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GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1 a) State two human activities that may lead to soil erosion. (2mks)
- Ploughing land up and down the slope.
- Abandoned land due to shifting cultivation.
- Deafforesttation and burning of vegetation cover.
- Overstocking / overgrazing. (Any 2 x 1=2mks)

b) Give three problems experienced by sugar cane growing in the Lake Victoria basin
Kenya.
- Low sugar cane prices discourage farmers.
- Delayed payments discourage the farmer
- Stiff competition from imported sugar
- Poor management
- Unreliable transport / infrastructure.
- Frequent fire outbreaks destroy the crop in the field.
- Destruction of cane by pests and diseases mainly Ratoonstanting and leaf rust while the
pests are stalk borer.
- Reduced quality from poor management and poor seeds.
- High costs of farm inputs
- Unreliable rainfall patterns. (Any 3x1=3mks)

2 a) What is Agro-forestry? (2mks)

- This is the planting of trees and crops within the same field / piece of land at the same
time. (2mks)

b) Give three reasons why afforestation is being encouraged in Kenya. (3mks)

- To ensure continuous supply of wood / timber raw materials for making paper.
- To reduce importation of forest products and save foreign exchange.
- To create employment opportunities
- To protect soil from erosion.
- To protect and improve water catchment areas
- To maintain hydrological cycle of water.
- To create scenic beauty.
- To expand habitat for wildlife and conserve wildlife. Any 3 x 1=3mks

3 a) State three ways in which a country benefits from urbanization.

- It promotes links between countries as transport and communication net works tend to
focus on urban centres.
- It encourages national unity as people of different nationalities / ethnic backgrounds
come together and interact.
- It creates employment opportunities.
- It leads to development of modern infrastructure and social a menities.
- It provides market for agricultural and industrial goods produced in a country.
- It attracts a large population that provides labour for manufacturing industries and other
commercial activities. (Any 3x1=3mks )

b) State two measures that have been taken in Kenya to reduce infant mortality

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 - Improved immunization of children.
- Providing more education opportunities for the, mothers.
- Encouraging girls to acquire education and pursue careers before having children.
- Reducing poverty so as enable the mother to have access to a good diet for the baby.
- Teaching sex education in schools to curb cases of unwanted pregnancies.
- Carrying out more research on childhood diseases.
- Empowering women. (Any 2 x 1=2mks)

4 a) List two benefits Kenya derived from International trade.

- Kenya earns foreign exchange.
- Imported industrial inputs leads to the growth of manufacturing industries.
- Demand for Kenya’s exports has led to the expansion of the industries that produce
these goods.
- Taxation of commodities and services rendered has generated revenue for the country.
- Transport and communication net work in Kenya has been improved.
- Trade has led to the modernization of facilities for handling goods at the port of
Mombasa.
- Employment opportunities have been created.
- Trade has enhanced co-operation with the trading partners.
- Kenya gets a ready market for its surplus produce.
- Trade encourages specialization which leads to the production of high quality goods in
some industries in Kenya.
- Trade enhances the exchange of technology between Kenya and the trading partners.
- Kenya is able import what it needs from other countries. (Any 2 x 1=2mks)

b) State three factors their influence external trade in Kenya.

- Quick communication links / internet.
- Fast and efficient means of transport.
- Reduced tariffs / taxes
- International market agreements / trading blocs
- High demand for imports / Exports
- Availability of capital/ High purchasing power. (Any 3x1=3mks)

5 a) A part from the sun, name two other renewable sources of energy.
- Water
- Wind
- Plants
- Animals Any 2 x 1=2mks.

b) State three advantages of using hydro- electric power over other forms of energy.
- It is clean to the user.
- It can not be exhausted.
- It is easy to use.
- It can easily be transported.
- Has many varieties of uses. (Any 3 x 1=3mks)

SECTION B

6 a) (i) The type of photograph shown.

- Ground oblique 1mk.

(ii) Describe the type of settlement found in this area.

- Nucleated.
- Slum / informal settlement.
- low / porverty stricken person living here.

