Chapter-2-Lesson-1 Child and Adolescent

Chapter 2: The development of the learner
Lesson I. Principles of growth and development
1. Introduction
Development of the learner proceeds a complicated process,

a sequence of growth that is different in every individual, on
this matter, it is important that total understanding of the
principles of development be studied to effect of successful
transformation of the learner.
One phase of development will demand the learner to be

conscious of the social expectation or development tasks. At
any given time, the learner has to cope with meeting such as
challenges and making every stage of his development
significant.
Growth is defined as an irreversible constant increase in the

size of an organ or even an individual cell. ... Growth refers to
the increase in mass and size of a body. Development is the
process where a particular organism, not only grows
physically but acquires mental and physiological growth as
well.
2. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students can;
a. Enumerate the principles of growth and development.

b. Explain each principles of growth and development.
Principles of growth and development are the following:

1. Normative sequence – this includes the physical, motor,
mental and socio-emotional development that occurs in
certain orders even those rapidity differs from one individual
to another.
2. Differentiation and integration – global sequence of behavior
are separated into smaller ones and these are combined
together into larger ones.
3. Development direction – growth and development expand
over the body from the head to foot (cephalo-caudal )
spreads outward from the central axis of the body to
extremities(proximodistal law)
4. Optimal tendency – the organisms grows as though as finding
target to be achieved by using any available resources.
5. Development – this is the result of maturation and learning in
phylogenetic functions, functions which are common to the
human race such as creeping, sitting, standing or walking,
development comes from maturation. In ontogenic functions,
e.g. those that are specific to the individual such as writing,
driving, dancing, learning in the training is essential.
6. Early foundations are critical – attitudes, habit and patterns of
behavior established during the early years determine to a
large extent how successfully individuals will adjust to life as
they grow older.
7. All individuals are different – individual uniqueness are
important because they are responsible for the individuality in
personality make-up.
8. Each phase of development has characteristics behavior. The
patterns of behavior are marked by period of equilibrium and
period of disequilibrium.
9. Each phase of development has hazards. There is adequate
evidence that each stage of development has associated with
it certain developmental hazards it could be physical,
psychological or environmental.
10. Development is aided by stimulation – this is directly
encouraging the individuals to use an ability which is in the
process of developing.
11. Growth is unique – some functions that result from growth are
unique to the species.
12. There are social expectations for every stage of development.
Havighorst has labeled the social expectation as
developmental tasks. Developmental tasks are tasks arise or
about a certain period in life of individual.
13. The various aspects of development are integrated. It is only
when considered in relation to the other aspects that any
phase of development becomes meaningful.
Think about these questions:
1. It has been said that early foundations are critical, explain

how does it means.
2. What are the implications of having knowledge of the
principles of development?
III. Closure:
It is imperative that a thorough understanding of the principles

of development be considered to effect a successful
transformation of the learner.
One aspect of development will require the learner to be

aware of the social expectations or developmental tasks at
any given time; the learner copes with meeting such
challenges and making every phase of his development
meaningful.
There are three principles of growth and development: the

cephalocaudal principle, the proximodistal principle, and the
orthogenetic principle. These predictable patterns of growth
and development allow us to predict how and when most
children will develop certain characteristics.

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Chapter 2: The development of the learner

Lesson I. Principles of growth and development

Development of the learner proceeds a complicated process,

One phase of development will demand the learner to be

Growth is defined as an irreversible constant increase in the

At the end of the lesson the students can;

a. Enumerate the principles of growth and development.

Principles of growth and development are the following:

Think about these questions:

1. It has been said that early foundations are critical, explain

It is imperative that a thorough understanding of the principles

One aspect of development will require the learner to be

There are three principles of growth and development: the

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