nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

efukakhf;fk; RNjr fpuhkpa gz;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;Gf;fs;:

fpof;fpoq;if ikag;gLj;jpa Ma;T.
Effect of Urbanization on Folk Culture: A study based on Eastern Sri Lanka

tbNty; ,d;gNkhfd;1
Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;
efukakhf;fk; vd;gJ cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whf mike;Js;sJ. efuk; vd;Dk; gphpNfhL kf;fis efu
thrpfs;> efuthrp my;yhNjhH vdg; ghFgLj;Jfpd;wJ. efuq;fs; etPd
tho;f;ifiaAk; mjw;fhd #oiyAk; fl;likj;J toq;Ffpd;wd. kf;fs;
tho;tjw;fhd mj;jid trjpfisAk; cl;nfhz;lit vd;Dk; gpukpg;ig
kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd. efuq;fspd;
fl;Lkhdk; rHtNjr hPjpapd; mbg;gilahd rpy tbtikg;Gj; jd;ikfisf;
nfhz;ldthf tpsq;Fk;. efuq;fs; kf;fis ftHe;jpOg;gjhy; efiu Nehf;fpa
kf;fspd; Gyk;ngaHT efuq;fspd; tsHr;rpapy; ghhpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,e;efu
kakhf;fj;jhy; kf;fs; gy ed;ikfis ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; jPikfisAk;
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fkhf efukakhf;fypd;
mbg;gilfisj; njspTgLj;jy;> efukakhf;fy; ghuk;ghpa gz;ghl;by;
vt;thwhd ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjy;> ghuk;ghpa
gz;ghl;bd; xU $whd fiyfis vt;tjk; ghjpj;Js;sJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjy;
Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fhhf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,t;tha;T r%fk; mjd; ghuk;ghpa
gz;ghL> gz;ghl;bd; xU $whd fiyfSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Mfpait
njhlHghd Ma;thf tpsq;Ftjhy; gz;GrhH Ma;T Kiwapay; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
,e;epiyapy; ,e;j Ma;Ttpd; %yk; efukakhf;fj;jhy; ghuk;ghpa gz;ghL
gz;ghl;bd; xU $whd fiyfs; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ
njspTgLj;jg;gLk;;.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs; : gz;ikg; gz;ghL> ghuk;ghpa fiy> fpuhkpa tho;T> r%f

kuGfs;> r%f Kuz;ghL.

1
Nguhrpupau; t.,d;gNkhfd;> Ez;fiyj;Jiw> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;>
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,yq;if. kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]

1
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

mwpKfk;
efuq;fs; kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfisAk; nfhz;ldthf
tsHr;rpailtJk; efu tho;it Nehf;fp kf;fs; Gyk;ngaHtJk; rHtNjr
hPjpapy; ,d;W ,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; khw;wq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

efukakhf;fj;jhy; gy mD$yq;fs; Vw;gLtJ Nghd;W gpujp$yq;fSk;

Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. rHtNjr hPjpapy; efukakhf;fj;jhy; kf;fs; gy
gpur;rpidfis rkfhyj;jpy; vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. ,J ,yq;iff;Fk;
tpjptpyf;fhdjy;y. ,e;j Ma;T efukakhf;fj;jhy; RNjrpa gz;ghL> fiyfs;
vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l rhjf ghjf
epiyikfs; gw;wpAk; fpof;fpoq;ifia Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhff; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

efukakhf;fk;

fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; Gyk;ngaHtjhy; efuq;fs; (Towns)>

jiyefuq;fs; (Cities) tsHr;rpailtij efukakhf;fy; (Urbanization) vd;Dk;
gjk; Rl;bepw;fpd;wJ. njhopiyj;Njbr; nry;yy;> rpwe;j tho;f;ifa
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fs; efuq;fis Nehf;fpa ,lk;ngaHtpy;
Kf;fpa jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ehL etPd mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk;
NghJ efuq;fs; kf;f
; Sf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jid trjpfisAk;
nfhz;ldthf fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;WhPjpahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ
efukakhf;fkhdJ Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fSld;;
njhlHGilajhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.

tsHr;rpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; efukakhf;fk; ,U gpujhd fhuzq;fshy;

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. 1.,aw;ifahf efuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpg;G>
2.fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,Ue;J Vw;gLk; efiu Nehf;fpa kf;fs; ,lg;ngaHT.
,uz;lhtJ tifg;ghl;Lld; njhlHgila efukakhf;fr; nraw;ghNl
rkfhyjjpy; Kidg;Gg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspYs;s
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; rpwe;j tho;thjhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd;Dk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; efuj;ij Nehf;fp Gyk;ngaHfpd;wdH. ,jid ‘,lg;ngaHT’
(Migration) vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;. efuq;fspy; mjpfkhd njhopw;rhiyfs;>
fy;tpepiyaq;fs; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; caHjuj;jpdhyhd fy;tp> rpwe;j
njhopy;gapw;rp> Ntiytha;g;G vd;gdtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd kf;fs;
vjpHghHf;fpd;wdH.

