-t-.JoJq.l &ur
;i' ;fu:;J; ru:q'+.n r.nr, r.rr,, &

4prt_gtrfi Fourier #q, -,

Ne gef,
scf)= & [s tr-Fc)ts ( F+rc! + Bt]!" t+- [rs-F''])+ s (f
a [s
L r [r.-*.;r)]
t. Han?^.-
ro.
[s c F - Lrc+ fr"J) + I
4
(ri +[+"+r.,fl
r, _ rl.rd)
*E (F+ tF"-F,n,Jn t ry. [s ^)-'

rypr*-rFc+s,J) + s &+r+.+r.;!
 t5

Arlrr uY_ A.Ht

4
+
'UgAL

+ilSE;>F
- J t:Wyp t'
,r\,4v4.-^./1
M,rl+ifune -tnnptr#qde tqodul"iiorr S-
.JA\J/\,/\,
!^. f\/\/\/V._.,t\*- r^.,^r,^.,^.,^.
'

Tff agryf,p$:- The +ol-al #^tus^Wr* Bq,rl ul;d'fh +"

Mr.rlri+o ne =/t"rnplifuole -odu l*+rd "uJqw i.s
BN_=2N l-tz '

ruhere [f = Mqxirnunn (f-n , fro , frn)

l"fd L{c.{ve Xhourr hn eTua}ion(a)
ies /.As.Fo lloruS
, fc --) Cory;s6 /sSrd hJjrb- amrpli'tlde 'A; .

, f"-Fr e LsBr h,i-lb- aqpl?)ude

. ft+%-
t
t-,s81 Ni)B ornrpfitude JT
Hr Ac

f"-fr3 LsBa Nit6 ernrp

fc f fr-+ u3Bg xtli6- q

* poNer Preae^t b q^t alkrq,*i^A_ ffi*"^) (vottag *S*A)

t8
2-
(ru^eli+.r&)
=
"ZR
Nhere Q= Load Re,aiala,nce tn lL,
Ven kq-leahq-r4r :rRF c AotTqncf Fqcul+g ,,DePf + trcF S\^,7
 l4
* ExFJg€{s) r%uJg @ B!%ond,*s si*t
*ARx %y$$*gi*d** @{p,r ;-
L ef Jbe d.o 'iq, Pq^ter fin th" Arql,-t\1nal . TBe Multi Jone
P, , b,
+M Argna) fmr *ru0 nnodu l"hoV 6igrnlx Conletirrs F". dlFftrcnJ-
*.?u,oqJ &orrpon*fi r& Foruer
fn &,lctrlqlaol m &lloru8,
=nr'f".1

t = P" t Pt*ur* Prr"r* P"u't Prr*'

Pc= t
"?R -(t)
Pur,: orr*,:(fut)- v?*7
\;) p.{
*( =
Prrou: P1-,sor=
Sf -4
"'Pr'r * P. * af* ,,#-n r,v *
pr= r.Lt+ f+
{+ q+ fl
Pr=P.tr+ Fl'ij=p.tr+( f1
Pr = p. [t+ *) raPt powe r $o s\ZnoJ
r * +"-l ^tv1
"1J
r ll
,^l here
l"li= t-rr'+tti = |.1

,o.
$ ModuhFisn 5J",
Jo Qen e,'r'o.,l , Ne} Modu\r^.hDo frnJurt f.rr N*nne ss
^A"
At''qLs TK

?iven
vv bg.

Ht=J Pi + l-I,'f pi+ , +t/,i

 N*: Fsr .Afryle T6ne AM f,r1'ndJ,
. Tola.l PoNer, ?r= P"(r+S)

" ToJa/ S ide bqod

f o Neo : P
fsg Prr* t P,.r**: P. Ht, P" l-lL
- +'4
€' lb+al poruer hn

t€ ,4iJ ebq,.,f,g
Exannple !"3 i Delermtoe Jhe 'ruffo
na-nnn a,a t{arirantrrn q,verqge .}ofal poNe}
"t
Jo unnnadu loded Cqrrfer poNer i4 AM- algnd.
l^.f.k.T" ig ffr"n
1o{€..0 foruer hn AM ,<ivnal s.tr-

pr = p"
[' *SJ
Nhere'
P" = UonnoJuloled cqrniea
-G) FoNey
j,(= Modul^fin'r IoJeN, Vqri u fuq o fi 1
orpo lvI b e Conner Mf ari nDurrn od 1
H:
,to
P. = P"ft+l''"-l
' flt"hx & J
o
O"
'Ttnqx
/l+ lr ) _ l.r
(TE l+i=i=l.S
| - 3
P. -
= ) =
a
-tk yuhs l..f
d>

&nr,er
i
4 l'4 a xi rrrUcrr *rq nB rrfi

laf A',4 Kignal is

PDh)er -6'Jhr$'t
"Uo nnoclulo(ftd

po*rei

X*i:n.rhe Tordi.d+ed Jon" qo -AM-broodc*Hn7 6l"tirrr

Iq 4r,,1- SiTna)
+ CqTrter
forr,ler
not
doexContelns qGU rrrssq?e sT7'vJ '

no" lFe puesence

$ Grrier pru€t 'R' fn -lo laj Po0er
P+, reduca tbe- t$|icteoqJ tf AMI - $,?nd,
b LsB LusB Cqrri u eoyua,) pNer " P" lJ-l+",
.M , TRtr AolTqncl- Fqcu
 tg
+ EFFicienca
xlx,-i\l1,Zr,,rl:
U
vN A l'4 6i7nal
vazr.,nzLrr, r\r\,'-
: (Yt I
V

I+ Y"6 fie fiaHo S {oJ-a,l Side bqnd pourer'16 lhq} + #}a'l

)zqr6rni+ted pDrder,
Pus*

N,k r. ?t= P. [r *S]

P.r*t Frs*
a
.'- f''l-
t= +

&tf.-t-
--

-', % tl,:

S: X r|" N4^xlou,rr e$fiUencr7 t At'l

- +xrou
33.32:z
 l. 3: sNrrcHtNq MoDULAToR i-
,1 /\- ll-zr; Mzfl n-nvA.z,fzf.,lzf*r
f+ f,6 a Diode eTrc,ufl- -uxecl 'b' ?ene?q+e 4rV-6f?n'd'
o) rxplqio -the gperor.fioo + sruIfthfro? vtoduhfoo hJi.lb- crrculf Jt7*ro
qod h1qv€f o^fnn! ,
'
ryslJanrot+
L-; sNTlchxnff Kodula$or ta =txed b geneuule AM 6t?4oJ.
Ciincuif diogro nn :-
/rV z\/a.- v^.,^.-^.JU\,/\.^

c(+)

rn(+) v(t)

rru-n.a
b-9 -'
\&(t)
ft(t)

+t +l
o
(b)
vt(t) -To 10 -----F
4re

Frgure 1.3 : (q) st"ri+chlop vroJulorhr CIntuf

,G)ti{
f dto?yu
(b-)
rdeqhzed ftaf,^j (v,ro) qcd ou+puf
%(t) Sirelonlian g Dode
G) period,tc puta<-Jrahn {r c(J) .

