Shiv Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha’s

SANT TUKARAM NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOL, LATUR

CLASS: IX POLYNOMIALS Sub: Mathematics

Content:

1) Introduction
2) Main concepts and Sub-concepts
3) Gist of the Lesson
4) Video
5) Activity
6) Mind Map
7) Bibliography
8) Question Bank

Introduction
1. “Polynomial” comes from the word ‘Poly’ (Meaning Many) and ‘nomial’ (in this
case meaning Term)-so it means many terms.
2. A polynomial is made up of terms that are only added, subtracted or
multiplied.
3. A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax² + bx + c,
where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
4. Degree – The highest exponent of the variable in the polynomial is called the
degree of polynomial. Example: 3x3 + 4, here degree = 3.
5. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic
polynomial respectively.
6. A polynomial can have terms which have Constants like 3, -20, etc., Variables
like x and y and Exponents like 2 in y².
7. These can be combined using addition, subtraction and multiplication but NOT
DIVISION.
8. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points,
where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis.
 Main concepts:
1) Defination of a Polynomial
2) Remainder Theorem
3) Factor Theorem
Sub-Concepts:
1) Types of Polynomial
2) Zero of Polynomial
3) Algebraic Identities

Gist of the chapter:

1. Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial y = f(x) is divided by (x – a ), then the

remainder is f(a).
2. Factor Theorem: (x – a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) f(a) = 0.
3. In a graphical representation of a polynomial y = f(x), the number of zeroes of a
polynomial is determined by knowing the number of times the curve intersect
the x – axis.
4. A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax2 + bx+ c,
where a, b, c are real numbers with a ≠0.
5. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic
polynomials respectively.
6. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points,
where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis.
7. A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomial can
have at most 3 zeroes.
8. Zeroes of a polynomial: If p(x) is a polynomial and ‘a’ is a constant such that
p(a) = 0, then ‘a’ is said to be a zero of the polynomial p(x).

DIVISION ALGORITHM:
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

Remember this!

1. If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

2. If r (x) ≠ 0, then we can subtract r (x) from p (x) and then the new polynomial
formed is a factor of g(x) and q(x).
 Mind Map

Polynomials

Degree of Polynomial Zero of Polynomial

Linear 1 Theorems

Quadratic 2

Cubic 3 Remainder Theorem Factor

Theorem

General Form

Linear ax+b(a≠ 0)

Quadratic ax2+bx+c(a≠ 0)

Cubic ax3+bx2+cx+d(a≠ 0)

Reference Books:

1) RD Sharma( Dhanpatrai Publication)

2) S.Chand
3) Reliable

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL66Fk43O90

Activity:

Draw the graph of Quadratic Polynomial : x2 – x – 6.

Question Bank

NCERT Quations
EXERCISE: 2.1

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State
reasons for your answer.
(i) 4x2 - 3x + 7
(ii) y2 + √2
(iii) 3√t + t√2
(iv) y + 2/y
(v) x10 + y3 + t50

2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the following:

(i) 2 + x2 + x
(ii) 2 - x2 + x3

(iv) √2x - 1
3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.
4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x
(ii) 4 – y2
(iii) 5t – √7
(iv) 3
5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial:
(i) x2 + x
(ii) x - x3 (v) 3t

(iii) y + y2 +4 (vi) r2
(vii) 7x3
(iv) 1 + x

EXERCISE 2.2

1. Find the value of the polynomial at 5x + 4x2 + 3 at

(i) x = 0 (ii) x = - 1 (iii) x = 2

2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(i) p(y) = y2 - y + 1
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 - t3
(iii) p(x) = x3
(iv) p(x) = (x - 1) (x + 1)

3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = -1/3
(ii) p(x) = 5x - π, x = 4/5
(iii) p(x) = x2 - 1, x = 1, -1
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x - 2), x = -1, 2
(v) p(x) = x2 , x = 0

(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x = 1/2

4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:
(i) p(x) = x + 5
(ii) p(x) = x - 5
(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iv) p(x) = 3x - 2
(v) p(x) = 3x
(vi) p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, are real numbers.

EXERCISE:2.3

1.Find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by

(i) x + 1 (iv) x + π

(ii) x – 12 (v) 5 + 2x

(iii) x

2.Find the remainder when x3 – ax2 + 6x – a is divided by x – a.

3.Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3+7x.

EXERCISE:2.4

1. Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:

(i) x3 + x2 + x + 1
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(iv) x3 - x2 - (2 + √2)x + √2

2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the following
cases:
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 2x - 1, g(x) = x + 1
(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
(iii) p(x) = x3 - 4 x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x - 3

3. Find the value of k, if x - 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + √2
(iii) p(x) = kx2 - √2x + 1
(iv) p(x) = kx2 - 3x + k
4. Factorise:
(i) 12x2 + 7x + 1
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
(iii) 6x2 + 5x - 6
(iv) 3x2 - x - 4

5. Factorise:
(i) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
(ii) x3 - 3x2 - 9x - 5
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
(iv) 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1

EXERCISE:2.5

1. Use suitable identities to find the following products:

(i) (x + 4) (x + 10) (ii) (x + 8) (x – 10) (iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
(iv) (y2 + 3/2) (y2 - 3/2) (v) (3 - 2x) (3 + 2x)

2. Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:

(i) 103 × 107 (ii) 95 × 96 (iii) 104 × 96

3. Factorise the following using appropriate identities:

(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2 (ii) 4y2 - 4y + 1 (iii) x2 - y2/100

4. Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (x + 2y + 4z)2 (ii) (2x – y + z)2 (iii) (–2x + 3y + 2z)2
(iv) (3a – 7b – c) 2 (v) (–2x + 5y – 3z) 2 (vi) [1/4 a - 1/2 b + 1]2