,yq;ifapy; efukakhf;fk; ngUq;fw;fhyg; gz;ghl;Lld; Njhw;wk;ngw;wjhf

mwpQHfs; Fwpg;gpLtH (G\;gul;zk;>g.>2017:52-53). fp.K.3Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F

2
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; efukakhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L tpl;lJ vd;gij

Mjhug;gLj;Jfpd;whH g.G\;gul;zk; (NkyJ : 54). mwptpay;> njhopy;El;g
tsHr;rpAld; Fwpj;j gpuNjrk; gyiuAk; (cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;ltH)
ftHe;jpOf;Fk; tsq;fisAk; trjpfisAk; nfhz;ljhf fl;likf;fg;gLk;
NghJ mJ efukakhf;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilfis cUthf;Fk; vd;gijAk;>
efu kakhf;fr; nraw;ghL gy;gz;ghl;L rq;fkpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gijAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;bapUe;jhH. tHj;jfk; Vida fhuzq;fSld; njhlHGilajhf
ntspehl;L njhlHGfs; Ngzg;gLjy; efukakhf;fj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfspy; xd;whf milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whH. Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk; tsq;fs;> njhlHghly; tiyaikg;G efuhf;fj;jpy;
mbg;gilahdjhf miktJld; mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl efuk;
fl;likf;fg;gLk;. ghuk;ghpa r%fq;fspy; efuhf;fr; nraw;ghL RNjr
kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhy; mq;F RNjr gz;ghL kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jp KiwfSf;F Kjd;ikaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; gpd;dH ,yq;if kf;fs; GjpanjhU r%f> nghUshjhu>

gz;ghl;L> murpay; ntspf;Fs; cs;sPHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpahsHfspd; Gjpa murpay;> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffspd;
gpujpgypg;ghf fhydpj;Jt efuq;fs; fl;likf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;efuq;fis
etPdg;gLj;jg;gl;l efuq;fshf mike;jpUe;jJld;> rHtNjr ju epHzaq;fisg;
Ngzj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; mit tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsH
mtHfspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis ,izf;Fk; kj;jpa
epiyaq;fis efuq;fshf fl;likj;jdH. ,e;efuq;fspy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L
mjpfhhpfs; epHthfg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH. efuq;fspy; fpwp];jt
Njthyak;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> mur epWtdq;fs;> tq;fp> tpahghuj;
];jsq;fs;;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> fspahl;l epiyaq;fs;> njhopw; Ngl;ilfs;> tHj;jf
ikaq;fs;> caH juj;jpyhd trjpfisf; nfhz;l FbapUg;Gf;fs; vd kf;fspd;
mj;jid trjpfisAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; G+Hj;jpnra;af;$badthf fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpapy; efuq;fis tbtikj;jdH. rpwe;j tPjpg; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;>
ghuk;ghpa czTg; gz;ghl;by; ,Ue;J khWgl;l czTg; gof;fk; vd;gtw;why;
efuq;fs; kf;fis <Hf;Fk; jd;ikAiladthf mike;jpUe;jd.

efu cUthf;fr; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; efuq;fspd; tsHr;rpapy; fhydpj;Jt muR

mf;fiwAld; nraw;gl;ljpy; gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.
1. fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l ehLfspy; fhydpj;Jt
nghwpKiwia rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhdjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
2. INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J epHtfpg;gjw;fhf fhydpj;Jt ehLfSf;F
te;jpwq;fpa fhydpj;Jt mjpfhhpfspd; mbg;gil trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLg;gjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.

3
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

3. fhydpj;Jt kakhf;fypd; XH mbg;gil mk;rkhf efuq;fisAk; mjpy;

thOk; kj;jpaju tHf;fj;jpdiuAk; cUthf;Fjy;.
4. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsHfspd; nghUshjhu nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahf
,Ue;j Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tHj;jfj;ij rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
vd;gdthFk;.
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ,yq;if 1948,y; Rje;jpuj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhYk; efu mgptpUj;jpapy; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F gpd;te;j muRfs;
nghpasthd khw;wq;fs; vtw;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

fpof;fpyq;ifapd; ghuk;ghpa r%fk;

Ml;rpahsHfspd; jpl;lq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk; kf;fs; tho;tpy; ghjpg;gpid
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshfTs;sd. fpof;fpyq;if kf;fs; RNjrpa
kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpd; fPo; Muk;gfhyj;jpypUe;J topelj;jg;gl;ldH.
Ml;rpahsHfSk; kf;fSk; XNu gz;ghL> rka> r%f> gpd;Gyj;jpy;
nraw;gl;ljhy; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis FiwAkpd;wpg;
NgZtjw;Nfw;wKiwapy; Ml;rpajpfhuk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

jkpoH thOk; gpuNjrq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu fpuhkq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; kf;fs;

tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil trjpfisf; nfhz;ldthfTk;> RNjrpa
jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuj;ijf; nfhz;ldthfTk;> jdpj;Jtkhd gz;ghl;L
kuGfisf; NgZtdthfTk;; tpsq;fpd. fpuhkpa tho;tpy; rhjp kw;Wk; r%f
kuGfis nfhz;l r%f xOq;F filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. rhjphPjpahf ,Ue;j
njhopw; gphpg;G md;iwa r%f ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,it
fpuhkpa tho;tpd; mbg;gilahf mike;jpUe;jd.

efukakhf;fKk; mjd; ghjpg;Gf;fSk;;

efu cUthf;fk; gw;wpa nraw;wpl;lq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; RNjrpa
Ml;rpahsHfspdhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; gpd;dNu
efukakhf;fk; kf;fs; tho;tpy; ghjpig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F
cl;gLj;jpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J nghUshjhu ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsHfspd; Nehf;fkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjw;fhf mtHfs;
cUthf;fpa nraw;wpl;lq;fs; ePz;lfhyg; gaidj; ngwf;$batpjj;jpy;
mike;jpUe;jd. kjg;gpurhuk;> kjg;gpurhuj;ij ,yFgLj;Jk; kprnewpg;
ghlrhiyfs; mtw;wpD}lhf mspf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpy nkhopia gpujhdg;gLj;Jk;
INuhg;gpa fUj;jpaiy Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk; fy;tp vd;gd RNjrpfis INuhg;gpa
gz;ghl;L kugpw;Fs; cs;sPHg;gjw;fhd nraw;ghLfshf mike;jpUe;jd.
fpwp];jtj;jpw;F khWjy;> Mq;fpy nkhopf; fy;tp vd;gd mur cj;jpNahfk;>

4
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

r%fj;jpy; caH; r%ff;FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; xg;ge;j Ntiy> tHj;jfk;>

Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlHGila nghUshjhu
ed;ikfisg; Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W RNjrpfspy; rpyH czHe;J me;Nehf;fj;ij
miltjw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; nraw;gl;ldH. efuq;fspy; thOk;NghJ ,it
rhj;jpag;glf;$bait vd;Dk; Nehf;F RNjrpfsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

efuhf;fj;jpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jpa fhydpj;Jt muR ghuk;ghpa tho;f;if kw;Wk;

fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;ij gytPdg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ghuk;ghpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpa gy
cw;gj;jpfis ,y;yhnjhopj;J mtHfSf;F ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp
nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpapd;ghy; kf;fisj; jpirjpUg;Gtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf cs;@hpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
mhprpiatplf; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; mhprpia ,wf;Fkjp nra;J cs;@H mhprp
cw;gj;jpia Fiwg;gjw;F eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;ldH (Fzrpq;fk;> KUfH>
2016:290). ,t;thwhd fhydpj;jt murpd; ,wf;Fkjpf; nfhs;ifahy; gy
cs;@H cw;gj;jpahsHfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fs; cs;@H
cw;gj;jpahsHfspd; nghUl;fistpl Fiwe;jtpiyapy; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gl;lJld; kf;fisf; ftHe;jpOf;Fk; tpahghu El;gq;fisAk;
nfhz;bUe;jdH.

fpuhkpa tho;tpd; mbg;gilfisr; rpijf;Fk; tifapy; fhydpj;Jt murhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; fpuhk kf;fs; ghuk;ghpa nghUshjhu <l;lq;fspy;
<LgLtjw;F jilfis Vw;gLj;jpd. ,J njhlHghf M.rptRg;gpukzpak;
tpthjpg;ghH (2017:162). ,e;epiyik ghuk;ghpa Njhy;thj;jpaq;fis
cUthf;FNthH> fhl;L njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;l G+HtPf Fb kf;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu
ngUksT ghjpj;jJ. ,Ue;Jk; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsHfs; jq;fSf;F ,yhgk;
juf;$ba cs;@H nghUshju cw;gj;jpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F gpd;dpf;ftpy;iy.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,yq;ifapy; ghuk;ghpakhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; cw;gj;jpfshd
nerTf; ifjnjhopy;> rhaNtH cw;gj;jp> rhak; jahhpj;jy; Nghd;wd
ntspehl;Lr; re;ijapy; mjpf ,yhgj;jpid <l;bf; nfhLg;gjhy; ,t;thwhd
cw;gj;jpfis mjpfhpg;gjw;F fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsH mjpf mf;fiw
nrYj;jpdH. fhydpj;jt Ml;rpahsH Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F
(Njapiy> ,wg;gH> Vyk;> fWth Nghd;wd) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fpaJld;
fhydpahjpf;f ehLfspd; tpw;gidr; re;ijahfTk; fhydpj;jt efuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpdH. ,it fhydpj;jt murpd; nghUshjhu ed;ikia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpl;lq;fshf mike;jpUe;jd.

fhydpj;jt Ml;rpy; njhopiy ,oe;j RNjrpfs; efiu Nehf;fpg; Gyk;ngaHe;J

fy;tp> fy;tpapD}f Vw;glf;$ba njhopy;tha;g;G Mfpatw;wpd; Clhf
5
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

Nkw;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jdH. ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; fy;tp vd;gJ

njhopy;rhHe;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. njhopy;j;jpwd;fs; KjpatHfspdhy;
,se;jiyKiwapdUf;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid fzgjp ];jgjp
rpw;gf; fy;tp njhlHghf fPo;fz;lthW Fwpg;gpLthH. “rpw;gf;fiy
njhz;Lnjhl;L je;ij kfDf;Fk; gpd; mtd; jd; kfDf;Fkhf toptopahf
fw;gpf;fg;gl;L gapd;Wtug;ngw;w fiy. je;ijapd; fiyf;$lNk kfdpd; fiy
gapYk; rhiy. gfypy; njhopw;gapw;rpAk; ,utpy; Ew;gapw;rpAk; epfOk;” (2001:vii).
jpz;izg;ghlrhiy vd;Dk; mikg;gpd; Clhf kjk;rhHe;j fy;tpKiw
Nghjpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;WfSk; cs. fy;tp> njhopy; vd;gd rhjprhHe;j
tplakhfNt ghuk;ghpa r%f mikg;gpy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

r%f NtWghLfs; ,d;wp rfy kf;fSk; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia fw;gjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fs; fhydpj;Jt efuq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fy;tp mur
cj;jpNahfj;ij toq;fpaJ. mur cj;jpNahfj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;
tUkhdk; kf;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. fpuhkpa tho;tpy;
gUtfhy khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g njhopy; nra;Ak;epiy khwp efhpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpahghuk;> xg;ge;j Ntiy> $ypNtiyfs; Nghd;w
tUkhdj;ij vf;fhyj;jpYk; juf;$ba njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;ldH. ghuk;ghpa
njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; mtHfs; vjpHNehf;fpa mgha NeHTfs; efuj;jpy;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l njhopypy; ,y;yhjpUe;jJ. ghuk;ghpa r%f ,af;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j
rhjpapd; jhf;fk; efu tho;tpy; njhopy;> fy;tp vd;gtw;wpy; ,y;yhjpUe;jJ.
Fwpj;j r%fg; gphptpdH Fwpj;j njhopYld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyik
khw;wkile;jJ. ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; rhjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Ue;j
r%f Vw;wj;jho;it efuj;jpy; nghUshjhuk; jPHkhdpj;jJ. r%fj;jpy; fPo;
epiyapy; ,Ue;jtHfSk; nghUshjhu gyKs;stHfshf khw;wKWfpd;wdH.
,J rhjp hPjpahf fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;NlhH Nkd;epiyahf;fk; ngWtjw;F
tha;ghf mikfpd;wJ.