Nir.l.'r'rB n ,odu lqlo6 Gnx{6[ + oro rJeaj JluJe

.s
-ueJ oA a. €rui'}th, follor,nred tH aqod PaS\ FitkrCBPF)
*he7tl.^g ' Fo q Fhoru,a \q F''3uoe 1.3 (r) ,
+ Mefxage c#Vn"J nD(+) q",d Qqrzter 6iXna) . c(+) qre Sfnnullene-
-otxl* eppfied o8 tnpu!- 6?"^f J.r fdeoJ d.to& 'D', 08 thotdcr
t- *..,gr* 4,.3,6) ,

Vien ka-leXha. M. { k?g,MTqn$ Fqcull-t} -, o+ EcE

 &o

,'" lEe-+oe.J tonf.^l- ' V (+i ld -tfie diuJu- Tx ffw^ EV

Vr t*)- mr+)+ c(+)

f* fa esxunnd 'fbd lorr*,ll ( Ac .-lhereFr

o lF" o"#Pr* \^ thr + Dlode 'D' tE,
"
\d.(+)= {L V(+) } arheo cc*))o =$shot.)o io{iguri.='
o : uoheo c(*)(o
T -ihe diud. \/arf p-s te]^:een O
[,ey The or+p,^l- Voltafle qnd Vr(f)
aF q Yb-b eluat S CorrTe. rign".,) perriod l[ =
t
u'. JEe DioJe gu}pu.+ yo1.yefl Kt+l depnndx eo the Confrul 6i?n J
$"tD aa thsruq Tdr Fgu'e -J-.3 cc) ,

+ *perrodic fuls<:|roic, ?et+), Jhe ouspui' volfftf +1he

.u. Jo-Jetrx
dio de Cqo bt h;ri Urcl o8

kt+)= Vt+1 ?rt9 +(z)

Sub,rtilrrb Siruorlion 1r; ia e?ur.lie,a (2) hJe goj,

%c+) = frn(r) + Accos&n+c+] ft*c+)

Relcnes d% ?pr+) uy rE- purier
".*t@
?pc*) = $ + I cosonF.t +. q6 e

'
" sc+l - fr,*l * a. ces&nf6*] t* -??5ro.KFc* + . . "]
Kt+.1 =-l -1- +) +g
E rn(*) hn(+) cosQng.+ +
$ c"satrfcf *#&urrool.i
Ytt+l = t rn(,*) +$- rnt+l Cos&nf,1+o&Gsenfct + A;.
t& r
JBe:reTujreJ AM Nc{w GnlereJ
Pqsstnf \4 (+) thro ufi-, qo iJeoJ Bpr havkrT C""trr fre
tf.' q.rJ BN=eF..Hz
 "'. fis oufp\rf + .lfie Bpf i6
r$l cfl
- + mt*) cos GtnF.f) 4ac& CtsenFcf

6\c+r 1,,' an fi.t

%' cnr = -& Lt + ko-t+f cosq4+.+S*ot Nqve '

rut"ere k^ = A,oplrtuJe €nr6+l ,iU r

#": forannele
E?u'.lioo C6) k ]t* x4rnJerl ffi :8\Vnd,produlceJ tf -tla'
St
' tireht^q- vod u l"for , tt'o
0 ' '--'ql"wvs' nt)lb- :( qnn) eT ennp liluJe :s cq le d doruo b Sl'
forrllsv(rq"v\-r
,* * * * oz

1"4' ENvELDp6 DErEcroR **r(

a> Expleio dre oPe"l^aheo + envelope defecnrr hJiJb neqj- diorTr"anol
.&rrd -he
Novef orrrrs ",AIxo nnent,uo SiTni$icqnce gf Rc-'linne Gnxl"ent.
Trne- fulg zol?
Dennodulorlioo
@ DeJrclioo ?r jhe process S lflecoverinT the
OriTiooul r6e3,sa?e ,Signa.l
fro n ;|1re nndulclel hjo.ve od' Jhe
liecelve tr.

trg9'!j^_o$tt fL L6 a rficnple qoJ At*', ef Fective drode

Circuif,. nrh?ch k ConnrnDnly -r.Med f.tn "JennoJu
+ At'4-xignq.J'

Rc
tr? lte r

Rs

%&

FiSune 1.4(q) : c i rqqj t diof rrlp o3 Flydopg q+cf.E'l-

VenKq{e.E .M , 4dTq^6- paCU ltq &sBF , Dep'. p e'ce
 01"2

sH')

€ nUalgn"J

'1
-t-
I

Envelope -{ fit'zl-N4ve

+
(f D)
t,

F igt,
't
1.4(b): Ca) Agirgn4o)rf",pgF teqqe&b,r
' G; IngJgpe +,W4asX{ q^!&t+qfj(gsJ9Bocrf.r
Fi? uae 4(D shorrla dhe envelope de*eclon Cfzrgt*t*. r+ 66qA?sb-
+a-
iarl
d,iode ,0tnd & RC F?-lJfr. Tt?a cr'ou,.jS i4 aLso fnot^ln ou&
Dlodg Dele$ou".
Ci rcLd+ -lnna,n-.n^'
f$,^.,zt.n Speral5ofl l-
L+ ro th-" Poriltvt l."f f cgcle + h gtg-Slnd , plode
'D' beConnesforruard bf6ed "And C,1lm.ntPtor^rx -lh-S

cle
'ff the AM- h)4W , Di oJe ' D'
od No- cufltnf flot^ra ltr*{A
-lootd ve;ix+or 'Ri ,

o 'o 0nJ6 goAttirc [alF + lhe^ drr4 uctv€ afneorX Qcrross

Rc-"FiJler ,frs frhorurt in #grt* l" + (b),
 {3
Not K,*og
n./\./\-/a "P Rc- piJle
V .{n,n,,1.-a.za.za.ua..a
r:-
;-;rtrng ;" +\€ holf cgcl. t 4M h,blw, Jbe Capac)1o6'c'

[email protected]^x1 txgd*"+'
Efa. Nhen, fre ftnPuf
Dide Se connex R.erzerr6e bi
[email protected]"o
+ lBe Dlachor?hnf pnucess Gntrquel Unfil th. nexl- poffHve
4-'alg QgoJu AM- tJatt . hlh
t
Srea&r-jhqo ac :tta vul'|e?€

GpaU}or ,ffrrs lhe Lrrvelo

# au* L"4QD. xrh?d'r i6 in
6iB^"),

lzl,'\/t^ RC Gnsl-qrd "

SeleClfoo J.a.AA./^\
'P nnnn
f-
+ The cl.org$o?+ft6re @6r6t^f =.R.Cu -,tsj be Vetn/-ucf less
a

Jhqo ihe cq rbi e u ,ferioJ' '/ic

Rsc <<
""

)6,0W\ -ih. Joqd

6lou,r!9
Peq fx $"1h. fbrrle6 fnleVe ,

L.Q, I Ruc .. +
E<

\ren Lp. M- :rR.p &r4*1-u^$ Fqctr : ftp.f + trcF .5vlf

 €4

aJg"!t* +
Avz\ ,^V\,4-^
A-ptr+,rd"
/^.-z1,n. a.Z\-A-
!4e4qt@:-
A\-/\ '/\'

7-. Lou Bqodru rdtb

a . AM - Nqves cqo =lTqvel Jo"?.r d r,<pn ce .

L'Q,, AM hlqved Coven6 lorye G re a

g. A vl :trqorsrrnT+leaa ere less C"nnp)ef
4, AM rece?verr{ e r e Sfoople, Dele$iozn &i Zilt
Cor"t sblicJe+ "rA
x*?Kd.S+aZK @
W "F,^.S*
7-. poNer k alqr+ed ?othe-froa6"1r6.4 ,{td ,

&, 4M ne"& Larger Bqodroidfb (Bru' =&N)

3, AM- zigrnl W-tr o.fffucted due *o Noixe,

* Applicgnlisna +ir'_ra_.r*
Arl :
A,AA.-^..,4.r4-

TBe Mt1on Tpli csdiens

t AM s,re
L+ Rqd io btoqd e$linV ,

Ly ptch-rre Ttqegrnissioc-1 !61 a T\/-Eg4.k/.d^t ,

( aelevixie4 Brood cqsti \) ,

 "2..9

DOUBLF SIDE BAND SUPPRESSED cenRIER (DSBSC)

\
n n.
-n--4.,^ n - l n*-,zr.v,1- \n nrnZrnn- .n-
'zl.