5. Factorise:
(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy - 24yz - 16xz
(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 - 2√2 xy + 4√2 yz - 8xz

6. Write the following cubes in expanded form:

(i) (2x + 1)3 (ii) (2a – 3b)3 (iii) [3/2 x + 1]3 (iv) [x - 2/3 y]3

7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities:

(i) (99)3 (ii) (102)3 (iii) (998)3

8. Factorise each of the following:

(i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 (ii) 8a3 - b3 - 12a2b + 6ab2
(iii) 27 - 125a3 - 135a + 225a2 (iv) 64a3 - 27b3 - 144a2b + 108ab2
(v) 27p3 - 1/216 - 9/2 p2 + 1/4 p

9. Verify : (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2) (ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

10. Factorise each of the following:

(i) 27y3 + 125z3 (ii) 64m3 - 343n3

11. Factorise : 27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz

12. Verify that: x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 1/2(x + y + z) [(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2]

13. If x + y + z = 0, show that x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.

14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:
(i) (-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
(ii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (-13)3

15. Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in
which their areas are given:
(i) Area : 25a2 - 35a + 12
(ii) Area : 35 y2 + 13y - 12
16. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes are given
below? (i) Volume : 3x2 - 12x
(ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8ky - 20k

Question Bank as per the paper pattern

1 Mark questions:

1). Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State
reasons for your answer.
(i) 4x2 - 3x + 7
(ii) y2 + √2
(iii) 3√t + t√2
(iv) y + 2/y
(v) x10 + y3 + t50

2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the following:

(i) 2 + x2 + x
(ii) 2 - x2 + x3

(iv) √2x - 1
3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.

4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x
(ii) 4 – y2
(iii) 5t – √7
(iv) 3

5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial:

(i) x2 + x

(ii) x - x3

(iii) y + y2 +4

(iv) 1 + x

(v) 3t

(vi) r2

(vii)7x3

2 Mark questions:

1. Find the value of the polynomial at 5x + 4x2 + 3 at

(i) x = 0 (ii) x = - 1 (iii) x = 2

2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(i) p(y) = y2 - y + 1
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 - t3
(iii) p(x) = x3
(iv) p(x) = (x - 1) (x + 1)

3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = -1/3
(ii) p(x) = 5x - π, x = 4/5
(iii) p(x) = x2 - 1, x = 1, -1
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x - 2), x = -1, 2
(v) p(x) = x2 , x = 0
(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x = 1/2

4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x + 5
(ii) p(x) = x - 5
(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iv) p(x) = 3x - 2
(v) p(x) = 3x
(vi) p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, are real numbers.

3 Mark questions:
1. Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:
(i) x3 + x2 + x + 1
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(iv) x3 - x2 - (2 + √2)x + √2

2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the following
cases:
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 2x - 1, g(x) = x + 1
(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2
(iii) p(x) = x3 - 4 x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x - 3

3. Find the value of k, if x - 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + √2
(iii) p(x) = kx2 - √2x + 1
(iv) p(x) = kx2 - 3x + k

4. Factorise:
(i) 12x2 + 7x + 1
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
(iii) 6x2 + 5x - 6
(iv) 3x2 - x - 4
 5. Mark questions:

1. Factorise:
(i) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
(ii) x3 - 3x2 - 9x - 5
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
(iv) 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1

10. Factorise each of the following:

(i) 27y3 + 125z3 (ii) 64m3 - 343n3

Solution Bank

NCERT Solutions:
EXERCISE: 2.1

1.
Answer
(i) 4x2 - 3x + 7
There is only one variable x with whole number power so this polynomial in one variable.
(ii) y2 + √2
There is only one variable y with whole number power so this polynomial in one variable.

(iii) 3√2 + t√2

There is only one variable t but in 3√t power of t is 1/2 which is not a whole number so 3√t + t√2 is
not a polynomial.
(iv) y + 2/y
There is only one variable y but 2/y = 2y-1 so the power is not a whole number so y + 2/y is not a
polynomial.
(v) x10 + y3 + t50
There are three variable x, y and t and there powers are whole number so this polynomial in three
variable.
2. Answer
(i) coefficients of x2 = 1
(ii) coefficients of x2 = -1
(iii) coefficients of x2 = π/2
(iv) coefficients of x2 = 0
3.
3x35+7 and 4x100
4.
Answer
(i) 5x3 has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 3. Therefore, degree of polynomial is
3.
(ii) – y2 has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 2. Therefore, degree of polynomial
is 2.
(iii) 5t has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 1. Therefore, degree of polynomial is
1.
(iv) There is no variable in the given polynomial. Therefore, degree of polynomial is 0.
5.
► Quadratic Polynomial (iv) 1 + x
► Linear Polynomial
(ii) x - x3
► Cubic Polynomial (v) 3t
►Linear Polynomial
(iii) y + y2 +4
► Quadratic Polynomial (vi) r2
► Quadratic Polynomial
(vii) 7x3
► Cubic Polynomial

EXERCISE 2.2

1.
Answer
(i) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3
p(0) = 5(0) + 4(0)2 + 3
=3
(ii) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3
p(-1) = 5(-1) + 4(-1)2 + 3
= -5 + 4(1) + 3 = 2

(iii) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3

p(2) = 5(2) + 4(2)2 + 3
= 10 + 16 + 3 = 29

2.

