01

OBJECTIVES

 Capacity to personally interpret the human

experience
 Capacity to reflect critically on shared
concerns and think of innovative, creative
solutions guided by ethical standards
 Ability to appreciate and contribute to artistic
beauty
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MAKING
REASONING GENERALIZATIONS

SEEING
MAKING RELATIONSHIPS IN
BOTH THE VISIBLE
LOGICAL AND INVISIBLE
INFERENCES PATTERNS
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MATHEMATICS goes beyond arithmetic.

It is a language by which the universe is elegantly

designed. Its value transcends the intellectual, the

practical, and even the aesthetic standards.

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MATHEMATICS is also known as the science

of PATTERNS.
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TWO TYPES OF PATTERNS

1. NUMERIC PATTERNS

2. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS (PATTERNS OF SHAPES)

• Patterns in Structures
• Patterns in Changes
• Random Patterns in Shape (Fractals) &
Occurrences (Chaos)
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Numbers and number patterns

dominate most of human endeavors.

EXAMPLE:

31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31
NUMBERS OF DAYS TO MAKE UP EACH OF THE 12
MONTHS OF GREGORIAN CALENDAR
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OTHER EXAMPLES:

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and so on…

TOTAL SAVINGS A PERSON MAKES WHEN HE STARTS
SAVING 2 PESOS ON THE FIRST DAY AND ADDING UP TO
2 PESOS MORE FOR EACH SUCCEEDING DAY /
SEQUENCE OF EVEN NUMBERS

Numbers are used to operate gadgets (such as

cellular phones, laptops, and two-way radios); home
addresses are conveniently assigned numeric codes
for easier tracing, and a lot of similar instances.
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OTHER EXAMPLES:

In human anatomy, the heart beats rhythmically in a

certain pattern (which can be represented
numerically) to sustain the body’s biological and
chemical makeup.
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FIBONACCI SEQUENCE /
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
The Fibonacci sequence is named
for Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (also known
as Leonardo Pisano or Fibonacci), an
Italian mathematician who lived from
1170 – 1250. The original problem that
Fibonacci investigated (in the year
1202) was about how fast rabbits could
breed in ideal circumstances.
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FIBONACCI SEQUENCE /
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
He started with a newly-born pair
(male & female) of rabbits which were
able to mate after one month. After a
month of gestation, exactly one pair of
rabbits, also male & female, was
produced. Every month, from then on,
the female always produced one new
pair (one male, one female). The
problem then was to determine the
number of pairs of rabbits after one
year.
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A recursive definition for a sequence is one in which

each successive term of the sequence is defined by
using some of the preceding terms. If we use the
mathematical notation 𝐹𝑛 to represent the nth Fibonacci
number, then the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence
are given by the following recursive definition
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Binet’s Formula
The following formula is known as Binet’s formula for the nth
Fibonacci number.

The advantage of this formula over the recursive formula

is that you can determine the nth Fibonacci number

without finding the two preceding Fibonacci numbers.
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Chat Activity:
Use the definition of Fibonacci numbers to find the eleventh
and twelfth Fibonacci numbers.
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 Logic Patterns

 Number Patterns Other

Patterns
 Word Patterns

 Patterns in Nature
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LOGIC PATTERNS
These types of patterns are common in aptitude
tests. To construct or solve a pattern, find the rule for the
pattern, understand the nature of the sequence, and
analyze the difference between the two successive
terms.
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Example 1.
Look carefully at the sequence of symbols or figures to find
the pattern. What should be the figure in this sequence?

X X X

B
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Example 2.
Which figure can be used to continue the series?

B
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Example 3.
Which figure can be used to continue the series?

D
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NUMBER PATTERNS
Remember:

• The first step in determining the pattern’s rule is to look for

differences between two consecutive numbers.
• Helps generalize how the numbers are arranged in a sequence.
• If there is no logic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
squares, cubes, primes, etc.) in the differences, find other
operations used in the pattern.
• If the numbers in a pattern change in the same way or in the
same value each time, then that type of pattern is called a
repeating pattern.
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Example 1.
What is the next number in the sequence: 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
29
______?

Explanation:
If you get the differences between two consecutive
numbers, you will have 2, 4, 2, 4. These differences did not tell us
any pattern at all. But notice that the numbers are all consecutive
primes. So, the next number must be 29.
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Example 2.
What is the next number in the pattern: 5, 7, 10, 15, 22,
33
______?

Explanation:
The differences between each pair of consecutive terms in
the sequence are as follows: 2, 3, 5, 7. These primes are added to
the previous number to get the next number. 5 + 2 = 7, 7 + 3 = 10,
10 +5 = 15, 15 + 7 = 22. So, you know that the next prime is 11.
Hence, the next number in the pattern is 22 + 11 = 33.
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Example 3.
Find the next number in the sequence: 12, 13, 15, 18, 22,
27
______?