MODULATJON
r+ n overconne ,"ffi"; poruer r-toxtaTe in AM 1'rtaVe

DsBs c _ Modu btlion ie t_xed

L) DSBSc i6 a rr,efhod E-Irao8nnissioo q rnessq?€ nignqL t.ohere

\ A'nplifude Mdub.ted Nqve in ruhrch'the Cqnrier ia Supp'ressed

iA cqlled "DsBSc- lloclulo.lio4"
1.5. TTnne aqd Fnetueog do-qio descfp#oo
.1,4.-n-&
r..,^,.r,,..^^ /!
f-*L,p 4
V
Dsesc_ xignaJ:
c^la* /\,n A-\
Lel- rntD - A6-,cos &nf--$ c,) r Modulafi aX 6ignd ",q^nJ
-
C(+) = '4g Cosan.Fc* (z) : Cqrrie u 610rrol,
-
Then Xhe TT'ne jonno\o gxpressiorl ia
for DSBsc- E\grql
ffvua bJ,
SC*) = rn(fl. c(+)

f"r ro(*)
= Ann Cos enf,o+ Ac

St*) = 46 Cos&ntct x A,nc,csanf.t

S(+_)= AnnAc Cos"tnFc*. Cosanf6l

',c- ' '!!vJ<'rr'!-)"
l.sf pi-ag. *fulsa Ftvux
l^l"k.x CosA.CosB=
* fCos(A-ts)l cost++e>] -{nd
.'n s(#)=
ry [cot&x Cgc-+".,)+ f cosqr(fc*F",)! __>(+t
\,en koHeAle.J4 r SRP arrd -4dIrra cl F^cu tt9, &.pt- S Ecr sytT
 d4

Thtre Furieir iTroo6tunro sn botb *Aq + q1,*.hwt (+J,

htr" g*
sCf)= Ann Ac
ce-tFc-F,,]) +s (e+tr"-F_ll
+ [s
+ [s Cr- tFc+rJ) + s (+ + r+"nr-t]
>[=l
M(F)
Arn

Cq)

scr)

o
l.E;-r (bt gF*rr

FiaLrre 3 ("t t-frF*,^.l:,*l (hD sPecroucn $ regl|b.g'd

;'tbow S?*r^ SnoNE'Jhe'i".Z"rr aSo. DsBsc NAd'
V6ferh^J4D
n Ne e$Eerve'J6oj on
eitBer Side + +fc, lda l^s.ve LsB qod usB
t^lrlb annpFlude @. ,
n Cqrnler iearor rn *a,rppu.rr"J ftn the 6pec{rnl<rr o,a -lhere ix n0
trnrvpulx e q, Jt .

!fg[:- " , rhe Dsss c- $qnJ s(]) , trde r1o% a phone ReversJ
ru heneVer the hnesSQ ge ,Kignd C trosses zeno , Q.<shotnto-t
tn #T?ur.. 8"1,
" A DsBSc 8i6n*l Gc' &
alxo Cottied plRdy_($
 d.l

Qenerorli
nnnnry'
ea ef DSB-Sc
-ldave j-
/\n* * @
-The-
devrces -,JB;-dt ?*erqle DSBSC NaVe8 ar€ k"'uan qX Jhe
produtl Modu l'$Drs'
t23i' 5 cl-) = nr(r)' c (+)
Modu lrto r
&TJte_Y r pro .t
rdl9lAl. \.\t /
\,
utj' Y tdu b}o r .lo generqle DsBsc

f "6. RtNqn,a.,zr-z1.-
A,AA/\.^.
MoDuLAroR * **
A.-/\,^.

Q) frWfaiolhe yrcrorlion + DsBsc Nqve 'usinft RioA t4oJulq+br

qod qlSo sKe+ch l6u necessd rbl Nq ve tortd"ys ,
L) Rin6. vodulalor B N produ$ Mduhlor r.Eed f* QeneraflrrT-.
Dsgs c -'MoJul"$€J ri7nal'
Circ uJyrlfos*r
F1,A.,r\/^af.r; AA.-' U
"
?

'o
I

I t
&)l s (+)
I
DsBsc
sigm)
I
rl

trrguft t, 6(q)
r\A.-n-
: c?ncuif Jtoq^-
,n.^r.- "t Rhn? Moolulnlor
t n n- vnA4,A^
".4,^
"lh. ^,r\.-,r\.
L> c? r cuif d?a7ra nn qf RtnrT nroo,|.{ lo,hr 'S Ehoroo hrl
Sl1ux L.t@) C.,t\si6l4 g -l-u,,ro Gnfer-fopped +"q m!a-,*s
-Tr , Ta o"\d Four diode-f D1 , D1, D3 ood Dq Csnnecj<d b-)
b"idt* cinquij- 19ad q Bptr UtlS' Grr+eo freryeogJ'f"', BN=&&r.
"& t u gr
I \zbn rod€Eha ,yl , sRtr ot'td r4'dI..tnf Fotcu tfr.J sy tT
 d.8

rqJ B applied -io

b the Cqrriev Signa) jtre Gnten bP.s fhe
"F
hp.^r tTr) eod ou.Fpujl ( % ) troox-Potrnne?n6 - Modut"hv ffiS*)
1o the inP.^f
._$a'onrfo{rr'er Ta,
irs Tpfied
L rne oL+pd- Vof lage ^ppeatr6 acrDss fhe g..*J qo - oF1trr
*nenxflonnrerrT{ (+.F+er possiop #nou6L, BPtr) .
L; l6e odel GnneurJ b -tFe bnidgr< Circui J. CRrcrT) qcb hf e
Oi

.3wttcL-tes qod fhein 6N9+cht67 ia Gnhrolted ,t Ch f"nie f

r3?Xnd (s?uqre ruave).
Cincr,,rrjt upezrali o(1 n
-
0
7\,/\ /V1J1./a ,l.,-z\,n Dl D,.l

c$e(i) I hlheo 1be Cqrrier Tt tve,lhe

;ffi* Dr, Dz tecorner oN r' PiJel t"
vrttt
Ds, D4 beconneE s7r.
'jhe l"td,rlob Mul*ipli e\ raess^g(
Heoce
4gd rn(*) by +I.
t.
f 'e ., V0*) -
ffi(+) x (+l) =-rn{t)
E?trl vqleoF ci r cu-i* i< 6honn lo pguxl- 6 (ul

cglQi) :- Nheo iR cqrri er ts-V€ ,

rrA.n-n
lte- oiodea D: , D* b<cpmeZ oN &
Dl ,D r)*Cortt€E otrF,
ttJq hhr rznu h' Tliu

3
Ffeoc.n-th.
nnissay 6ttnq) Sy'-1" qA
xhowq b) #-?ux 1""6 Cc-) .

i... , \4 C*) = rnf f) x -l

VoC*) = - tn f+) i

'l' "u Csrin bi ) qo'd GA'<0i)

Casr (i
"t "t?
The RhA n4odq l'+aT oulpq; aj- lhe 6eundoa3a
"f-
#"nx,fon wvtr
T& 7a ffrrn +
{c+l = rn(*) x cc+)
-(rl
-Th" S?uqa hlove Cannier C C*) Coro ba ^repreae'nlqd V oL

frurier Seni e8, q8 I

^
C5 n_l
c c*) = t Z-
1-
n:t ln-t c's[n].f
(en-r!