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 - Poor housing.
- Lack of sanitation.
- Dumping is high due to the congestion in housing.
- Poor accessibility
Any other relevant description ( 1 x 6=6 mks)

b) (i) Explain four main problems which may be experienced in this areas.
- Lack of sanitation people resolve to use the polytene papers hence high dumping.
- High water/ sewerage pollution from the running river resulting to high risks of
related diseases.
- Air pollution from the materials dumped resulting to nose / throat diseases.
- Poor housing resulting to disease outbreak as phemonia.
- High utilization of resources as social amenities resulting shortages.
- Inadequate physical facilities / clean water.
- Poor drainage / Road network.
- Dwelling aresemi permanent can be swept away during floods / destroyed by fire
outbreak.
- High crime rate due to poverty. (Any 4 x 1=8mks)

c)(i) Explain four problems which may result from high population growth rate
in E. African Countries.
- There is likely to be a high rate of unemployment as job opportunities may not
increase at a rate that can cope with the increasing number of job seekers.
- The large number of poor unemployed people may lead to high crime rate as such
people seek ways of supporting themselves.
- The high demand of social amenities caused by high population growth rate may
lead to congestion in schools, hospitals, housing and transport facilities.
- High depending ratio due to unemployment reducing the rate of investment
slowing economic growth.
- High demand for food due to high population leading to food high population
leading to food shortage foreign exchange.
- There would be a strain of natural resources and scarcity of land. More land
would be required for farming leading to land fragmentation / landlessness.
(Any 4 x 2=8mks)

(ii) State two problems created by the decline in population in developed

countries such as Sweden.
- Inadequate manpower making labour expensive.
- High old-age dependency ratio.
- Under utilization of social amenities such as schools.
- Rural depopulation due to increased urbanization.

7 a) (i) Differentiate between secondary and tertiary industry. (2mks)

- Secondary industries change raw materials of primary industries into consumable
products while tertiary industries are industries that provide services and facilities
for use by consumers. (Complete comparison 2mks)

(ii) Give four reasons why Kenya should become an industrialized country.
- Earns foreign exchange
- Availability of Employment opportunities
- Improved infrastustructere.
- Leads to increased Agricultural production.
- Improves balance of trade.
- Diversification of the economy
- Fosters good international relations.
- Formation of cooperative settlements.
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 - Leads to the growth of settlements. (Any 4 x 1=4mks)

b) Explain why some industries are located near sources of water.

- Some industries need water as a medium through which they dispose of their waste
materials.
- Water is used for cooling machines
- Some industries need waste large volume of water to get power to turn machines.
- Some need water as raw materials e.g. breweries.
- Water can be used for grading coffee beans.
- Water provide cheap means of transport.
- Water is needed in industries for cleaning .
❖ Raw materials as part of processing to improve quality of final product.
❖ The finished products to make them presentable / attractive.
❖ Machines as part of normal maintenance.

c)(i) Explain four factors which have favoured the development of electronics industry
in Japan.
- Educational system is technically biased leading advanced skills.
- Availability of power (Highly developed sources of power encouraged the
growth of manufacturing industries.)
- Automation Japanese workers are much willing to use automatic equipment to do
work previously done by people leading to high production efficiency.
- Government policy. The electronic industry receives government support through
loans to carry out research and develop the industry.
- Market: High population and purchasing power provide a large market for the electronic
goods.
- Labour: Japan has a dense population with a large labour force – Highly skilled and
semi skilled.
- Geographical position: Japan is located in a strategic position in relation to other
countries which favours importation of raw materials needed and exportation of
electronic goods.
- Transport and communication net work which well developed.
(Any 4 x 2=8mks)

(ii) State five ways in which the government of Kenya encourage Jua Kali industry
- The ministry of trade and industry has a set up a department to promote Jua Kali
industries.
- The government provides space for the establishment of Jua Kali shades.
- The government facilitate formation of co-operatives through which artisans and
traders access credit and market their products.
- Through K.I.E Jua kali traders are are given loans for purchase of raw materials
and building shades.
- The government offers advisory services.
- The government offers training though seminars and workshops.
- The government sources for funds and machinery from donors and NGO to
enable trades to expand and improve the products. (Any 5x1=5)
8 a) (i) Why is necessary to conserve water.
- So as to maintain Hydrological circle.
- Flora and Fauna depends on water as a source of food.
- The aquatic life depend on water hence improves our tourism sector.
(Any 2 x 1=2mks)
(ii) How does terracing help in water conservation.
- It checks surface water runoff.
- It encourages water percolation / infiltration.
- It reduces the speed of water runoff. (Any 2 x 1=2mks)
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 b) Explain three measures being taken by East African Countries to manage wildlife.
- Burn on game hunting
- Protecting on endangered species
- Creation of antipoaching units
- Involvement of NGO in the conservation.
- Legislation of management / conservation.
- Creation of public awareness on environmental issues. (Any 3 x 2=6 mks)

c) Explain how climate influences the distribution of wildlife in East Africa.