Answer
(i) p(y) = y2 - y + 1
p(0) = (0)2 - (0) + 1 = 1
p(1) = (1)2 - (1) + 1 = 1
p(2) = (2)2 - (2) + 1 = 3
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 - t3
p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2 (0)2 - (0)3 = 2
p(1) = 2 + (1) + 2(1)2 - (1)3
=2+1+2-1=4
p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 - (2)3
=2+2+8-8=4
(iii) p(x) = x3
p(0) = (0)3 = 0
p(1) = (1)3 = 1
p(2) = (2)3 = 8
(iv) p(x) = (x - 1) (x + 1)
p(0) = (0 - 1) (0 + 1) = (- 1) (1) = - 1
p(1) = (1 - 1) (1 + 1) = 0 (2) = 0
p(2) = (2 - 1 ) (2 + 1) = 1(3) = 3
3.
Answer

(i) If x = -1/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1 then p(-1/3) should be 0.

At, p(-1/3) = 3(-1/3) + 1 = -1 + 1 = 0
Therefore, x = -1/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1.

(ii) If x = 4/5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 5x - π then p(4/5) should be 0.

At, p(4/5) = 5(4/5) - π = 4 - π
Therefore, x = 4/5 is not a zero of given polynomial p(x) = 5x - π.

(iii) If x = 1 and x = -1 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x2 - 1, then p(1) and p(-1) should be 0.
At, p(1) = (1)2 - 1 = 0 and
At, p(-1) = (-1)2 - 1 = 0
Hence, x = 1 and -1 are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 - 1.

(iv) If x = -1 and x = 2 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x - 2), then p( - 1) and (2)should be 0.
At, p(-1) = (-1 + 1) (-1 - 2) = 0 (-3) = 0, and
At, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 - 2) = 3 (0) = 0
Therefore, x = -1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x - 2).

(v) If x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x2, then p(0) should be zero.

Here, p(0) = (0)2 = 0
Hence, x = 0 is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = x2.
(viii) If x = 1/2 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1 then p(1/2) should be 0.
At, p(1/2) = 2(1/2) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
Therefore, x = 1/2 is not a zero of given polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1.

4.
Answer

(i) p(x) = x + 5
p(x) = 0
x+5=0
x = -5
Therefore, x = -5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5 .

(ii) p(x) = x - 5
p(x) = 0
x-5=0
x=5
Therefore, x = 5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x - 5.

(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
p(x) = 0

2x + 5 = 0
2x = -5
x = -5/2
Therefore, x = -5/2 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 5.
(iv) p(x) = 3x - 2
p(x) = 0
3x - 2 = 0
x = 2/3
Therefore, x = 2/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x - 2.
(v) p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 0
3x = 0
x=0
Therefore, x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x.
(vi) p(x) = ax
p(x) = 0
ax = 0
x=0
Therefore, x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = ax.
(vii) p(x) = cx + d
p(x) = 0
cx + d = 0
x = -d/c
Therefore, x = -d/c is a zero of polynomial p(x) = cx + d.

EXERCISE:2.3

1.

Solution:

Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x +1

(i) The zero of x + 1 is -1.

∴ p(-1) = (-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + 3(-1) +1

= -1 + 3- 3 + 1 = 0

Thus, the required remainder = 0

(ii) The zero of x−12 is 12

Thus, the required remainder = 278

(iii) The zero of x is 0.

∴ p(0) = (0)3 + 3(0)2 + 3(0) + 1

 =0+0+0+1=1

Thus, the required remainder = 1.

(iv) The zero of x + π is -π.

p(-π) = (-π)3 + 3(- π)22 + 3(- π) +1

= -π3 + 3π2 + (-3π) + 1

= – π3 + 3π2 – 3π +1

Thus, the required remainder is -π3 + 3π2 – 3π+1.

(v) The zero of 5 + 2x is −52 .

Thus, the required remainder is −278 .

2.

Solution:

We have, p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a and zero of x – a is a.

∴ p(a) = (a)3 – a(a)2 + 6(a) – a

= a3 – a3 + 6a – a = 5a

Thus, the required remainder is 5a.

3.

Solution:

We have, p(x) = 3x3+7x. and zero of 7 + 3x is −73.

Since,( −4909) ≠ 0

i.e. the remainder is not 0.

∴ 3x3 + 7x is not divisib1e by 7 + 3x.

Thus, 7 + 3x is not a factor of 3x3 + 7x.

EXERCISE:2.4
1.
Answer

(i) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1, p(-1) must be zero.

Here, p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1
= -1 + 1 - 1 + 1 = 0
Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial

(ii) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, p(-1) must be zero.

Here, p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)4 + (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1
=1-1+1-1+1=1
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial

(iii)If (x + 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1, p(- 1) must be 0.

p(-1) = (-1)4 + 3(-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + (-1) + 1
=1-3+3-1+1=1
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

(iv) If (x + 1) is a factor of polynomial

p(x) = x3 - x2 - (2 + √2)x + √2, p(- 1) must be 0.
p(-1) = (-1)3 - (-1)2 - (2 + √2) (-1) + √2
= -1 - 1 + 2 + √2 + √2
=2√2
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore,, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

2. Answer

(i) If g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(- 1) must be zero.

p(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 2x - 1
p(- 1) = 2(-1)3 + (-1)2 - 2(-1) - 1
= 2(- 1) + 1 + 2 - 1 = 0
Hence, g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of given polynomial.

(ii) If g(x) = x + 2 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(- 2) must be 0.

p(x) = x3 +3x2 + 3x + 1
p(-2) = (-2)3 + 3(- 2)2 + 3(- 2) + 1
= -8 + 12 - 6 + 1
= -1
As, p(-2) ≠ 0
Hence g(x) = x + 2 is not a factor of given polynomial.

(iii) If g(x) = x - 3 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(3) must be 0.

p(x) = x3 - 4x2 + x + 6
p(3) = (3)3 - 4(3)2 + 3 + 6
= 27 - 36 + 9 = 0
Therefore,, g(x) = x - 3 is a factor of given polynomial.

