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 LowerPairs 215

6.7 AUTOMOBILE STEERING GEARS

When automobile takes turns on a road, all the wheels should
an
make concentric circles to ensure that they roll on the road Stub axlee
smoothly
and there is a line contact beteen the
tyres and the surface of
path, preventing
the the excess wear of tyres. This is achieved
by
mounting the two front wheels on two short axles, known as stub
axles. The stub axles are pin-jointed with the main front axle which
is rigidly attached to the rear axle. Thus, the w
steering is affected by
the use of front wheels only.
When the vehicle is making a turn towards one side, the front
wheel of that side must swing about the pin through a greater
than the wheel of the other side. The ideal relation between the
angle
swings of the two wheels would be if the axes of the stub axles, Fig. 6.24
when produced, intersect at a point / on the common axis of the two rear
wheels Fig. (6.24). In that case, all
the wheels of the vehicle will move about a vertical axis
through /, minimising the tendency of the wheels to
skid. The point / is also the instantaneous centre of the motion of the four
wheels.
Let and o angles turned by the stub axles
l = wheel base

w =
distance between the pivots of front axles
Then,
cot =T and cot =

TI

cot - c o t 6 = - PT-QT
Tl (6.1)
This is known as the fundamental equation of correct gearing. Mechanisms that fulfil this fundamental
equation are known as steering gears

6,8 TYPES OF STEERING GEARS

There are two main types of steering gears:
1. Davis steering
gear
2. Ackermann steering
gear
A Davis steering gear has sliding pairs which means more friction and easy wearing. The
gear fulfils the
fundamental equation of gearing in all the positions. However, due to easy wearing it becomes inaccurate
after some time.
An Ackermann steering gear has only turning pairs and thus is preferred. Its drawback is that it fulfils the
undamental equation of correct gearing at the middle and the two extreme positions and not in all positions
 is
steering gear consists of a four-link mechanism PABQ having four
6.26(a), two equal arms PA and QB are fixed to theturning pairs.
As shown in
Fig.
similar bell-crank levers CPA stub axles PC and
and DOB pivoted at P and
Q respectively. A cross link AB is OD form two
to t
ends to the two
bell-crank levers. pin-jointed at th
Q
/C B
B (-)A A B
P

(-a)-
5

(a)
(b)
Fig.6.26
During the straight motion of the vehicle, the
PA and OB with gear is in the
An Ackermann
P0. The cross link AB is
parallel to PO in this
mid-position with equal inclination of the arms
gear does not fulfil the
fundamental equation position.
only in three positions. If the values of correct
suitable scale in different of PA, PQ and the
angle a are
gearing in all the positions but
positions. The angle d can be noted for known, the mechanism can be drawn to a
drawing the gear may be termed different values of 6. This
Correct or theoretical values of
as p. (p
actual). angle o found by
be calculated from the p corresponding
relation for correct
to different
values of 6, for the
as p, (ptheoretical). gearing, cot p- cot6= w/l. The given values of wand can
angle so obtained may be termed
Comparing p, and p, following observations are
1. For small values of made:
6, Pa is marginally
2. For larger values of 6, higher than p,
pa is lower than p, and the difference
Thus, for larger values of 8 or when the is substantial.
due to slipping. However, to take vehicle is taking a sharp turn, the wear of
the tyres. Thus, the sharp turns, the vehicle has the tyres can be
mor
large difference between P, and p, does notto be slowed down, which reduces the wear or
In an Ackermann
gear, the affect much the life of tyres.
rear axis at an instantaneous centre I does not lie on
the
approximate distance of 0.3/ above it. rear axis but on a line parallel to tne
Three positions of correct gearing are
1. when the vehicle moves
straight,
2. when the vehicle moves at a correct
angle to the right, and
3. when the vehicle moves at a correct
angle to the left.
In all other positions, pure rolling is not
possible due to slipping of the
Graphically, the two positions or the correct gearing are wheel.
found by
nositions, The values that give the finding (cot o- cot ) at different
correct values or wil (W/l= 0.45)) correspond
Determination of Angle a As mentioned above, if the values of PA, PO and to correct gearing.
the angle a are known, the
mechanism can be drawn to a suitable scale in aitterent positions and the
actual angle ó can be noted tor
diliciclI Valu proviUes Uie pOSIU
vehicle for correct steering on the left and right. However, for initial design of the steering, usually angle a
is obtained by assuming the steering in a position in which the projections of AB and A'B' on are P0 equal
Fig.6.26(b)
1.e. Projection of BB on PO= Projection of AA' on P
QB [sin (a+ 0)-sin a] = PA [sin oa+ sin (p - a)]

or sin (+6) - sin a sin a + sin (0-) (PA QB)

(sin a cos 0+ cos a sin 6) - sin a = sin a+sin o cos - c o s p sin a

sin a (cos 6+ cos p-2) =

cos a (sin p-sin )
sin a Sin - sin 6
cos +cos p-2

sin p- sin 6
tan a =-
cos +cos p-2 (6.3)
where and p are the values of angles for the correct gearing,