efukakhf;fj;jhy; ghuk;ghpa fpuhkpa tho;tpd; mbg;gilahf ,Ue;j rhjp>

r%f xOq;Ffs; nraypoe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J ghuk;ghpa r%f
,af;fj;ijAk; r%f xOq;ifAk; khw;wpaikj;J Gjpa tFg;gpdiu r%fj;jpd;
caHepiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;jJ. jpwd;> nghUshjhu> murpay; gyk;
cs;stHfs; r%fj;jpy; caHepiyapy; kjpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. “19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpYk; ngUk;ghYk; kp\dhpf; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfshYk;> kjg;
gpur;rhuj;jpdhYk;> tpLjpg; ghlrhiyfspdhYk; khj;jpukd;wp etPd tHj;jfr;
nraw;ghLfspdhYk; Vw;gl;l nghJthd nghUshjhur; nropg;gpdhYk; rhjpak;

6
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

rpwpjsT xopaNt nra;jJ” (2016:301) vd ,jid KUfH Fzrpq;fk;

Fwpg;gpLthH.

efukakhf;fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa tho;tpay; fl;likg;G gy ,dq;fSk;

nrwpe;Jk; fye;Jk; thOk; jd;ikAla xU fyg;Gr; r%fj;ijNa fl;likj;jJ.
,e;j efutho;T ghuk;ghpa tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; rpytw;Wld;> efutho;T
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fhydpj;Jt tho;tpay; mk;rq;fisAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Gjpa fyg;Gg; gz;ghl;il cUthf;fpaJ. ,J ghuk;ghpa gz;ghL
Nghd;W md;wp cWjpaw;w gz;ghlhfTk;> efutho;tpy; ,ize;Js;s ve;j
r%ff; FOf;fshYk; nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlKbahj xd;whfTk;
cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; efu r%f mikg;gpy; fyg;Gj; jpUkzq;fs;
,lk;ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; cUthfpd;wJ. ghuk;ghpa r%f mikg;gpy; gy
rhjpiar; Nrhe;jtHfSk; fye;J tho;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; ,y;yhjpUe;jjhy;
rhjpj;jpUkzq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. ngw;NwhHfspd; tpUg;gk;> jpUkz
xg;ge;jk; vd;gd jpUkzj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jd. ghuk;ghpa r%f
mikg;gpy; ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L tho;tJ r%f tof;fhfTk;
gz;ghl;L kughfTk; kjpf;fg;gl;lJ. efu r%fj;jpy; Mz;-ngz; rkj;Jtk;
gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; NknyOtJld; mJ nray;tbtk; ngWfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
fy;tp> mur cj;jpNahfk;> FLk;g tUkhdj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;jy;
Mfpatw;why; ngz;fSk; FLk;g mikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdH.
ngz;fSf;fhd Rje;jpuk;> FLk;gj;jpy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhf kjpf;fg;gly;
vd;gtw;why; fhjy; jpUkzk; efu r%fj;jpy; jtpHfKbhjjhf cs;sJ. ,jdhy;
tpUk;gpa Mltiu kzk;Ghptjw;fhd jilfs; Fiwtilfpd;wd. ghuk;ghpa
kuGfspy; gw;WilNahH ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; filg;gpbj;j r%f ,Wf;fj;ij efu
r%fj;jpYk; filg;gpbf;f Kaw;rpj;jhYk; efu r%fj;jpy; rl;lk;> ePjp Mfpad
gykhdjhf tpsq;Ftjhy; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfshy; fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;jpw;F
KOikahf jiltpjpf;f KbahJNghdJ. rhjp> jpUkzj;jpw;fhd jFjpg;ghlhf
,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; mur cj;jpNahk;> nghUshjhu gyk; vd;gdtw;iw
fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;wdH. fyg;Gj; jpUkzk; r%f Kud;ghLfSk;; gpur;rpidfSk;
Vw;gLtjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,g;gpur;rpid ,d;W INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;
Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk; jkpo; kf;fs; vjpHNehf;Fk; mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidahfTk;
cUntLj;Js;sJ Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. jpUkz tpilaj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;l ,e;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lg; Nghd;W efu tho;tpy; gy tplaq;fspYk; ghuk;ghpa r%f (rhjp)
epakq;fs; kPwg;gl;L ,isQH> Atjpfs; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;fpd;wJ.

,Ue;Jk; efu tho;tpd; %yk; tho;tpd; mj;jid NjitfisAk; G+Hj;jp

nra;aKbAk; vd;Dk; fw;gidAld; fye;j kf;fspd; vjpHghHf;if kf;fs;

7
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

tho;tpy; NtW rpy gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Ntiytha;g;G ,d;ik>

mbg;gil trjpfisf; $lg; G+Hj;jp nra;af;$ba tho;tplj;ij Vw;gLj;j
Kbahj epiyik> tho;tplk; xd;iw efur; #oypy; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
Ntl;ifahy; tho;tjw;F nghUj;jkw;w Gwk;Nghf;F epyg;gFjpfspy; FbakHjy;>
tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w Nritfs;> cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs;
fpilf;fhik> NghJkhd Rfhjhu trjp kw;Wk; fy;tpiag; G+Hj;jp nra;a
Kbahik> caHe;jstpyhd rdj;njhif efuq;fspy; fhzg;glYk;
rdnehpryhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; tho;thjhug; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gd ,d;W
efutho;tpy; vjpHnfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfshf cs;sd.