Explanation:
This is a more complex series. If you look at the given
numbers, you will notice that the differences between numbers
are not constant. They are dynamic, but there is still a clear logical
rule. The rule for this series is: Add 1 to the first number, then add 2
to the resulting number, then add 3 to the resulting number, then
add 4, and so on. In this case, the missing number is 27.
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WORD PATTERNS
Patterns can also be found in language. The metrical

patterns of poems and the syntactic patterns of how nouns are

made plural or how verbs are changed to past tense are both

word patterns. Language is a way to communicate in inductive

mathematics.
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 Consonant Blends WORD

PATTERNS
 Consonant Digraphs
are used in
 Vowel Diphthongs decoding
like:
 Vowel Digraphs
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Consonant Blends
words with a group of two or three consonants that each

make its own sound.

Example:

grow blend sleeve sweet

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Consonant Digraphs
words with a group of two or three letters that come

together to create a single sound.

Example:

chest shop sheep brush shirt

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Vowel Diphthongs
Vowels that glide in the middle.

Example:

boil now soil brown

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Vowel Digraphs
a spelling pattern in which two or more adjoining letters

represent a single vowel sound.

Example:

school clean each feet

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Chat Activity:
Identify the following words whether it is Consonant Blends,
Consonant Digraphs, Vowel Diphthongs, or Vowel Digraphs.
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Chat Activity:
Identify the following words whether it is Consonant Blends,
Consonant Digraphs, Vowel Diphthongs, or Vowel Digraphs.
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Chat Activity:
Identify the following words whether it is Consonant Blends,
Consonant Digraphs, Vowel Diphthongs, or Vowel Digraphs.
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Chat Activity:
Identify the following words whether it is Consonant Blends,
Consonant Digraphs, Vowel Diphthongs, or Vowel Digraphs.
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Patterns in Nature
Millions of patterns can be found in the environment. These

patterns occur in various forms and in different contexts which can

be modeled mathematically. Some examples are symmetries,

trees, spirals, waves, tessellations, stripes, meanders, cracks, and

many more.
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 Symmetry
Mathematically, symmetry means that one shape becomes
exactly like another shape when you move it in some way: turn,
flip, or slide. For two objects to be symmetrical, they must be of the
same size and shape, with one object different orientation from
the first.

If an object is not symmetrical,

it is called asymmetric.
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 Tessellation or Tiling
– is a pattern of shapes that fit perfectly together; that is, a
pattern of shapes that have no overlaps or gaps.

Visible in the following image on

the opposite column are patterns found
on a veiled chameleon, or a
Chamaeleocalyptratus, which provide it
with camouflage and signal mood as
well as breeding conditions.
https://parody.fandom.com/wiki/Veiled_
Chameleon
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 Wallpaper Symmetry
– it is created when a pattern is repeated until it covers a
plane.
Beehives are another example of a
pattern in nature that can be modeled
mathematically. They are made of walls,
each of the same size, enclosing small
hexagonal cells where honey and pollen are
stored and bees are raised. The honeycombs
that bees produce are very good
representations of hexagons. Honeycombs
are an example of wallpaper symmetry.
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 Fractal Symmetry
– A fractal is a type of mathematical shape that is infinitely
complex. In essence, a fractal is a pattern that repeats forever,
and every part of the fractal, regardless of how zoomed in, or
zoomed out you are, it looks very similar to the whole image.

The Romanesco broccoli is a very

good example of fractal symmetry
pattern in nature.
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 Radial Symmetry
– a type of structure of an organism or part of an organism in
which a vertical cut through the axis in any of two or more planes
produces two halves that are mirror images of each other.

Sunflowers or Helianthus are bright

yellow flowers of the genus of plants
comprising about 70 species in the family
Asteraceae. Sunflowers boast of radial
symmetry and another type of numerical
symmetry known in mathematics as the
Fibonacci sequence.
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 Spiral
– in mathematics is a curve that starts from a point, moving
farther away as it revolves around the point.

Pinecones have seed pods that are

arranged in a spiral pattern. They consist of
a pair of spirals, each one twisting upwards
in opposing directions. The number of steps
will almost always match a pair of
consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
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“By using mathematics to organize and

systematize our ideas about patterns,
we have discovered a great secret:
nature’s patterns are not just there to
be admired, they are vital clues to the
rules that govern natural processes.”
- IAN STEWART, in his book Nature’s Numbers
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Some Patterns in Nature

Clouds and cloud formations are
practically used to assess the possible
occurrence of an atmospheric phenomenon
like rain or even a storm.
In 2003, John Adam went a step ahead
when he was able to model the different
cloud formations by working on numeric data
that were obtained by observing these
patterns. He also used the same approach to
model other naturally occurring patterns like
rainbows, river meanders, honeycombs, and
snowflakes.
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Some Patterns in Nature

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Some Patterns in Nature

MAYON VOLCANO
 World’s most perfect
natural conical formation.
 Has erupted 60 times over
the past 100 years, making it
one of the most active
volcanoes worldwide.
 Has paved the way for
probabilistic modelling to
predict when and how it will
erupt in the future.
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Pair Activity
Photo-Collage-Making
Instructions:
Look for a partner inside the classroom. Go outside and
explore nature and the environment, look around the surroundings,
and capture 3 photos involving mathematics, especially with
patterns. Make a photo collage using indigenous materials. Analyze
the pattern that can be found in the photo you captured.