3. Answer

(i) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x2 + x + k, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ (1)2 + 1 + k = 0
⇒2+k=0
⇒k=-2
Therefore, value of k is -2.

(ii) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + kx + √2, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ 2(1)2 + k(1) + √2 = 0
⇒ 2 + k + √2 = 0
⇒ k = -2 - √2 = -(2 + √2)
Therefore, value of k is -(2 + √2).

(iii) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = kx2 - √2x + 1, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ k(1)2 - √2(1) + 1 = 0
⇒ k - √2 + 1 = 0
⇒ k = √2 - 1
Therefore, value of k is √2 - 1.

(iv) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = kx2 - 3x + k, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ k(1)2 + 3(1) + k = 0
⇒k-3+k=0
⇒ 2k - 3 = 0
⇒ k = 3/2
Therefore, value of k is 3/2.

4. Answer

(i) 12x2 + 7x + 1
= 12x2 - 4x - 3x+ 1
= 4x (3x - 1) - 1 (3x - 1)
= (3x - 1) (4x - 1)

(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3
= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3)
= (x + 3) (2x + 1)

(iii) 6x2 + 5x - 6
= 6x2 + 9x - 4x - 6
= 3x (2x + 3) - 2 (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) (3x - 2)

(iv) 3x2 - x - 4
= 3x2 - 4x + 3x - 4
= x (3x - 4) + 1 (3x - 4)
= (3x - 4) (x + 1)

5.
Answer

(i) Let p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2

Factors of 2 are ±1 and ± 2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
p(-1) = (-1)3 - 2(-1)2 - (-1) + 2 = -1 -2 + 1 + 2 = 0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x+1) (x2 - 3x + 2)
= (x+1) (x2 - x - 2x + 2)
= (x+1) {x(x-1) -2(x-1)}
= (x+1) (x-1) (x+2)

(ii) Let p(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 9x - 5

Factors of 5 are ±1 and ±5
By trial method, we find that
p(5) = 0
So, (x-5) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
p(5) = (5)3 - 3(5)2 - 9(5) - 5 = 125 - 75 - 45 - 5 = 0
Therefore, (x-5) is the factor of p(x)

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x-5) (x2 + 2x + 1)
= (x-5) (x2 + x + x + 1)
= (x-5) {x(x+1) +1(x+1)}
= (x-5) (x+1) (x+1)
(iii) Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
Factors of 20 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10 and ±20
By trial method, we find that
p(-1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
p(-1) = (-1)3 + 13(-1)2 + 32(-1) + 20 = -1 + 13 - 32 + 20 = 0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)
Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(x+1) (x2 + 12x + 20)
= (x+1) (x2 + 2x + 10x + 20)
= (x-5) {x(x+2) +10(x+2)}
= (x-5) (x+2) (x+10)

(iv) Let p(y) = 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1

Factors of ab = 2× (-1) = -2 are ±1 and ±2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (y-1) is factor of p(y)
Now,
p(y) = 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1
p(1) = 2(1)3 + (1)2 - 2(1) - 1 = 2 +1 - 2 - 1 = 0
Therefore, (y-1) is the factor of p(y)
 Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(y-1) (2y2 + 3y + 1)
= (y-1) (2y2 + 2y + y + 1)
= (y-1) {2y(y+1) +1(y+1)}
= (y-1) (2y+1) (y+1)

EXERCISE:2.5

1.
Answer
(i) Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
In (x + 4) (x + 10), a = 4 and b = 10
Now,
(x + 4) (x + 10) = x2 + (4 + 10)x + (4 × 10)
= x2 + 14x + 40
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, a = 8 and b = –10
(x + 8) (x – 10) = x2 + {8 +(– 10)}x + {8×(– 10)}
= x2 + (8 – 10)x – 80
= x2 – 2x – 80

(iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)

Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, x = 3x , a = 4 and b = -5
(3x + 4) (3x – 5) = (3x) 2 + {4 + (-5)}3x + {4×(-5)}
= 9x2 + 3x(4 - 5) - 20
= 9x2 - 3x - 20
(iv) (y2 + 3/2) (y2 - 3/2)
Using identity, (x + y) (x -y) = x2 - y2
Here, x = y2 and y = 3/2
(y2 + 3/2) (y2 - 3/2) = (y2)2 - (3/2)2
= y4 - 9/4
(v) (3 - 2x) (3 + 2x)
Using identity, (x + y) (x -y) = x2 - y2
Here, x = 3 and y = 2x
(3 - 2x) (3 + 2x) = 32 - (2x)2
= 9 - 4x2

2. Answer

(i) 103 × 107 = (100 + 3) (100 + 7)

Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, x = 100, a = 3 and b = 7
103 × 107 = (100 + 3) (100 + 7) = (100)2 + (3 + 7)10 + (3 × 7)
= 10000 + 100 + 21
= 10121

(ii) 95 × 96 = (90 + 5) (90 + 4)

Using identity, (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, x = 90, a = 5 and b = 4
95 × 96 = (90 + 5) (90 + 4) = 902 + 90(5 + 6) + (5 × 6)
= 8100 + (11 × 90) + 30
= 8100 + 990 + 30 = 9120
(iii) 104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 - 4)
Using identity, (x + y) (x -y) = x2 - y2
Here, x = 100 and y = 4
104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 - 4) = (100)2 - (4)2 = 10000 - 16 = 9984

3.
Answer
(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2 = (3x) 2 + (2×3x×y) + y2
Using identity, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Here, a = 3x and b = y
9x2 + 6xy + y2 = (3x) 2 + (2×3x×y) + y2 = (3x + y)2 = (3x + y) (3x + y)