ghuk;ghpa tho;T> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk; Mfpa mk;rq;fspy; khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;jp GjpaJk; kf;fSf;F md;dpakhd gy;NtW tplaq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhf efukakhf;fy; nraw;ghL mikfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;
ghuk;ghpa r%f mikg;gpd; xOq;Ffs; gy ,y;yhJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wd /
gykw;wjhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ghuk;ghpa r%f mikg;gpy; caHepiyapy;
,Ue;jtHfSf;F ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mNjNtis fPo;epiyapy;
,Ue;jtHfs; rhjpabikj;jdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUtjw;fhd rpy
tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (fy;tp> njhopy; rhHe;j Rje;jpuk; ,t;tplaj;jpy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ). ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; kjpf;fg;gl;l “Nghb” mthpd; r%fj;
jdpj;jtj;ij ,of;fpd;whH;. mtDf;F fl;Lg;gl;L njhz;&opak; nra;j
rpiwf;Fbfs; Nkd;epiyahf;fk; ngWfpd;wdH. ,Ue;Jk; efiu Nehf;fpa efHtpy;
,t;tpU (Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa r%fk;> mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l r%fk;)
r%f;FOtpdUk; MHtkhfNt cs;sdH.

efukakhf;fKk; ghuk;ghpa fiy> iftpidr; nraw;ghLfSk;

fpof;fpyq;if kf;fsplk; ghuk;ghpa epfo;j;Jfiy tbtq;fs;> ifg;gzp kuG
vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; rpwg;ghd tsHr;rpiag; ngw;wpUe;jd. tlNkhb njd;Nkhbf;
$j;Jf;fs;> tre;jd; $j;J> giw Nksf; $j;J> Fk;kp> fufk; vd;gd ,k;kf;fsplk;
Kidg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;j epfo;j;Jfiy tbtq;fshFk;. ifg;gzp kughf kl;ghz;lf;
ifj;njhopy;> ntz;fy thHg;Gf; ifj;njhopy;> gpuk;G> gid Xiy> Jk;G> gd;
kw;Wk; Vida Gy;tiffis %yg;nghUl;fshff; nfhz;l ifg;gzp kuG> Milf;
ifj;njhopy;> nghw;nfhy;yuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eif cw;gj;jp> fk;khsuhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,Uk;ghyhd nghUs; cw;gj;jp vd gy iftpid kuGfs;
tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l fiy ifg;gzp kuGfspy; mNdfkhdtw;wpd;
jpwd;fSk; gapy;Tk; rhjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;glL te;jd.
Fwpj;j rhjpapdNu Fwpj;j fiy> ifg; gzpg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;gtHfshfTk; mtw;iw epfo;j;Jk; chpkk; ngw;wtHfshfTk; tpsq;;fpdH.
ghuk;ghpa fiyfspy; rhjp nraw;gLk; epiy njhlHghd xU $j;Jf;fiyQH

8
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

“vq;fl Mf;fs; kl;Le;jhd; vq;fl $j;jpy MLwJ. NtW Mf;fisr; NrHf;fTk;

khl;lk; mit Nfl;lhYk; nrhy;ypf; FLf;fTk; khl;lk;. ,J vq;fl nrhj;J.
$j;ij NtW Ml;fSf;Fg; gof;fp tpl;lhy; mtHfs; jq;fl vd;W chpik
NfhuTk; Kw;gLtH. $j;J vq;fl uj;jj;jpy CwpdJ” (n[arq;fH>rp.>2011).
,JNghd;W njhopy;El;g mwpT ghuk;ghpa ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; Fwpj;j
rhjpf;Fhpajhf mike;jpUe;jij ,.Kj;ijah Fwpg;gpLthH (2010:181).

mNdfkhf fiy> ifg;gzp kuGfs; mk;kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; Njitiag;

G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; tUkhd %yq;fshf nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; mit rhHe;j
EZf;fq;fis Vida r%fq;fSf;F tphpTgLj;jhky;; Fwpj;j
FOkj;jpw;Fhpajhf NgZtjpy; MHtKilatHfshf tpsq;fpdH. ,d;ndhU
epiyapy; giwNksf; $j;J> jg;G Ml;lk; Nghd;w fiy tbtq;fs; r%fj;jpd;
fPo;epiyapy; cs;s rhjpapdUf;Fhpajhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j fiytbtq;fis
ifapy; itj;jpUe;j ,e;jr; r%fj;jpdH ,f;fiytbtq;fspd; epfo;j;Jifapd;
%yk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;jpd; %yNk mtHfspd tho;thjhuj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,tHfs; NtW njhopy;fspy; <Lgl Kbahj tpjj;jpy;
r%f ,Wf;fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. fpuhkpaf; tho;T fiyg; gapytpd; %yk;
rhjphPjpahf kf;fis milahsg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikAilajhfT mike;jpUe;jJ
vd;gij ,J czHj;Jfpd;wJ. rpy fiyailahsq;fs; caHe;j
milahsq;fshf mika rpy ,opthd milahsq;fshf mike;jpUe;jd.

fpof;fpyq;ifapd; r%f ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;gpbj;j fiytbtq;fshf

tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. gUtfhy cw;gj;jpahf
fpof;fpyq;if kf;fspd; nghUshjhu <l;lk; mike;jpUe;jhy; nghUshjhu
nraw;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J Xa;thf ,Uf;Fk; fhyq;fs; ghuk;ghpa r%fq;spy; ,e;j
fiyr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fhpa fhykhf mike;jpUe;jd. ghuk;ghpa fiyg;gapy;Tk;
mk;kf;fspd; Fynja;tj;jpw;fhd rlq;F topghLk; Nfhapy; #oypNyNa
eilngw;wd. $j;Jf;fs; eilngWk; fhyq;fSk; rlq;Ffs; eilngWk;
fhyq;fSk; xd;whf mike;jpUe;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. “fd;dd;FlhtpYk;
mjid mz;ba rpy gpuNjrq;fspYk; Vida gpuNjrq;fistpl $j;jpy; mjpf
mf;fiw fhl;lg;gl;LtJ tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. ,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk; mq;F
mike;Js;s fz;zfpak;kd; Miyaj;NjhL kpfneUq;fpa njhlHGila fiy
epfo;j;Jifiahf $j;J mike;jpUg;gJ” (re;jpuNrfuk;>rp.>2016;53) vd
rlf;fpw;Fk; ghuk;ghpa fiy epfo;j;Jiff;Fk; ,ilNaahd gpizg;Gr;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