.o, c(*) = 4 r . .l
+ frssn-fc+ - : eoS 6 ntc+ + . .
.
'. Srrb6+i kt-E L1/ualion (z) h6"\ VoC*) eZuqhon() N( W
-@l
Uc+l = hn(+) * + ftrranfc+ -g coS6nFcf *, o "]
Nhe,n Vo C*) ld pmaed #rouyL-, BP1}""!A
,,---^(3J
n
u-V
gt-f DSAgc 6iT"tqJ , )1

+ ttf,f; geoqrakl {^,-,

Rlr{er Modulqbr

t'
+-

t
t
I'
c ct)
-t- I 1t -l- t
^l^r^
tl
I

It
I

-;| *l L\-
I
Cqarier
d,E.*t
v
vcu
Vo(+ ) o$+k
,ts"q1rL-

J -t-
-l l 'l
I
]t
l\
i

6FF
Ds8 s(- Nqr
R f0"
VenkqJ€rha. M , JRer. detrr-rnti ForcU |fu" Dep+ 5+- p-Cg
 30

I"1 . A/lz\.A.n.\
Cshe"renf Ddecl,iefl q-
r..-.A.,n,a.,n-t 0

O) O"rt,tf- z'etevqns diogro- Srqolaio'th. upurqlfoar rf -16-e coherenF

de**oo + DsBsc uoduhkd vJqvot. 4l8o 8.,tPlql'o Pt''otu era6v
otod f nelUeoq/ eTro)..
ll=+
s(t) Pndu$ Lo ru PqSs
PSasc Modulotn Fi tft r
s SfoaJ

\t-o= Cos (atrfc+ +$)

osii llq'for
Fi? uae b4 :
o
,rl^...^.-^.-,- '
95*9tr fo;llosfgt^J
"o.!,:tu^+
'r the Modul"frV &iVn"J nn(*) ix ?r-ecovened f;*nn a DSBsc Nqw
S(+) Ug \,k\ry Coherenir DeJ€clcff 5horun hn f i?nx !"1 '

* J+ Gn6isb + o\ p"ilurf Modulorfnr, ruhrcA nnclltipliez

DsBsc ei}n^! s (+) ond Lo oa
ft"lrr LoC^l U\6llodor. lhelr M
Jne Lpr ,,ft pood uces re?ui
** F6r tro.i+hFul 'trecovery *Jh" nnesso?n /-tgn^) nn(+) , hu
Je c*J o6ci oh.r ouffpu.t- .^ho
il
st4n ch"on?l eJ ftn botb +re%r
ihe. &rrier hJqve ccD used
J0[a. -fnanr nrf.lJ€r goJ ,

th * -rf Lo Cq..! o6u llo\*or o^fp

fiq.nrier njqrre
"f
% C(f) -U,lRd

s €fjher t pRRIIor' @
fo llorus.
LeF b'.e oulpul- Voll-..uTr +.-tt" -0oc^j ogdllr^.fcr 7*
Vr_(r)= Cos (eKFc 0- + $)_(,t
xrhem +=pfux< efrur
 3l
;th-eo Jte c* rqod ulqjur oufpul-,
pnrodu

\/&l-)- sc+)xvl(t) C2)

ru.k" T, DsBEC- *i1na) Stt) -> CosQnftt
- A. rrrt+)
V(*) : 46 mrf) CosuUf x c{&n+c+ + +)
b -A
-\ v(+) = g+l fcrs (en y.t+ + - aa b,+) * Gs (enfrf+$+mf,+!
&
-'. v(+) =
#. nn(+)
[cus $ + cos (47rFc0
t.lheo vC+) is pos1eef.,*$ Lpf
Ne Zef
Vo t*) : #. Cos
{. 'r(*) ou+Pu, s t-p r

"'" -lhe ,oennoJuhj€") 6i8nd %c+; Trs P?roPod-lion'{'[ fr nn(*) '

o"rd c6 d 4 Phqse €?rtrotr'

is
{r klheo h= 0" : Vo(t) =# rn(+) :) sufPtrt Vollagn
Moxi"rruoo
*hlhen S= ?o' : Vo(t)= O (";cosgd=o).Theolheoufgr}-
vol'l€.g{ VoC*) r,s nn'ninnttcn (=rro)" TBix tt}e$ t.l ColEd
RKt4*
Vt! ?l!:t + ih.
/\-A_/\..^- Ghenenfr D*L** *.ro
. NxFt-
b S 6n; lon lf, I t- $relu eaci a q?n< nof d1nchmni3eJ, i.e.,
tf.'
LocptJ olalla,fur {r-e4ueocrur
fJ + cqrrier fne?r.reojf
,tfieo '1he ffr€?uang dr r4-e rcoce ra
)(rJ - B. ) -- at-
L+fh" fresai.ce of {re7ue"? d ? !+nen(-a a$=fJ-,F. ,ResulE
lo sh?f 0- ior .tF
l.\,A,4..4 n ,"Ju la$rbrg
,( f rfiXnrJ -Fre?rueoc+
.
/\,^'/\^ ot
7t,\ , | .
(t
[t,, -freluroy ++h" oufpr^r- voltary 6ign<l Gheue"d-
t
.:,,u1<(IoT ig : {" = f.Fo".r + upNt*l 6hi }F (fJ <.P. )
i
l- ^fi ir Nqaliue
fo = fn.-af --+ Dor^hr^JuT.':f,lffi izu
VenKoledl.g,Vl":rptr CAdILlnd Fqculf{, Depi uF ecE (r} Ahi.j fo^fi,|rw), -svlT-
 3.?

Pnoblernf
A.A-z\,/\./^
oo Coherenf
za.z\.
Deleciu?r:-
n.n /\,.a\-/v^,
& Ulgggtst+ : Cea,frder a r4essqge ,gtT-rd rnc+) Cenl.aio ?qT f*
Co-,por,rn[ ob 4oo, &oo qoJ 4oo{z.thix 6\gnq) is applied F
ao SsB vodulqlor log4Spy3, Ntth 0- Cqrrien 0\"t- lDoKHL, Nr-lE
enty -0R Upper a-de bqrrd relqioed . Jo -the Coherenf d.r.f* Wed
b RcoVer nntf)rTF( Lge^j o1elllr1fry sr^.ppl;er a 6hre hlqw $
{te7ue.:'% 1,O0.0AKHZ, s+Jirne/rutV-"rol}
(''; Dtlerrznfrne the fireTuency Co.orrrponenb ,gtn" J.l.Cl-..rr1. oqfpuf
Cf) pcaf-fi-. ao"l,fv '4ssu.,niln71E^F"oty-the
Re
s lotoer *ide
Aq^J fB +qnsh'{,+lto/ . ' .+, Gniqr')
Q?veo d^k : c,T."rfi"nnfi;*, s r b |4a7e,t
J, rc = ;.i-#
{'re?t-leocXr Cer4pooerrh g nnt+)=) l0O HZ ,&ot)t+Z & 4oOttt
aEt(L: krhea-rfi" vp.egnidEsgd k^PgqaeJ
s_

(++n,.,t +.+ F-- +cl

us4 fo= fr (e.'-e.)
fo = f^- oF
fj=IoO,EX(H?
oo d by
. oulpuf {c:eWeo U e.g f; Cohereni Delecfdr at.t Jrr^ rshi++(
ob=f.\ - .p. - lo0.0&kH) - lool<lit = &0t-t}
o, teufrPuf qre
o
fu<queaa?) ( f eO -"1o) = gol-l? , &DOdo = [gOlt]
Atlo-&o=380H) xT
$*, t'it F;' ral-
+ +br :
"r
,Trrrq v

Cq,B{ii) S- D.\heo Loruer .<,Ju tg*l ,a*mnamitkd , outpuJ fr"e

4o=f-*o : t;u" ^'l th.^Ttt*

A.A.zlr- ll-- .-^a^,

il*^treao B dei€cr.rr Efo=f-+^t]

u;^J furyeodcl Qa< 5I.i@ oF="20H?'
h
"'o freqlte6\c! Gnpore'0S "f th. derccm" ouffPu$ a?re ggt't&!t
and 4&oH) .
 33

|&Cox*oA
rrra.-nva.za
Re ce
r1f\
iVer
7v^-
!-
^.,.1-A_/
o> Etplaio ,lror,..r Cpllre,l receiver Cqn be Ured 'fcrn dondulnJiy
DSB-Sc Si?noJ. Jqft buty - zo ll
L> TBe @er
,*98+<rr11, u-tJnbJe *or
qwa hqrned $
"S

$.$flp
lx!4k$"t f #*'., _ I-chqnne;
Bloc,t< diqg,rqrn h rn(*)
A./\tv ^.n r.^ $-4..ut$
Moclulc,rtor

cos (&n'$cf+-41 - - -- +l

D$BSC S i?4^^J Phq6e..=----

Dif cni rrfrnqlcr
s l+)= AcCsS&"fd; nW)
Pl ushr f{e r
Siur&npc*++)