(ii) 4y2 - 4y + 1 = (2y)2 - (2×2y×1) + 12

Using identity, (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Here, a = 2y and b = 1
4y2 - 4y + 1 = (2y)2 - (2×2y×1) + 12 = (2y - 1)2 = (2y - 1) (2y - 1)

(iii) x2 - y2/100 = x2 - (y/10)2

Using identity, a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
Here, a = x and b = (y/10)
x2 - y2/100 = x2 - (y/10)2 = (x - y/10) (x + y/10)

4. Answer

(i) (x + 2y + 4z)2
Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = x, b = 2y and c = 4z
(x + 2y + 4z)2 = x2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 + (2×x×2y) + (2×2y×4z) + (2×4z×x)
= x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8xz

(ii) (2x – y + z)2

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = 2x, b = -y and c = z
(2x – y + z)2 = (2x)2 + (-y)2 + z2 + (2×2x×-y) + (2×-y×z) + (2×z×2x)
= 4x2 + y2 + z2 - 4xy - 2yz + 4xz

(iii) (–2x + 3y + 2z)2

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = -2x, b = 3y and c = 2z
(–2x + 3y + 2z)2 = (-2x)2 + (3y)2 + (2z)2 + (2×-2x×3y) + (2×3y×2z) + (2×2z×-2x)
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 - 12xy + 12yz - 8xz

(iv) (3a – 7b – c)2

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = 3a, b = -7b and c = -c
(3a – 7b – c)2 = (3a)2 + (-7b)2 + (-c)2 + (2×3a×-7b) + (2×-7b×-c) + (2×-c×3a)
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2 - 42ab + 14bc - 6ac

(v) (–2x + 5y – 3z)2

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = -2x, b = 5y and c = -3z
(–2x + 5y – 3z)2 = (-2x)2 + (5y)2 + (-3z)2 + (2×-2x×5y) + (2×5y×-3z) + (2×-3z×-2x)
= 4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2 - 20xy - 30yz + 12xz

(vi) [1/4 a - 1/2 b + 1]2

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = 1/4 a, b = -1/2 b and c = 1
[1/4 a - 1/2 b + 1]2 = (1/4 a)2 + (-1/2 b)2 + 12 + (2×1/4 a×-1/2 b) + (2×-1/2 b×1) + (2×1×1/4 a)
= 1/16 a2 + 1/4 b2 + 1 - 1/4 ab - b + 1/2 a

5. Answer

(i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy - 24yz - 16xz

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy - 24yz - 16xz
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (-4z)2 + (2×2x×3y) + (2×3y×-4z) + (2×-4z×2x)
= (2x + 3y - 4z)2
= (2x + 3y - 4z) (2x + 3y - 4z)

(ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 - 2√2 xy + 4√2 yz - 8xz

Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2x2 + y2 + 8z2 - 2√2 xy + 4√2 yz - 8xz
= (-√2x)2 + (y)2 + (2√2z)2 + (2×-√2x×y) + (2×y×2√2z) + (2×2√2z×-√2x)
= (-√2x + y + 2√2z)2
= (-√2x + y + 2√2z) (-√2x + y + 2√2z)

6. Answer

(i) (2x + 1)3

Using identity, (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(2x + 1)3 = (2x)3 + 13 + (3×2x×1)(2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 1 + 6x(2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1

(ii) (2a – 3b)3

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
(2a – 3b)3 = (2a)3 - (3b)3 - (3×2a×3b)(2a - 3b)
= 8a3 - 27b3 - 18ab(2a - 3b)
= 8a3 - 27b3 - 36a2b + 54ab2

(iii) [3/2 x + 1]3

Using identity, (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
[3/2 x + 1]3 = (3/2 x)3 + 13 + (3×3/2 x×1)(3/2 x + 1)
= 27/8 x3 + 1 + 9/2 x(3/2 x + 1)
= 27/8 x3 + 1 + 27/4 x2 + 9/2 x
= 27/8 x3 + 27/4 x2 + 9/2 x + 1

(iv) [x - 2/3 y]3

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
[x - 2/3 y]3 = (x)3 - (2/3 y)3 - (3×x×2/3 y)(x - 2/3 y)
= x3 - 8/27y3 - 2xy(x - 2/3 y)
= x3 - 8/27y3 - 2x2y + 4/3xy2

7. Answer

(i) (99)3 = (100 - 1)3

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
(100 - 1)3 = (100)3 - 13 - (3×100×1)(100 - 1)
= 1000000 - 1 - 300(100 - 1)
= 1000000 - 1 - 30000 + 300
= 970299

(ii) (102)3 = (100 + 2)3

Using identity, (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(100 + 2)3 = (100)3 + 23 + (3×100×2)(100 + 2)
= 1000000 + 8 + 600(100 + 2)
= 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200
= 1061208

(iii) (998)3
Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b)
(1000 - 2)3 = (1000)3 - 23 - (3×1000×2)(1000 - 2)
= 100000000 - 8 - 6000(1000 - 2)
= 100000000 - 8- 600000 + 12000
= 994011992

8.
Answer
(i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
Using identity, (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
= (2a)3 + b3 + 3(2a)2b + 3(2a)(b)2
= (2a + b)3
= (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b)

(ii) 8a3 - b3 - 12a2b + 6ab2

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2
8a3 - b3 - 12a2b + 6ab2= (2a)3 - b3 - 3(2a)2b + 3(2a)(b)2
= (2a - b)3
= (2a - b)(2a - b)(2a - b)