efutho;T ghuk;ghpa kuGfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ Nghd;W fiy>

ifg;gzpr; nraw;ghLfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

9
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

ghuk;ghpa iftpid cw;gj;jpahsHfspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F khw;wPlhf

efur; re;ijapy; ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fSk; fk;gdp cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSk;
Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wd. Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F kf;fs;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; mq;F Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jdJ Fynja;t topghl;bd; Kff;fis> mk;khidf;fha;>
rpyk;G> MAjq;fs; Nghd;w ntz;fyj;jhyhd nghUl;fis fhyq;fhykhf
nra;J toq;fpa nghw;nfhy;yid ehbr; nry;yNtz;ba Njit efur;; #oypy;
,y;yhky;nghfpd;wJ. rlq;Fg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU tpw;gid epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J mg;nghUis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tha;g;Gf;fis efur; re;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ.
fpof;fpyq;ifapy; Xe;jhr;rpklk;> VwhT+H> NghujPT Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy;
ghuk;ghpa ntz;fyg;nghUl;fspd; cw;gjpia Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhf (FLk;g
cw;gj;jp) Nkw;nfhz;ldH. ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jpahsHfshy; fk;gdp cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fistpl Fiwe;j tpiyf;F mtHfshy;; cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLk;
nghUl;fis tpw;fKbahjpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jpf;F ,Ue;j
Nfs;tp tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jpahsHfs; cw;gj;jpf;F vLf;Fk;
gpuaj;jdk;> fhyk;> juk; vd;gd tpiyf;Fiwg;G nra;aKbahjtpjj;jpy;
mtHfis fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. fk;gdp cw;gj;jpashfisg; Nghd;W ghuk;ghpa
cw;gj;jpahsHfs; etPd uf ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fk;gdp cw;gj;jpf;Fg;
Nghl;bahf cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fhpa etPd ,ae;jpuq;fis nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;fhd nghUshjhugyk; ,y;yhjpUe;jdH. ,d;ndhUepiyapy; efur;
re;ij tpw;gidahsHfshy; ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jpahshfspd; nghUl;fis
nfhs;tdT nra;aKbahjtpjj;jpy;; ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jpapd; tpiy mjpfkhf
,Ue;jJ. ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fshy; ghuk;ghpa ntz;fy cw;gj;jpahsH
fhyk;fhykhf Nkw;nfhds;sg;gl;L te;j njhopiy iftplNtz;b /
,of;fNtz;b Vw;gLfpwJ. efur; re;ij ghuk;ghpa ifj;njhopypd; tPo;r;rpf;F
fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,JNghd;W fpof;fpyq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lte;j gy;NtW
ifg;gzp kuGSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.

ghuk;ghpa cw;gj;jp Nghd;W nghUl;fspd; juk; mikahjNghJk; Fiwe;j

tpiyf;F jhk; tpUk;gpaTld; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd
trjpia efur; re;ij EfHNthUf;F toq;fpaJ. efu re;ijapy; EfHNthH
milAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ed;ikahf ,J mikfpd;wJ.

ifg;gzp kuG Nghd;W epfo;j;JfiyfSk; efukakhf;fj;jhy;

ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpAs;sd. ghuk;ghpa tho;f;ifr; #oy; efukakhf;fj;jhy;
khw;wkiltjhy; ghuk;ghpa epfo;j;Jfiyfis ghuk;ghpa #oypy;

10
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

epfo;j;Jtjw;F kf;fshy; KbahJ Nghfpd;wJ. Gjpa tho;f;ifr; #oypy;

efuj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthfpa kj;jpa jutHfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. mur cj;jpNahfk; kw;Wk; Vida efuj;ij
ikag;gLj;jpa njhopy;fspdhy; Nkd;;epiyaile;jtHfs;. efukakhf;fj;jpd;
ghjpg;ghy; gy fpuhkq;fspy; ghuk;ghpa r%fr; #oy; khw;wKw;wpUe;jJ. ,jdhy;
ghuk;ghpa #oypy; epfo;fiyfis epfo;j;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;ig mNdfkhd
fpuhkq;fs; ,of;fpd;wd.

fpof;fpyq;ifapy; gapyg;gLk; epfo;j;Jif tbtq;fspy; $j;Jf;fiy

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhU tbtk;. $j;Jf;fiy nropg;ghfg; gapyg;gl;Lte;j gy
fpuhkq;fspy; $j;jpd; tPo;r;rpia mtjhdpj;j R.tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $j;ij efug;
ghHitahsHfspd; Njitf;Nfw;g toq;Fk; NghNj $j;ij njhlHe;J
capHg;Gld; ghJfhf;fKbAk; vdf; fUjpdhH. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;gpa muq;fg;
gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf $j;jpid tbtikf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;whH.
tpj;jpahde;jdpd; ,e;j $j;Jr; nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;Djhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ
NguhrphpaH vjphptPu rur;re;jputpd; Njrpa muq;fr; nraw;ghLfs;
(nksdFU>rp.>1997:14). ,jw;fhf mtH Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fspy;
mbg;gilahdJ $j;ij glr;rl;l muq;fpy; mspf;if nra;aj;jf;f tbtkhf
khw;wpaikj;jjhFk;.

md;W gykhf ,Ue;j efuthrpfshd kj;jpaju tHf;fj;jpdiu Nehf;fp $j;ij

nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ mjid capHg;Gld; Ngzyhk; vd R.tpj;jpahde;jd;
rpe;jpj;jhH. ,jid “nrk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l $j;Jf;fs; %d;Wgf;fKk;
milf;fg;gl;lJk; etPd xyp> xsp> Mrdk; nfhz;lJkhd etPd muq;Ffspy;
gbj;j kj;jpaju tFg;Gf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. mtHfshy; ,e;ehlfq;fs;
ntFthf ,urpf;fTk;gl;ld (tpj;jpahde;jd;>R.>1990:57) vdf; Fwpg;gpthH.