#0, shd'o(f)
I
I
t-
__l
plguaf a.F a_ chqnnef
:
*1flucerwr@ *ttj]p
b lFe Co'gov\ rece'ivey Gr-g;r<E gl-*ruo Coherenl de*eCf.trX
6upp[ ed rui -]b- Sa"nrre Torpr3
rurj6 bJrvdLloJ -[o o^..0 06 cj ll
eX1JglF ruil6 raPett)o e
.5f?^ql duppliedtfrt pttod.-lCd nrodqbfo'rs qre 3oo ou$ * p"q{c)
+ -lhe Coheuent defoz in -the rlpper pqlh t6 refern€J b qA th
nel] qod -tho$ tn lhe ls hren pqu
-p}"aa< o.l..r"t@ Q-ct"onref
q8

Ven kq"le6ha .Mr J RF 4 fi-qncl' Fotcu l{9,, Dept + EcF 5V IT

 3+
oPen^+ion
A.z\.u\, nl^-
i
l+ qod
x,rheq locpul o(3ci llerion r5igoal ?A + $e {amre PhqSe
Ptqru€6tuJ o6th.rf rf Camiw hrqve A6CoS&nf.$ rXed h' gr.nerab
JF,. irrconnb' DSBS( l^Jqve . lFeo -1be I- channgf oufPu$ GfllqinS
.lhe de,xined dnnnodul"f'o7 5tXnal ro-t(+) aolJ Q-chqnt'e-l sufPuf fl4
ftro.
;,1" k,T, \/or = &. nn(*) cos$

nrhen Grrier ia Ery\roniSed d=o'

anol

3l ro(*)Xo
\= $ttnl sio{: - Q

Ly lfie our.fpu-l- vol*a ga q l*chqnne1 qod Q -cl.annet8 ere Cembia<J

h\ phxe d"acrinnioqloraqd tF prduces q DC- CBnfrp I nrlne.l -

frit Dc con,lup I srflna! ia fud b- vol|ag.e Gn'fr-alleJ osOll.rtor (vco)

{CIod ft rgu+o^ggs*lltr gJLtE ggyBlulelJots io %llqfle
GoftDlled o&6llot}or,
.'" Vco Cqurie^r irs qlr,t)ayA hn
Jff-e Grrier vxd E ff/rer"h
oufip*F i,x, alruay<, enu<) l,
@
 35
lo? " Quqdrafrure Cqrrier Mul fiplzxkr"-
6.A-nn I A^U
.^-,1.,.a-z:
n

^nAl^
(e) NiJb- releyqoi dio7ra68t e1Plainr the opeto.$ioo "+ 1b€
TUadrahtre cqrrier rinu ltiplexinT?ror$rnl tler S cheme oofd
?t^ece?r,er schenrre , D ec :o re /]r^ ro l?
', Fvl'
+ raftrre Carrier Mulflplertr? t4 a ;}echn i Vue
Q L{q d }n r^l hrch
ru€ cqo .l,nq6\grrril- nnooe nuroler
+ SiTnola (osasc- hJqv")
ru?ihlo ihe $qore chqnnej Bqod,^.tid+h. hiaJecl^,nt quei6 alxo
n e roed q\ euq#o l.l"u *Ar\ plifru cle MoJu lo.t' Fn (g n M ) .

Qe V -frqnrnnitler
A., -4.- A.r*^-^-4l4.- l^
:

mr(t) Producl
rqoduhtor srf)
A"cosenf.t

Phoxeshilft
Ac$in anf"$
.rrd(+, produc*
Modu ldlr,l.: sd(+)

F?2 @) Quodmpry_Gn{91roufl1lgi"7 @
q$fofffiler
" F igqre (n) Sho ru8 A.AM *rqcxnni4leo. t+ -*oo p-d.,cf
Gn6Kb a1

nnodulo.rou4 tl'.'oi otre 6upplied hJi-tb Comt er4 rul..rch dil Yer
to Fro,se 4 q; (phase Quod,,'afuar)
" l[6e or$pr$ Jhe :h.ro p-d.lU p6leJsla!.ur,6 QDe Sclnn ^uJ
"S
Jc podu ce rnulJ? Ple xed ,&'B^qJ . 9C+) .

i"e., Sc+_; = sr t*) *s.r(D -

Sf+) = Ac nnr(*) Cosanf.t + 46 rqa(*)Sioezsg.y

,'. QAvf -*nroArin;ller allor,r;,S -jtonlo

^oJubt<d
(osesC) Ncrr&E .lf oCctlpT
-tr, ferne .inqasrnissioor Chorn..; BooJruid+h.
\l.nkq+eahq ^ M, JRrr-fiIqnr* pocu lf9, oepf +EcE sytT-
 r
*" Tt
e MultrpleXe d trVn"J 3C#) , OCLuPi €8 q c)-l*nnej gqcr4r"rld

+ BN = &kl : l,rt: ({^rt.r'u^ (frnr, {-r) Cun+ereJ a.l. Jhe Gtrd

\6 ("1)
Prod u c-f
i v(+)
n.rnl(+)
Modubtor $

Mu lli plexed c os en"|il

8ig',1{r,S t+) '- Qno
P hqs e'-shiFle r

producf %t+t
Modulaloz Xrt So.Ttt)
F'ALrf(b): e+ tvl TeCd\,ey
pigux Gt ahorux ETEAffii6;hich Gneixlt { -}ru0
Coherend d.rcdo,f whrch qne
nl znoLs havuT ganrre .f'e*e
,The receTr,rcJ nnutlipl.xuJ sign"Jsc+) i.r orpplieJ b Ih +*o
+'o^odr $ rorpdulafoX.
L, Th. arlput
$trp fldrd rqJ,rl"tnr ia
V t+l = 6 (+) x Coss nf.'-$ .

LrThu -Jop Lpr ?nenn ove)'the Atd1 Sce4Tuenw-l+rnnx o"J q ilorux

tnt8 46 nnrf+).
oo- %,c+l= Ac hnr(+)

SBnnrlerlqo iE orrfpr^f
t bstt"oo pruJucf nnoduhrur fa
V2 C+; = s (+) xsi4&6f,ct
Lr The bottem' Lpp -fEnnovea -lfi" ,Argt nu7-Jtro{ qaJ
A^
atlou.lS u^t? l-t( tr\f.+ \
A ' '-.tltr ,,
G(

%ntt;
!
$a
-+s ^&e)
Appli
"3+ ig Nid'lh - CoeugenVaFimr
 3T

dra"hgex
-4unnn.r{n- ,L
'N
Dg Bsc - nqodulq.fien ".r-
,a.-n-nl ,a.,l.^,^
L, Cqrnier si?no] ia SuPressed
& ' LoN foruer Gnguorr.tpin *n ,

5. Ef Pt CieouT 1a nnorie '1fiqo At'1 .

4 , the Md,-rlafion Sq'\+en 1b Sinrple '

5. Lineon rrlodUlnfion'

%lU"+?% @ t'p$g[g's'+gsc:I!:ltrr
** r-

-{.. Drcslgo of recet ver ls Cmt,plel ,

a . Bqdd t"ridf6 reTuined 13 Sqrn e q3 tho.l- An4

"f
D .e., BNRnr = BL.lDs*ri z'F-

=it +rylio+,op 4^,3it:c :-

n z,\s fr.Al - ^'/\.^./v
poinL b poinf G--uniG'thon'
L> y'"alo7 Tv FrFk'tx Jo--jtqrgnnl* Glon In$rrzrol-ia4,

VenKct{e6ha" t"4 , sRF &ffitrrq Fqcu lf9, Dcpt + Ec€ 5v tT

 3g

l0: sI N qLE sJ DE BAND SupRFSSE D CARRIFR (SsBSc)

y'\-4.-z\'4
MoDUr4rror.f :
;\v^.,A./a.rz\ dt--"\r^t oJ\t..r\.X x\-.\-tv A-z:.-,1.- eg\.*

4 ,*a"doo.l Avl qod DSgsC MoJulahon ?re?uiTes a*t^onsrnigs)arr

tq"J Nidib + BNr = &fnn,
l+ "'" ro AM e DSBsc- Moduhliorl , hqt F o+ the *irqnsnnissioo-r
botS-
bo"d ruidib tx oceupied by 'lbe epper ,xfde tq"fd *f -th" nnod,-rlaleJ
Nqve o"d elher hqlP o|+h€ *noq6.",rssioi4 tsh, r'.5 ocrupied a.*
?
.