(iii) 27 - 125a3 - 135a + 225a2

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2
27 - 125a3 - 135a + 225a2= 33 - (5a)3 - 3(3)2(5a) + 3(3)(5a)2
= (3 - 5a)3
= (3 - 5a)(3 - 5a)(3 - 5a)

(iv) 64a3 - 27b3 - 144a2b + 108ab2

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2
64a3 - 27b3 - 144a2b + 108ab2= (4a)3 - (3b)3 - 3(4a)2(3b) + 3(4a)(3b)2
= (4a - 3b)3
= (4a - 3b)(4a - 3b)(4a - 3b)

(v) 27p3 - 1/216 - 9/2 p2 + 1/4 p

Using identity, (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3a2b + 3ab2

27p3 - 1/216 - 9/2 p2 + 1/4 p
= (3p)3 - (1/6)3 - 3(3p)2(1/6) + 3(3p)(1/6)2
= (3p - 1/6)3
= (3p - 1/6)(3p - 1/6)(3p - 1/6)

9. Answer

(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)

We know that,
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 - 3xy(x + y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)[(x + y)2 - 3xy] {Taking (x+y) common}
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)[(x2 + y2 + 2xy) - 3xy]
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 + y2 - xy)

(ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2 )
We know that,
(x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
⇒ x3 - y3 = (x - y)3 + 3xy(x - y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x - y)[(x - y)2 + 3xy] {Taking (x-y) common}
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x - y)[(x2 + y2 - 2xy) + 3xy]
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 + y2 + xy)

10. Answer

(i) 27y3 + 125z3

Using identity, x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
27y3 + 125z3 = (3y)3 + (5z)3
= (3y + 5z) {(3y)2 - (3y)(5z) + (5z)2}
= (3y + 5z) (9y2 - 15yz + 25z)2

(ii) 64m3 - 343n3

Using identity, x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2 )
64m3 - 343n3 = (4m)3 - (7n)3
= (4m + 7n) {(4m)2 + (4m)(7n) + (7n)2}
= (4m + 7n) (16m2 + 28mn + 49n)2

11.
Answer
27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz = (3x)3 + y3 + z3 - 3×3xyz
Using identity, x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz
= (3x + y + z) {(3x)2 + y2 + z2 - 3xy - yz - 3xz}
= (3x + y + z) (9x2 + y2 + z2 - 3xy - yz - 3xz)

12.
Answer
We know that,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 1/2×(x + y + z) 2(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
= 1/2(x + y + z) (2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 - 2xy - 2yz - 2xz)
= 1/2(x + y + z) [(x2 + y2 -2xy) + (y2 + z2 - 2yz) + (x2 + z2 - 2xz)]
= 1/2(x + y + z) [(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2]

13. Answer
We know that,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
Now put (x + y + z) = 0,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (0)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 0

14. Answer
(i) (-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
Let x = -12, y = 7 and z = 5
We observed that, x + y + z = -12 + 7 + 5 = 0
We know that if,
x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
(-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3 = 3(-12)(7)(5) = -1260

(ii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (-13)3

Let x = 28, y = -15 and z = -13
We observed that, x + y + z = 28 - 15 - 13 = 0

We know that if,

x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
(28)3 + (–15)3 + (-13)3 = 3(28)(-15)(-13) = 16380

15. Answer
(i) Area : 25a2 - 35a + 12
Since, area is product of length and breadth therefore by factorizing the given area, we can know the
length and breadth of rectangle.
25a2 - 35a + 12
= 25a2 - 15a -20a + 12
= 5a(5a - 3) - 4(5a - 3)
= (5a - 4)(5a - 3)
Possible expression for length = 5a - 4
Possible expression for breadth = 5a - 3
(ii) Area : 35 y2 + 13y - 12
35 y2 + 13y - 12
= 35y2 - 15y + 28y - 12
= 5y(7y - 3) + 4(7y - 3)
= (5y + 4)(7y - 3)
Possible expression for length = (5y + 4)
Possible expression for breadth = (7y - 3)

16. Answer
(i) Volume : 3x2 - 12x
Since, volume is product of length, breadth and height therefore by factorizing the given volume, we
can know the length, breadth and height of the cuboid.
3x2 - 12x
= 3x(x - 4)
Possible expression for length = 3
Possible expression for breadth = x
Possible expression for height = (x - 4)

(ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8ky - 20k

Since, volume is product of length, breadth and height therefore by factorizing the given volume, we
can know the length, breadth and height of the cuboid.
12ky2 + 8ky - 20k
= 4k(3y2 + 2y - 5)
= 4k(3y2 +5y - 3y - 5)
= 4k[y(3y +5) - 1(3y + 5)]
= 4k (3y +5) (y - 1)
Possible expression for length = 4k
Possible expression for breadth = (3y +5)
Possible expression for height = (y - 1)

Question Bank as per the paper pattern

1 Mark questions:

1).
Answer

(i) 4x2 - 3x + 7
There is only one variable x with whole number power so this polynomial in one variable.

(ii) y2 + √2
There is only one variable y with whole number power so this polynomial in one variable.

(iii) 3√2 + t√2

There is only one variable t but in 3√t power of t is 1/2 which is not a whole number so 3√t + t√2 is
not a polynomial.

(iv) y + 2/y
There is only one variable y but 2/y = 2y-1 so the power is not a whole number so y + 2/y is not a
polynomial.

(v) x10 + y3 + t50

There are three variable x, y and t and there powers are whole number so this polynomial in three
variable.

2. Answer

(i) coefficients of x2 = 1
(ii) coefficients of x2 = -1
(iii) coefficients of x2 = π/2
(iv) coefficients of x2 = 0
3.

Answer

3x35+7 and 4x100

Answer

(i) 5x3 has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 3. Therefore, degree of polynomial
is 3.