tpj;jpahde;jdpd; efug; ghHitahsHfSf;fhf $j;ij khw;wpaikj;j

nraw;ghlhdJ $j;ij fhyq;fhykhf mspf;if nra;J nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhba
ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLj;J efug; ghHitahsHfSf;fhd
nghJthd tbtkhf khw;wpaikg;gjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,q;F $j;jpy;
MHtKs;s jpwikAs;s vtUk; $j;Jr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;fhd
tha;g;Gff;s; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd;NghJ ghuk;ghpa $j;jpy; Kf;fpa
MSikahf tpsq;fpa mz;zhtp ($j;J thj;jpahH) gpd;js;sg;gLfpd;whH.
ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; $j;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilahfTk; r%fj;jpd;
Kf;fpa MSikahfTk; kjpf;fg;gl;ltH mz;ztp. Gjpa muq;fr; #oypy;
,d;ndhUthpd; fUj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L mtH fiyr; Nrit
GhpaNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,jid tpj;jpahde;jNd cWjpnra;fpd;whH;.

11
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

“tl;lf;fsphpapYk;> jpwe;jntspapYk; kj;jsj;ij Xq;fp mbj;J Rje;jpukhfg;

ghba mz;zhtpahhpd; mUNf epd;W mbf;fb ifiag; gpbj;J nkJthf mbf;fr;
nrhy;yNtz;b tUk;. ehlfk; njhq;fpaJk; mz;zhtpf;F mUNf epd;W me;jg;
gzpia vg;NghJk; nra;Ntd;” (1990:56). ,q;F mz;zhtp $ypf;F Nrit nra;Ak;
gzpahsdhfTk; $j;jpd; fiyahf;fj; jPHkhdq;fs; efuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU
nghJtUf;Fk; ifkhWfpd;wJ. mspf;ifapy; Nkd;ikngw;wpUe;j r%fk; rhHe;j
gy;NtW mk;rq;fSk; gpd;js;sg;gl;L mspf;if khj;;jpuk; glr;rl;l muq;fpd;
fhl;rpg; nghUshfpd;wJ. r%fj; njhlHghly; vd;gJ ,q;F ,y;yhky;
Nghfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ghuk;ghpaf; fiyapd; mspf;if rhHe;j mk;rq;fspy;
rpwe;jdtw;iw vLj;J mspf;if nra;jy; vd;gJ gpujhdk; ngWfpd;wJ.

,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; ahTk; Gjpa efu tho;tpdhYk; mjDld; njhlHGila

r%f khw;wj;jpdhYk; tPo;r;rpAw;w $j;ij capHg;Gld; NgzNtz;Lk; vd;Dk;
Nehf;fj;Jld;; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lit. efiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l tho;T fhyr; rf;fuj;Jld; njhlHGila Xa;tw;wnjhd;whf
mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j tho;f;if Roypy; cs;s kf;fSf;F; ,uTKOtJk;
,Ue;J $j;ijg; ghHg;gjw;fhd mtfhrk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; euf
muq;fpy; Neuk;> mspf;iff;fsk;> mspf;if nra;ag;gLk; fhyk; vd;gdtw;wpy;
khw;wk; nfhz;Lte;jdH. $j;jpd;ghy; efu ghHitahsHfspd; MHtj;ijj;
J}z;l etPd ehlfj;jpd; $WfisAk; ,izj;jdH. ,r;nraw;ghLfs;
ghuk;ghpakhf xU FOkj;jplk; ,Ue;j $j;ij efu r%fj;jpy; rfyUk;
gq;Fgw;wf;$ba nghJthd tbtkhf khw;wpaikf;fpd;wJ.

,f;fl;lj;jpy; $j;J gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> jdpg;gl;l fiyQHfs;> epjptoq;fs;

epWtdq;fs;> rHtNjr epjp epWtdq;fspd; mDruidAld; mspf;if
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; $j;Jld; njhlHGila ghuk;ghpa
jpwdhspfs; NjitNaw;gLk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; Gjpa jahhpg;ghsHfshy; jpwd;fs;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L mjw;F$yp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;Jk; $j;jpd;
tUkhd <l;lj;jpy; mtHfshy; gq;nfLf;f Kbtjpy;iy. mjw;fhd
fy;tpj;juhjuk;> nry;thf;F ,tHfSf;fpy;yhik ,jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
ghuk;ghpa fiyQH ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; mtHfSf;F ,Ue;j nghUshjhu>
r%f epytuq;fspy; ,Ue;J fPo;epiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. $j;ijf; ifapy;
vLj;j Gjpa jiyKiwapdH caHT ngWfpd;wdH. ,q;F efukakhf;fj;jpd;
gpd;dH nghUshjhur; nraw;ghLfs; fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J efuj;jpy; ikak;
nfhs;fpd;wd (n[arq;fsH>rp.>2011:25). efu r%fj;jpy; $j;J tpahghug;
gz;lkhf;fg;gl;L ghuk;ghpa fiyQHfsplk; ,Ue;J ifeOtpg; NghFk;
epiyia GytHkzp V.nghpajk;gpg;gps;is epidj;J ,t;thW Vf;fk;
nfhs;fpd;whH. “,d;W ehl;Lf;$j;Jf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fy;tpawptpy;yhjtHfspd;

12
 nea;jy;> fiy fyhrhu gPlk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fok;> ,yq;if

ifapNy> gpiog;Gf;fhff; $j;jhLgtHfspd; ifapNy mfg;gl;L ,d;Dk;

juq;Fiwe;J Nghtijf; fhz kdk; kpfTk; tUe;Jfpd;wJ” (fe;ijah>tp.rP.>
(gjp)>1969:07).