L2 lhe usg qod LsB qre uettvuelg nelaled tb eqch other b.r
Virhue of tF-err 6il-,r1. Uy Carr ier .flrzyr*? '.+;'.
aUrrf th
only one ,uJet".d fa nece ssair1
ltr +r qlvstr)iss ioo
S
l',1essoge Aitnd.
tVrcfifl<d, +h" nnod,-rl+ian ls

TL{d{9"
x
slm)

I ssB
Mo.luhH klo\\re
elXnal DS6sc
rq(t) .(i9heJ sr*)

AsCos OnfcF
caTtiev [4ave

IRS i V re?Uencg Jescr

r
, ,-/\=/\\,4^
nrr,oor&ion scl"o,.a
fr.A.Az- f\,/^\l/^*.- f.,r th"
?e:g3l% S ,t€A
^I*JC.J Hqt^e
" pre?ue6\c,
0\ ddrTmr\nofim Scheme .W#u fenerqFiwr + Ss6
vlo"f ,nl"Jed t*lqvt
iz 6hov.lo \,r\ absrrt &\?Ury< ,

' r{ C-xi:le $ pmolutr klJrJ^he {allov,.xd bS geg,

' JL',u ou+pu$ + th. p^Jus nt"d qbr+or ,:\ DsBSc 6tvrv,)
S,C-t)
= rn(t) x Ac &T f. f CoS
 5?

;, s1f f) - Ac m(+) , crs&nfJ _(r)

ToKt'.'n7 F"Ur )er +qrxftrrn 04 bolb .4"\a
"f e4'uafii'm (rJ r"re gel-
s;(f)=
+ [r[+-tr.) -r M(r+F
M (r-F,) +
= +6{,c--2---J rY(rIF.)
s1@)
+A ,_drU
' ,'Jherq
M(f) tuffiueoftf FTeclrrucn T -et
,qess'\?k 6g-r\^) -\*)
.0A .{hou.rq hD #igure z (q) .

' 16e &perlrurz-' S ia {iguae e{D CorfttEE

DSBSc ftip)srft)r6ho*ro
rt butb tbe &dt bq^dA ( L ss & us B) G",JereJ {^r'ltE resTe* b
Cqrriw fr-e?qe4ctd.
c t..lheq DSBsc E?"oJ ir< yasS"d Jtsuo^?\ ts?f toi.jb rE Gnter
#"equeary ,.Fc' qnd gondruidib *N, nz , rf F+ -hensrniE us6
{
Mea Na W sffOrt1,", SSB Modulo^led FfXd,
t
S,(f)= + qf++ft) : sssvloduhkd 8f,-)
- rJ BpF a,ttoruE eo-! Lse @ uifb on[y usB'
,.,rJ
S(f): + (urr-F.)) j ss6 volut^d gs"v\)
-<qJ
kJiJt Ls6
"r.rg
TBe 'shngle giole brqd
"n ss-l Grrrieer nnod,roled pwrrl
sugpne
s f+) PooJqceJ at, jhe
o.^iput
$ Bpr contlug,gt?^re,e
**^Id ond cUXAr(?tp-[ , ,fTLd rde baqd ^or,,^e etr]r].n-":
^._^*-^*_.^ .=^_ S@
gRpSessea
Jbe F rerueau\ donnaio p.hqn
duzcn)
"f sgg _ r,no.luloded p va
r"f cleorlg repreao_nk l b Fryure z ,

tri?Llre & (._, 6hor,tl8 the 6,reCfrLrd-n + SSB-,S??rrotJ u)tb- USB,onty,

F,'guX "t(d-l 6ho d,S fh" frecWro +j Ss B- 6ign".tr ari Jq Lse *lf ,

o'., Trqo8nnerssiaD BqodLoidfb r+ ssa

Moaul^led plnnat
--
vb j:
?
Br: hJ e ll'-rTrtr"$"l,
Venka{exha'M. IR-FLAdnrncl* Fqculfu, Dr,p+ o+ Ec6 st/fT
 1"1(f )

M to)

l^l

st(+)

j +.tu col
blse G)

f.-inl Fc t+N
z|, l

1f+l I

k)
Fc*hJ

(D)

-'Fc -€c-tt^l fc-t{ 'F.

ffi HI
',^J I

flge : , (a; s Rectruo.r $ nn(+) (D specj.ou,ar ut Ds BSC- 8\qd S r(+),

G-t Specfruoo t ss B Mod.*gno.,t (d) Sp ec}rurnr
nqvro7 Dnly usB d ssgrrodul*'ld
s Cb sb'", hauUg 611, LsB . 5t*)

* Hg*t"s *.| B -tlodu\o$ien :-

L, S sB- M od ula,ficrn 'r€?ui?res hqlf + lbe Bqcd t Jrd'lh ^ne7ul reJ

for A M qa-rd DsBSc- 8ignal '

&' Due .io 8Llpprex6ioo oT CqrnTer qnd ooe 8fJ. b"odr Power i6
Saved
3* Reduced hnferFeoeac4 gl r.loife,
 4l
t Dt6 ad voo*q ges ag Ss B',-
^-,^.-/\-
A^/ ,--ltn ^-.-
1-. JFe Qene?rafi on and recep*, on "f Ss g S,gnal ia A Cornrplet

P?rocess

&' ssB-Modulqh'qrr Egst-enn ia Expen+ive ood highlp Ga-nple.r l['

frrrpl emeni .

E' Srtnce the

cq"rri"o o"J ofle fr',de 6"^d i6 strpptre ss"d ssB
*rqr*rni*fer eod aeceTrrer needt heve gxcellenl- Frqrue.\V"ill^.
.AtqbiJtV,

+ 4 PPlr cl*i rn Ef-

r'','o -(ep o
T -pDi-
l' Mobl)e Gnn-elnicorh'on rtdW : (sioce ssa is power Savi2 n.dul,.Di
& . ssB i s ql8o t,t8 ed Fn o.pplr o^,hant hrf tdhtclD bqqd uoidJh rreryct)
Qre LoxJ,
E{: . poinl* poiny C-rnuoi6egre61

" Tele"n&t
. M? lf +quytPf Fc^fionr
" f?qdio NoviXonlien

@.s-Adjua$ Fqcu ttg" o<p1- + D cE sv tT

 49-
.ll
vESTIqIAL
a*^.Z! {t^DFBAND
nZ\.n-,arz*
MODULArror..J (vsg) :_
n/\-a.n /\a ,/\._Z1.-/^.,/\/A a\-Z\.---

Nsq%€iry @ Ngd-Fw^,lfa;yedglg*f :
L+ The ssa rnroduhlion 7a no* approprfaE hroy qf nnoduhh'qn .
Becqvxe -Jbe upperstde b""rd q^d lswen6iJe luod rnee} aJ-
fre f reqrueocg 'f"' ocrd fJ frs Veur/ drggrcut .b iloln#.
Grr?er
ogi €**b-gfrd, rnrr.th i*."olsra ssB- rl?m tu@ .
L5 To over cn,rcvthk dt++rcuBg,
Jle nndulloliooJechnii We K'',orun
+\ " Ve8*i tnd 5i& Bod CvsB) - MD.ltalal,,ena" i.a 1.ned
b VesHTal sidebq^d Modulqfud xrgnod [vsg-signol) cen^?66 S
, ftl\ofi
/,/^\,
one conrrplele NAe bqod qod
/\-/v\ /,\.-rVv^\.' &
o \re a*iXe (8 tn. sther Bidebqod
)+
&t
-{- Qeneu a}i oo + Vsg r.*ld ul"}ed fhw :
/^\nrn-e^^/\.nn nzr-nn- ,/.\-,A_./\._/\^- Z\,,vh-

pnodu4- V5B
Modutq+o r Nqve
q?iy :F"ll?a s(+)
A6cosonf"t

F,"Vwe1 3
X.l^€SXg
.VsB Signd generah'r wg+z a pnrooluc$ Modulalor qoJ q
Eldebood Sh"+br7 "J F? l+er q< Enotrro hn +?gure 1_

