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Database Concepts

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Database Concepts

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7.

Database Concepts

Databases are critical components in the field of Information


and Communication Technology (ICT), enabling the organized storage, retrieval, and
management of data. Understanding database concepts is essential for effectively
working with data-driven applications.

7.1 Database Definition

Definition: A database is a structured collection of data that can be accessed, managed,


and updated efficiently. Databases are designed to support various applications and
services, allowing users to store, retrieve, and manipulate data easily.

Key Features:

 Structured Data: Data in a database is organized in a specific format, making it


easy to search and retrieve.
 Data Integrity: Databases enforce rules and constraints to maintain the accuracy
and consistency of data.
 Data Security: Databases provide mechanisms for data access control, ensuring
that only authorized users can access or modify data.
 Scalability: Databases can handle large amounts of data and accommodate
growing data needs over time.

7.2 DBMS (Database Management System)

Definition: A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that facilitates the


creation, management, and manipulation of databases. It provides users with tools to
interact with the database, ensuring efficient data handling.

Types of DBMS:

1. Relational DBMS (RDBMS):


o Organizes data into tables with predefined relationships between them.
o Examples: MySQL, Microsoft Access, Oracle Database, PostgreSQL.

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2. NoSQL DBMS:

 Designed for unstructured or semi-structured data, often used in big data


applications and real-time web applications.
 Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Couchbase.

Functions of DBMS:

 Data Definition: Allows users to define the structure of the database (tables,
fields, relationships).
 Data Manipulation: Provides tools for inserting, updating, deleting, and querying
data (e.g., SQL - Structured Query Language).
 Data Security: Manages user permissions and access controls to protect sensitive
data.
 Backup and Recovery: Facilitates data backup and restoration in case of data loss
or corruption.

7.3 Key Terminology


7.3.1 Tables

 Definition: A table is a fundamental structure in a relational database that


organizes data into rows and columns.
 Characteristics:
o Rows: Each row represents a single record or entry in the table.
o Columns: Each column represents a specific attribute or field of the data.

7.3.2 Records

 Definition: A record is an individual entry in a table, containing all the information


related to a specific instance of the data.
 Example: In a table of students, a record might contain data for one student,
including their ID, name, age, and class.

7.3.3 Fields

 Definition: A field is a column in a table that holds a specific type of data or


attribute. Each field is designed to store a particular kind of information.
 Characteristics:
o Data Types: Fields can have different data types, such as text, number,
date, or boolean (true/false).
o Field Name: Each field has a unique name that identifies the type of data
it holds (e.g., "StudentID," "Name," "DateOfBirth").
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7.4 Summary

 A database is a structured collection of data, designed for efficient storage and


retrieval.
 A DBMS is software that manages databases, facilitating data definition,
manipulation, security, and backup.
 Key terminology includes tables (data organized in rows and columns), records
(individual entries in a table), and fields (columns that hold specific types of data).

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