ghuk;ghpa fiyr;nraw;ghl;il rkfhyj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;jy; njhlHghf

rp.n[arq;fsH gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLthH. “ghuk;ghpa rpe;jidg; Nghf;Fld;
NghuLtJk;> Gjpa epiyikfisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KidtJk;> czuitg;gJk;>
mitfSf;fhfTk; mikg;ig Mw;wiy ghuk;ghpa muq;F nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ
vd;gij muq;fpay;hPjpahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sitg;gJk;> epfo;fhy
mDgtq;fis KOikahf ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> rhj;jpag;ghLfisg; gw;wpr;
rpe;jpg;gJk;> nray;Kiw mDgtq;fSf;F tUtJkhd xU njhluhd
eilKiwia Nkw;nfhs;tNj mtrpakhdJ” (2011:20).
,t;thwhdjahHgLj;jpy; ghuk;ghpa fiyQhpd; epiyg;ghL vd;d vd;gjpy; jhd;
,r;nraw;ghl;bd; njhlHr;rp jq;fpAs;sJ.

KbTfSk; ghpe;JiufSk;
efukakhf;fk; ghuk;ghpa kuGfs;> gz;ghL> nghUl;fs;> fiyg; gapy;T> fy;tp
vd;gd ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; etPd nghUl;fisAk;> rpe;jidiaAk; tho;f;if
KiwiaAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. efukakhf;fj;jhy; ghuk;ghpakhf r%fj;jhy;
filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;j tplaq;fs; khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shfpd;wd. ghuk;ghpa
r%fj;jpy; xU gphptpdH gykhd r%fr; rf;jpahfTk; ,d;ndhU gphptpdH
mbikr; rhjpahfTk; ,Ue;j epiyikapy; jsHT Vw;gLfpwJ. fPo;epiyr;
rhjpahf xJf;fg;gl;NkhH Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gl Kbfpd;wJ.

rhjpAlDk; ghuk;ghpa r%f tho;TlDk; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;j fiytbtq;fs;

nghJikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mg;NghJ fiytbtq;fis nghUshjhu
<l;l%ykhff; nfhz;bUe;NjhH ghjpg;GWfpd;wdH. ,J $Ljyhf ifg;gzpf;
fiyfisNa ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,Ue;Jk; mtHfspd; ,se;jiyKiwapdH efu
nghUshjhu Kiwikf;fika tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdH.
epfo;fiyfs; efu tho;tpy; nghJikg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; fiyf;fpUe;j r%f
Kf;fpaj;jtk; ,y;yhky; Ngha; mJ xU mspf;if tbtkhf khj;jpuk;
khWfpd;wJ. efur; #oypy; ghuk;ghpa fiyQHfs; mtHfspd; fiyAhpkj;ij
,of;fpd;wdH. Gjpa tho;f;if #oypy; mjd; gapy;tpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp
r%fj;jpw;fhd xU tbtkhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd Nehf;Fepiy mtHfsplk;
,y;yhjpUe;jJ my;yJ khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j tpUk;ghjJ Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf
mikfpd;wJ.

13
 nea;jy;> njhFjp: 10 vz;: ii - 2021

efukakhf;fk; fhuzkhf ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wp

tpthjpf;Fk;NghJ ed;ik> jPik Mfpa ,uz;Lk; vjpHepiyapy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
xU gphptpdUf;F ed;ikahd tplak; ,d;ndhU gphptpdUf;F jPikfis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. etPd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mwpKfk;> fy;tp tsHr;rp vd
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ed;ikfs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl> ghuk;ghpa r%f ,af;fj;ij
rPHFiyj;jik> ghuk;ghpa fiy> nghUshjhu <l;lq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lik vd
jPikfis mLf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;yyhk;. efu tho;it vjpHnfhs;tJ
jtpHfKbahjJ. me;j vjpHnfhs;sypy; r%fq;fs; milahsq;fis
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilfis fz;lwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g
nraw;gLtJ gaDilajhFk;.

crhj;Jizfs;
fzgjp>it. (2001). rpw;gr; nre;E}y;> jkpo;ehL - nrd;id: njhopy;El;gf;
fy;tp ,af;fk;.
fe;ijah>tp.rP. (gjp) (1969). ,uhkehlfk; tlNkhbf; $j;J> kl;lf;fsg;G :
kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjr fyh kd;wk;.
Fzrpq;fk; KUfH. (2016). ,yq;ifapy; jkpoH - xU KOikahd tuyhW>
mT];jpNuypah: vk; tp ntspaPL> njd; Mrpahtpd; ikak; - rpl;dp.
re;jpuNrfuk;>rp. (2016). 1980 ,y; ,Ue;J Vw;gl;l khw;wKk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;
$j;jpd; ,Ug;Gk;”> nea;jy;> tre;jhW%iy: fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
rptRg;gpukzpak;> M. (2017). fhydpaKk; fr;Nrhpj; jkpOk;> nrd;id: epA+
nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;. G\;gul;zk;>g. (2017). ,yq;ifapy; jkpoH : xU
RUf;f tuyhW> Rtpw;rHyhe;J: jkpo;f; fy;tpr;Nrit.
Kj;ijah>,. (2010). mbj;js kf;fs; njhlHghd gz;ghl;Lr; nrhy;yhly;>
nrd;id: epA+ nrQ;Rhp Gf; `T]; (gp) ypl;.
nksdFU>rp.> (1997). NguhrphpaH vjphptPu rur;re;jpuhTk; <oj;J ehlf kuGk;>
uh[fphpa: tpgtp khw;Wf; fyhrhu ikak;.
tpj;jpahde;jd;> R. (1990). ehlfk; ehl;lhhpaw; rpe;jid> njy;ypg;gis:
jkpofk; ntspaPL.
n[arq;fH>rp. (2011). $j;J kPSUthf;fk;> kJ

14