(ii) – y2 has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 2. Therefore, degree of
polynomial is 2.

(iii) 5t has highest power in the given polynomial which power is 1. Therefore, degree of polynomial
is 1.

(iv) There is no variable in the given polynomial. Therefore, degree of polynomial is 0.

5.
► Quadratic Polynomial

(ii) x - x3
► Cubic Polynomial

(iii) y + y2 +4
► Quadratic Polynomial

(iv) 1 + x
► Linear Polynomial

(v) 3t
►Linear Polynomial

(vi) r2
►QuadraticPolynomial

(vii)7x3
►CubicPolynomial

2 Mark questions:

1.
Answer

(i) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3

p(0) = 5(0) + 4(0)2 + 3
=3

(ii) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3

p(-1) = 5(-1) + 4(-1)2 + 3
= -5 + 4(1) + 3 = 2

(iii) p(x) = 5x + 4x2 + 3

p(2) = 5(2) + 4(2)2 + 3
= 10 + 16 + 3 = 29

2.
Answer

(i) p(y) = y2 - y + 1
p(0) = (0)2 - (0) + 1 = 1
p(1) = (1)2 - (1) + 1 = 1
p(2) = (2)2 - (2) + 1 = 3

(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 - t3

p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2 (0)2 - (0)3 = 2
p(1) = 2 + (1) + 2(1)2 - (1)3
=2+1+2-1=4
p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 - (2)3
=2+2+8-8=4

(iii) p(x) = x3
p(0) = (0)3 = 0
p(1) = (1)3 = 1
p(2) = (2)3 = 8

(iv) p(x) = (x - 1) (x + 1)
p(0) = (0 - 1) (0 + 1) = (- 1) (1) = - 1
p(1) = (1 - 1) (1 + 1) = 0 (2) = 0
p(2) = (2 - 1 ) (2 + 1) = 1(3) = 3

3.
Answer

(i) If x = -1/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1 then p(-1/3) should be 0.

At, p(-1/3) = 3(-1/3) + 1 = -1 + 1 = 0
Therefore, x = -1/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1.

(ii) If x = 4/5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 5x - π then p(4/5) should be 0.

At, p(4/5) = 5(4/5) - π = 4 - π
Therefore, x = 4/5 is not a zero of given polynomial p(x) = 5x - π.

(iii) If x = 1 and x = -1 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x2 - 1, then p(1) and p(-1) should be 0.
At, p(1) = (1)2 - 1 = 0 and
At, p(-1) = (-1)2 - 1 = 0
Hence, x = 1 and -1 are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 - 1.

(iv) If x = -1 and x = 2 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x - 2), then p( - 1) and (2)should be 0.
At, p(-1) = (-1 + 1) (-1 - 2) = 0 (-3) = 0, and
At, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 - 2) = 3 (0) = 0
Therefore, x = -1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x - 2).

(v) If x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x2, then p(0) should be zero.

Here, p(0) = (0)2 = 0
Hence, x = 0 is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = x2.

4.
Answer

(i) p(x) = x + 5
p(x) = 0
x+5=0
x = -5
Therefore, x = -5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5 .

(ii) p(x) = x - 5
p(x) = 0
x-5=0
x=5
Therefore, x = 5 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x - 5.

(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
p(x) = 0

2x + 5 = 0
2x = -5
x = -5/2
Therefore, x = -5/2 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 5.

(iv) p(x) = 3x - 2
p(x) = 0
3x - 2 = 0
x = 2/3
Therefore, x = 2/3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x - 2.

(v) p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 0
3x = 0
x=0
Therefore, x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 3x.

(vi) p(x) = ax
p(x) = 0
ax = 0
x=0
Therefore, x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = ax.

(vii) p(x) = cx + d
p(x) = 0
cx + d = 0
x = -d/c
Therefore, x = -d/c is a zero of polynomial p(x) = cx + d.
3 Mark questions:
1.
Answer

(i) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1, p(-1) must be zero.

Here, p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1
= -1 + 1 - 1 + 1 = 0
Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial

(ii) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, p(-1) must be zero.

Here, p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
p(-1) = (-1)4 + (-1)3 + (-1)2 + (-1) + 1
=1-1+1-1+1=1
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial

(iii)If (x + 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1, p(- 1) must be 0.

p(-1) = (-1)4 + 3(-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + (-1) + 1
=1-3+3-1+1=1
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

(iv) If (x + 1) is a factor of polynomial

p(x) = x3 - x2 - (2 + √2)x + √2, p(- 1) must be 0.
p(-1) = (-1)3 - (-1)2 - (2 + √2) (-1) + √2
= -1 - 1 + 2 + √2 + √2
=2√2
As, p(-1) ≠ 0
Therefore,, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

2. Answer

(i) If g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(- 1) must be zero.

p(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 2x - 1
p(- 1) = 2(-1)3 + (-1)2 - 2(-1) - 1
= 2(- 1) + 1 + 2 - 1 = 0
Hence, g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of given polynomial.

(ii) If g(x) = x + 2 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(- 2) must be 0.

p(x) = x3 +3x2 + 3x + 1
p(-2) = (-2)3 + 3(- 2)2 + 3(- 2) + 1
= -8 + 12 - 6 + 1
= -1
As, p(-2) ≠ 0
Hence g(x) = x + 2 is not a factor of given polynomial.

(iii) If g(x) = x - 3 is a factor of given polynomial p(x), p(3) must be 0.

p(x) = x3 - 4x2 + x + 6
p(3) = (3)3 - 4(3)2 + 3 + 6
= 27 - 36 + 9 = 0
Therefore,, g(x) = x - 3 is a factor of given polynomial.