" Produc+ MoJullohr generdez a. DsBsc .:ig,nal ood theo poss

f } .iFrrou# a side bqqd xhopng f ? l*ea,
" Lef H(f) bethe .*rq6%Fer fuocliorn cy side b*J shaphnl Fil {e r
Thi.g f?HrD^ dtll pqss one Carnplele &tJ"bqnJ doqf Wf$h L
\les*ige@droce @ ft pqr+ + -unNooled (othen) s;Je bqool ,

.,/
 43
b fhu zelohan beiruee.n lhe JrcrxFrr fu^chan Hcf) **e Ft l+er
orod the 6pedzurn S C+l 4 Jhe \Ats- n,loJtolod("i Noiae -SC+l iA
degnned 6rl , Scf)- sr(f)xHC+)
a
ta
s (F) = # [vG-F") + MrF+F"il H(r)

M (F)
r"1to)

0N
srCf)

fc Fa+N
(

I
I
4
rusB,
v
-+c
rc) +6
Fr?Llreo? ! @s Sfec0rr.orr e4 nn(*) (1,_1 u4erfr,ror DsBSc signal sr$)
(cl Specrdrio gl vss-voduhled 8nrl scf)
+
Fteqqeau{ dn"',gtn derco'f gsrun
* VSB 'o-ro.lula}ed r,.rr,w ?A Shougc}
h^ $3ufep, Figux oCU (.r ihe Xpec-0zrro og DSasc 6.'gnql pod.lC.JqF
iFe etnhLd
f fogducf Modulalor, prTurezG) 6hor,,.lx1Be rLpectru.nt
+ WB- r'noduloe*ed 6hnod st+) .

Ft sozn #gud z(c) ?+ Ix evidenl- +h"f the To.lq) *no.dBnni sgion ,

BqnJr"ridtb tF VSB- Modulorled aiTd i7, hrfi.er'tBqo tho&

+ ss6 qod Lowea {hqo +hof
"f DsBsc - si?'ns,l.
i " 0.,r N < BNr&ss)< zlrl
y€n<o.te8hq" lrl: J(F &A4lqnur Forculttls Dept rfr Ece svtT
 Dernodulah'on
/\^,r\ .,/\,/\r\ n,lf "+nnVsB - urdulqled Nq.ve:-
n-nn n-/1.-r:.t^.- r-.*

VsB vldubdtd
s "r6n^) Mod ulatrrr Vc+)=mrg
s(f)
Cos enf6t
Carrfe; i
s??n^l
Fi?ure : Du5|gjs.on
.s $y:q@
J6t DernoJubdiorr -6igr*,.) +G qchierccl la W' wbt ^
Co herer"d DeleO1x "oS 6hot"ln inr
figrrre(S) ,

-Advqo+rges o-f VsB:-

vn\^.^' /\//\,^.
/\n.,^.^-^-

l6e Mojor od rnnta$e,& + \AB rroJuhlirn ace

L2 -6. redu0ion ln Bqndruidtb. r* [8 qlrno8r. 06 +$"Uerd- oal+**
ss8.
L; Eoxy 1o desrgo fne fn.Fer.

''+ppl? ohen6 cf VsB : - -

A7\z\rnf ' aun'u

L2 Vs6 th. a+a^JqJ voJulqhen Hnn?,%re u.sed

rinoJulafioq fa
fon fi e -l-noosnnission "F Tv- signol8 .
 4S

rfr,q: W W : [nr iriat@ He+crodyntnT]

b r" ihe eonD nDuoi Cq$isn eVF^6, Ft lS necesso?r?. ;b -*renalqie

rnoiulaled Nqve s(f), lre qvuequd :tgg @ REl9lgId
in fre%uencf So lha.i t+
ple\ q j)eru +Xllenly tgld,
occu
L-> i'e', r+ fJ 8x the Fr<nueaqro
+ r.,40duk^led Nqw sc+) th.o
freTueocrtJrqonlo.lor ehaog1g' rnodulOed Naw !fis,ue6.,g '$r' l.
e?Jheir f"*fl:) Upruard *ronrhhon @
+c- Fl :) Dov.lcr r".rqo^d -lrqnElodin6.
+
t) ot. trt-eluea(+
&nd Pqss fr De r
*\ thoroo hn fig uae 4,
I .l-. --^
]YIJ X LK
DSBSC _T
vtodulaled v (r.) I

s (*) \!(+)
signaJ t
I

_l

Cos orrg,_|'

F;so t glfpqy IXI€W*-, @ ylg1\n r @

CsnaiAer & "^
He.*enudq nh'r?
/t-'Jn'v{
DsBSc nroduloied 6iXrvJr.,
sCf) = ,Acnnt+)"Cosanf6l-
.luhere rrr(f) i,tr dt -(r)
lirni.ie the {re?u."? bqnd -N<F<Nshptarn
tor Figundl(a)
The fourter -l-raq6+{rhn "f eTUo0i,rdt(t) )x,

= # fr're -Fc ) * vt c+Fcil (z)

s c+ 1

' F f PUc{u-.5 5(+) occupl?t" -Ug1d 4 fn"2_r.ndq (f"-llt

(f.+ru1 aod - (fc-N) B - (f.+t ) d8 hrr
\rbn Kq"le6[a . M -,
'6hot^rn
SRtr g fl'dTuoct Facq lfcl , Depf DP EcE sv tf
 44
c qse(T) : tr re^nueo c!0
S v
-lz-oarx la$r"o4 JE Lonrer Fretueoql
/\,/\.,\ /\./&\/ v
. 11/A.-/\,A./V^-A^ @)
t ({. qooruarXo"d
" fo= +.- fi-) mren\)
A& -. lh. eu+p.^F
-> eF jfie pnodutJ- nroduloloo- In ff*o Ug

V Ci) = s (+) X Cosan F.t

V(+) = 46nntt) CosQnFc$ x coSa^-El

'-' V, ff) = Ac nn(*)

&
cosan (Fc-Fu) t + try^d. ) co s &n (fc* Ft_)*
=/
ToKlo6 fourienla-eoxfonrnrorhtro
dn botb aidez r^f u g.f+
6'l

v; (F)
= # ["(F-(Fc-Fr))+M (F+rr.-rrlX +
\l-r(F-cr.+Fr1; * r'1 fr* (F6*r.,X
the rpe c.lnlrrr * (D ia xhor^onr hD G)
vr
F,gu." u il
s+epp : pq ss jhe pnod u$ ,r4oJu;"d'nr Erlp, r- tr-*a% @, Bp F .hav>p
Jhe Cenle n e?uen
? fo = fc -f 1 B- Br.l = zr^l , We *f
Vr c+) = *: ,o e) cos&nrrc
To tchnT Fou rie tr :trooA F

M fF +f"D t' i E' tpetlirucrr E

. ". ay nhn? eX^l^l-i un e) [ s C t

-G)
Gunr po
o"d owpui- "F tspf )]
'Kcf) r+ ia cleqfl Jnr& Jhe cerufen
frzfuue"fl,.f;
q DsBsc ^odulr^kd 64grar^l s(+) i,p ,snar6to,leol -lb o-
Ner,,,r fvenue"? bood
lfuJ.-F;
Co,k(ii)
-,iX,iX' " Ei " rffI.y Sgg!"r,o
L'Q2 fc-+ fo=FC|F
b PqBz he Pnoducf rrroddoJ.r oufptri- q(+) 6hourro hne?_f tsl
 4'I
-lhrough a, App hovhirT Certer {veftur^V fi = Fc* fr & BN=e rV,

