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Physical Practical 2

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45 views4 pages

Physical Practical 2

Uploaded by

jebasania321
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment no.

2: Determine the viscosity of a liquid at a given concentration at


laboratory temperature by viscometer.

Theory:
Poiseuille derived an expression, known as Poiseuille’s equation for the streamlined flow of a
liquid through ca capillary tube. The expression for it given below:

πPr 4 t
¿
8 Vl

Where P is the pressure difference between the ends of the capillary tube which is necessary
for uniform flow of the liquid, r is the radius of the tube, t is the time of flow of the liquid, V
is the volume of the liquid flowing across the cross-section of the tube and l is the length of
the tube.

This involves the use of Ostwald Viscometer in which a fixed volume of a liquid is allowed
to fall under its own weight or the force of gravity, and the time required for a given volume
of the liquid to flow is noted.

The driving pressure at any instant is given by, P = hg

Where h is the difference in height in the levels of the liquid in the two arms,  is its density
and g are the acceleration due to gravity. Thus,

π (h g)r 4 t
¿
8Vl

This process of determining the absolute value of coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is


tedious. Hence a simpler method is adapted in which the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid
relative to another is determined.

Let us take two different liquids 1 and 2. Suppose 1, 1 , t1 and 2, 2 , t2 are the coefficients of

viscosities, densities and times of flow for the same volume of liquids 1 and 2 respectively.
For the same viscometer, h, r, V and l are constant. Then,

η1 ρ 1 t
=
1

η2 ρ 2 t 2

ρ1 t
Or, η1 = 1
 η2
ρ2 t 2
Thus, by knowing 2, 2 , t2 and 1 , t1 the coefficient of viscosity of first liquid, 1 could be
determined.

Requirements:

1. Ostwald’s viscometer
2. Liquid of interest
3. Distilled water
4. Specific gravity bottle
5. Rubber stopper
6. Rubber tube
7. Pinch cock
8. Clamp stand
9. Pipette
10. Thermometer
11. Stop watch

Procedure: Before starting the experiment, the viscometer should be cleaned by chromic
acid solution to remove oil, grease etc. sticking on the inner capillary surface and then
washed with distilled water and finally with acetone or alcohol, and dried by blowing hot air.

1. Introduce a definite volume of distilled water by a pipette in the storage bulb B so that
more than half of it is filled up.
2. Attach a small rubber tubing with a screw pinch cock to the arm containing the bulb
A.
3. Fix the viscometer vertically on a stand with the help of a clamp.
4. Suck up the water by means of the rubber tube so that water rises above the mark x.
5. Allow the water to flow under its own weight and stop the water level at mark x by
putting your finger above the top of the arm.
6. Now remove your finger and start the stop watch
7. Stop the stop watch as soon as the falling water touches mark y.
8. Repeat the process thrice and note down the time of flow each time.
9. Measure the weight of the clean, dried empty specific gravity bottle.
10. Fill it with distilled water and weigh it
11. Finally fill it with the given liquid and then weigh.
Observation:

1. Room temperature: ……oC.


2. Measurement of time of flow:

Sl. No. Water Liquid


Time of flow (sec) Mean Time of flow(sec) Mean
1
2
3
4

3. Determination of density of liquid (1) and water (2)


Mass of empty specific gravity bottle = w1 g
Mass of specific gravity bottle + water = w2 g
Mass of specific gravity bottle + liquid = w3 g
Density of liquid mass of liquid
 =
Density of water mass of water
1 w 3−w 1
 =
2 w 2−w 1

w 3−w 1
 1 =  2
w 2−w 1

4. Determination co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid:


η1 ρ 1 t
=
1

η2 ρ 2 t 2

ρ1 t
Or, η1 = 1
 η2
ρ2 t 2

Precautions:

1. The viscometer should be cleaned and dried before use.


2. No air bubble should be formed inside the capillary tube while sucking the liquid.
3. The viscometer should be held in a vertical position throughout the drop counting
process.
4. The volume of the liquids taken in bulb B should be so much that when sucked up
to mark x, it should fill the bulb A and a little should still remain in the bulb B.
5. The time of flow between the marks x and y should not exceed 3 minutes.

Experiment no 3: Study the variation of viscosity of sucrose solution with the


concentration of the solute.

Theory: Same as experiment no 2.


Requirements: Same as experiment no 2.
Procedure:
1. Prepare five different (w/v) aqueous solutions of sucrose, say 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%.
2. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of each sucrose solution as described in the
experiment no 2.
3. Plot a graph between the coefficient of viscosity and concentration of the sucrose
solutions.
Observations:

1. Room temperature: ……oC.


2. Measurement of time of flow for the sucrose solutions:
Liquids Flow time (sec) Density () Coefficient of

(i) (ii) (iii) Mean viscosity ()

2%
4%
Sucrose 6%
solution 8%
s 10%
Water

3. Report the observed trend of variation of viscosity for the sucrose solutions with
concentration.

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