3.
Answer

(i) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x2 + x + k, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ (1)2 + 1 + k = 0
⇒2+k=0
⇒k=-2
Therefore, value of k is -2.

(ii) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + kx + √2, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ 2(1)2 + k(1) + √2 = 0
⇒ 2 + k + √2 = 0
⇒ k = -2 - √2 = -(2 + √2)
Therefore, value of k is -(2 + √2).
(iii) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = kx2 - √2x + 1, then
p(1) = 0
⇒ k(1)2 - √2(1) + 1 = 0
⇒ k - √2 + 1 = 0
⇒ k = √2 - 1
Therefore, value of k is √2 - 1.

(iv) If x - 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = kx2 - 3x + k, then

p(1) = 0
⇒ k(1)2 + 3(1) + k = 0
⇒k-3+k=0
⇒ 2k - 3 = 0
⇒ k = 3/2
Therefore, value of k is 3/2.

4.
Answer

(i) 12x2 + 7x + 1
= 12x2 - 4x - 3x+ 1
= 4x (3x - 1) - 1 (3x - 1)
= (3x - 1) (4x - 1)

(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3
= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3)
= (x + 3) (2x + 1)

(iii) 6x2 + 5x - 6
= 6x2 + 9x - 4x - 6
= 3x (2x + 3) - 2 (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) (3x - 2)

(iv) 3x2 - x - 4
= 3x2 - 4x + 3x - 4
= x (3x - 4) + 1 (3x - 4)
= (3x - 4) (x + 1)
 5. Mark questions:

1.
Answer

(i) Let p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2

Factors of 2 are ±1 and ± 2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
p(-1) = (-1)3 - 2(-1)2 - (-1) + 2 = -1 -2 + 1 + 2 = 0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)

Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

(x+1) (x2 - 3x + 2)
= (x+1) (x2 - x - 2x + 2)
= (x+1) {x(x-1) -2(x-1)}
= (x+1) (x-1) (x+2)

(ii) Let p(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 9x - 5

Factors of 5 are ±1 and ±5
By trial method, we find that
p(5) = 0
So, (x-5) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 - 2x2 - x + 2
p(5) = (5)3 - 3(5)2 - 9(5) - 5 = 125 - 75 - 45 - 5 = 0
Therefore, (x-5) is the factor of p(x)
Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(x-5) (x2 + 2x + 1)
= (x-5) (x2 + x + x + 1)
= (x-5) {x(x+1) +1(x+1)}
= (x-5) (x+1) (x+1)

(iii) Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20

Factors of 20 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10 and ±20
By trial method, we find that
p(-1) = 0
So, (x+1) is factor of p(x)
Now,
p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
p(-1) = (-1)3 + 13(-1)2 + 32(-1) + 20 = -1 + 13 - 32 + 20 = 0
Therefore, (x+1) is the factor of p(x)
Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(x+1) (x2 + 12x + 20)
= (x+1) (x2 + 2x + 10x + 20)
= (x-5) {x(x+2) +10(x+2)}
= (x-5) (x+2) (x+10)

(iv) Let p(y) = 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1

Factors of ab = 2× (-1) = -2 are ±1 and ±2
By trial method, we find that
p(1) = 0
So, (y-1) is factor of p(y)
Now,
p(y) = 2y3 + y2 - 2y - 1
p(1) = 2(1)3 + (1)2 - 2(1) - 1 = 2 +1 - 2 - 1 = 0
Therefore, (y-1) is the factor of p(y)
 Now, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
(y-1) (2y2 + 3y + 1)
= (y-1) (2y2 + 2y + y + 1)
= (y-1) {2y(y+1) +1(y+1)}
= (y-1) (2y+1) (y+1)
9. Verify : (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2) (ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

Answer

(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)

We know that,
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 - 3xy(x + y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)[(x + y)2 - 3xy] {Taking (x+y) common}
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)[(x2 + y2 + 2xy) - 3xy]
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 + y2 - xy)

(ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2 )
We know that,
(x - y)3 = x3 - y3 - 3xy(x - y)
⇒ x3 - y3 = (x - y)3 + 3xy(x - y)
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x - y)[(x - y)2 + 3xy] {Taking (x-y) common}
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x - y)[(x2 + y2 - 2xy) + 3xy]
⇒ x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 + y2 + xy)

10.

Answer

(i) 27y3 + 125z3

Using identity, x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
27y3 + 125z3 = (3y)3 + (5z)3
= (3y + 5z) {(3y)2 - (3y)(5z) + (5z)2}
= (3y + 5z) (9y2 - 15yz + 25z)2

(ii) 64m3 - 343n3

Using identity, x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2 )
64m3 - 343n3 = (4m)3 - (7n)3
= (4m + 7n) {(4m)2 + (4m)(7n) + (7n)2}
= (4m + 7n) (16m2 + 28mn + 49n)2

11.

Answer
27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz = (3x)3 + y3 + z3 - 3×3xyz
Using identity, x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
27x3 + y3 + z3 - 9xyz
= (3x + y + z) {(3x)2 + y2 + z2 - 3xy - yz - 3xz}
= (3x + y + z) (9x2 + y2 + z2 - 3xy - yz - 3xz)
12. Verify that: x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 1/2(x + y + z) [(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2]

Answer
We know that,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 1/2×(x + y + z) 2(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
= 1/2(x + y + z) (2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 - 2xy - 2yz - 2xz)
= 1/2(x + y + z) [(x2 + y2 -2xy) + (y2 + z2 - 2yz) + (x2 + z2 - 2xz)]
= 1/2(x + y + z) [(x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2]
13. If x + y + z = 0, show that x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.
Answer
We know that,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
Now put (x + y + z) = 0,
x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (0)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)
⇒ x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = 0

THE END