Vtte W, Jhe ottlpu.c- d)- BPtr

' V? = S r,+; csS &tr ( Fct.Ful t
( +)
va (t) =
# r*) Cosarrfo * j fo = F.* Fr_

TqKhn? Furi er*re,azf.nrra,^h'*G?"n, af clex t^le g<J-

\& c+)
=
+ fv c+-fi) + xr c+fit _-(sr
the cen+rr +""V;.1"/ + DsBsc o'aedulr$ad fri8".'d i&
"' (fc)
Jr^qoxla+tJ Jd r,rixl./"a
'fu<4ruea7 fo = 4.++,
-Ihe
5f ecfrur4 + K (+) Ta Bhonro tq #gum &G)
t4[F)
('a)

scf ) (bJ

l*jt
K)
^te.f.
fl*Fc
vo(f) I
f

L --l (dt
I

I
I
Fo=L-
It

_t_ Yrr+;
I
G-r
I

-q
pigure &:(q) sxc#unn g rznct) (bl specFrlrrr q Dsasc,4rg*l"t*l fi=F"iF,

(c) 5 Peclen-lnn af produCf nrodulafor sulpr f VIC+)

("{) Specforlcrr uf dorunrnrord *rqoslo,kd frrW\) \&(+
(el specfa"rnn >N upruolrd -fnq fts4<d 8ig-rxl !&(+)
 4s
l.l + F"d e ?qrt.U
\./ *Xio,o Mul+i *"J3? <"trDtrl>
L> Hul+f plextoT is csnnbrnrtn? N- frnJqpenJo^r
^pnocess +
nnessafle .rSgnol,,K irrJo a
C*rnpfrlje /Sf gnal 5ul'*ebJe +-rr
)'t'ao8 qn ovet & Conr rrror) ch q n nej
nri ssi
LY Mutttplex$ng
k acc'nnprirhed b,/ se.peoo.-hty 'iR. r*l7n<E
e fjher hr\ Fnelue"g
@-Fn^e.
L2 -The -iechrrinue oF sepordi^? he gi7.nls ftD fieTuenut-
donrxlinr iS rre,Ferned fu as ne'FrenUeog O,ivisioq Muttlplexiry'
z. (FDM)
T- I

I
I

t
lS
q/
e-
x I

oa..
b
ls 3
6
Q-
-
u s(
a./
qr

tr
A.
trf
cO
ccra.E
E\
A1
I'L(
r\l
a+-E D

FB x z F'
€F ilF ss)
)e\
8^o .<
*
M
t{(
aar!.D.a.
:
T .,,
c(
o(
I
ao
I Qo
>.
v s{. ,
>a
q^/
!F
o> k)
J\
rb
)= E w(
6 I ir(
F
a!rotl

_)L

Vearq'{rahu.M, TRF/-fuIttnd- Fcufh{, OeF} + EcF SVIr

 41
the blocK
"liagrnenn
rp FDM- a+s|+-n TA 5horun FD ffgr*{,
L; N-rnconntB ffnd+*d.t nness ge zrgnql8 qlr nnodulqk/' bf
nnul-uqlU tXcl t.l8'rvt' Gnrier8 Eupplied qj-
+0-Ei'-, Ga-r)eT-AoufCl
eou'r rnaluhlor. fie Moduhled r gr.ols, ar< poaseJ #**-r*he
BPtr to SeJe$ qot
one f"tde brod. rF.reFuo,t Bpp'a p-nodcicar ssB-
,\lgnals, qod o?-€ Seperaled h {rquean qnol G,oinbioed inJu s.
CstznfeSl(Je Sig,^od. qod 1his process il Cqlted trreluenqg Jfv,:rrn
rnu_$pe,xioX.
L> Mu l+i plexed &ign"J ).{ l-o^qct5r"fi +kd ercr lhe G,-r,,nuoi6}iqo
chonnel,
4 ToiqJ Bqoduidtb rqru\oedt 1-ssB godulafe.l 6f^la nri
tu\\ 6uqd bqnd t6
Bilr= NxFn -5 N= hurnber 4 rnPul tiTnals
L2 4+ the ?neco?wr.*ide qre
N- hDd"p*JoU ra'ressa# 6Wts
?'-ecowred
ry fw*aX the o,npo& fr- &rgnal t|nrov,gln tR"
Bpp follorued oe,-oduJorfor qnd LpF.
ry
1*rouq*fugy,-
7-" 4 Larga Nunnber + ,*iXnab Cqet b"-honsm'i+d Si.ul"toneoudy.

&, FDM doex nol- fe?uires sgnclrronr[a]ion befuleon Tzunfnrutfc4

Tecei VeT ,
6. DemeJulor0ian + FDD4 ts e*t

L, G^*ni Czrlioo dmnnel rorqet l^orlrs Lo€* BnoJ^idfh

i Q-., BLvt= 5f xfizn
Lo"F Nr.lnnbe"6 t Mdula$of & tri lleX qz'e 7e?^l)r"J,

3' Choss -felK occurS }c\ FDM

\€nKq{e ,t4s {Rtr s" U oP Ecg syt

 5o
t*. Eronnple : v sB Trq namissiu't 4/nele0 qed DigtfuJ rv
:);:s' .1tl'a
:-
l#: nAA.,lzr '^^.*
^,4.-,n.-zr^zr
L> Vez+iV+o.J OiJebqod nnodulalirrr plaq,5 o k.t Tole fn ,#Y
cfqj televi si o o ,

b The ?Xs.* "lel€.i t& + Mod'rlqhorr ft"an"qf .c-,lpeol t -frqffinngJ-

Jtre Wdeo_ Chqrurlerisb? q Ty e!41<n a6e h",Fl,.rerced
bp:fioo frmoa
^?gnqt i
l) l6e viJeo E??nqJ €ahib?F o Larg< Bsnd Nid16 q.rd
si&"t#c"nf firepenc{./ brforrnal-ion, ruhicl
Jot,l re966*
lkc r.xe + \resriffqj &de L^^d o4oclurhh'on ,

fi) T6e crnc.uihU rxpd f,n d.^duhhon ftnthe Tece?wr rnvv5rn--

sinnple.o"ld rr'8xper&ir,e , rhia ,sug;X?-sE th. -u& rp enwlqpe
de*eo,on, rul^.och req4ir,.eslheaddif'.rrr o Grnie,n f,uqw b+}*
Vsg nnodu l"Jed Frq^r
{
,

trrt.,"( (al 6hour616t rdeql qeuzu' ot *ocrrr6rni{r&l$ Tv-STTnotl

f+ Corlt"lah + *he Upfrr &Jebandr eS,l, +Jfio LSB an,ol ,p*
'P rcfuae Gnrier ane--|l'-qn6rni++€d . B5rlr(M'r- sq.lfttl*t

4"5 Mll+ D
I

s+ tse sL Sg

' Got"I- EAM=ifr*Z

F S (al : fde*l Thqe6nerssiqn A)e&u/r) ?| 9l(u;'" 4-*tl fudl .u?*?vfi<
S rv ftTfr4\rJ qfr a Vs$-shapbg
Fr Her aF {firrecelwy
r-Eulc @ .shor"l8 t,0 o.-nnrli+udeTexporvgr uf a vs6 6ho+,hff fT tfer
-t ugrd ijd ne cdw r
-lte CJrq.nnel
^J' ganduiJh urded $r TV fr^dq?rti r-J.,b }.JnaA;4'reri4
i.s 6r"1++y 01 8hsr",o tn #v h) & #Vl4 .

lF$-
Ven [a{qaha,M, J(F*fldfunrt Fqculru,
- Dep} f ecs