- Variations in temperature result in differences natural vegetation.
- Areas that are warm to cool have trees e.g. cypress, cedar and camphor.
- Colder areas near Mt.tops have plants like loveria and groundsel.
- The warm and hot areas are dominated by animals as Elephants, antelopes, giraffes,
Zebra etc.
- Areas which receive heavier rainfall have a rich vegetation dominated by trees.
- The lowlands their have high rainfall have tropical forests and are habitat for animals as
Monkey’s which depend on fruits from trees.
- Areas receiving moderate rainfall are dominated by grassland and are habitat of
herbivores and carnivorous.
- Dry areas have less vegetation and are dominated by drought resistant plants like cactus.
Any 5 x 2=10mks.

d) State five effects of air pollution an the environment.

- Gases emitted from some factories are corrosive.
- Some gases from factories have substances which are poisons to both plants and animals.
- Inhalation of smoke and sooth particles leads to discomfort and irritation of respirsatory
system.
- Smoke andsoothdiscolour Buildings plants making them ugly.
- Smoke and smug reduce visibility.
- Some gases released combine with moisture is harmful to life and property.
- Gases / excess co2 increase the temp. affecting the depletion of the ozone layer.
- Dust falling on plants inhibit photosynthesis. (Any 5 x 1=5mks)

9.a) (i) Using a divided rectangle represent the data given above.
2.9cm 2.8cm 2.1cm 1.2cm 0.9cm

KiambuMurangaNyerikirinyagaNyandarua

Tick for each segment =5mks.

ii) Besides divided rectangles name any three other methods of presenting the data.
- Pie chart.
- Bar graphs.
- Proportional circles.
- Dot maps. (Any 3 x 1=3mks)

iii) State three advantages of advantages of using divided rectangles to represent

statistical data.
- Clear comparison.
- Easy to construct.
- Easy to read / interpret (3 x 1=3mks)

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b) Explain four ways in which communication contributes to the economic development of Africa.
- Communication enhances trade in order to obtain raw materials and sell finished
products.
- Many people are employed in the communication sector.
- Communication promotes international and domestic tourism.
- The govs are able to disseminate information through the media
such information help to improve people’s ways of life.
- Communication promotes international understanding which enhances trade
between Africa and other countries Any four x 2 =8mks

c) Explain three transport problems experienced in the great lakes and St. Lawrence seaway.
- Has natural barriers as rapids waterfalls and shallow stretches which render it
naturally inevigable.
- The seaway as frozen in winter and navigation comes to a standstill.
- Constant siltation needs regular and constant dredging which is expensive.
- Fog interferes with visibility . (Any 3 x 2=6mks)

10 a) (i) What is land rehabilitation? 2mks

- It is the process of restoring land to its former productive state.
2x1=2marks
(ii) List three social factors which influence agricultural activities in Kenya. 3mks
- Traditional foods of various communities.
- Land tenure system where a land owner is required by tradition to sub-divide the
landa among the children.
- Religious beliefs in the society e.g. Hindu and Muslims forbid some animals.
- Some cultures inhibit some not to eat certain foods 3 x 1=3 marks
b) Explain four physical conditions that favour the growing oil palm in Nigeria. 8mks
- There are high temperatures through the year between 20c to 26c .
- Low altitude of less than 1000m a.s.l and undulating land which is less exposed
to strong winds.
- Plenty of sunshine during the ripening and harvesting period.
- There is high rainfall between 1500mm to 2100mm evenly distributed in the year.
- There are deep, porous and well – drained soils.
- The area has high relative humidity essential for the growth of trees
Any 4 x 2=8marks.
11 (i) Give four reasons why the growing of flowers in green houses is preferred in
Kenya.
- The plants do not suffer the effects of excessive rainfall, hailstones and strong
winds .
- The plants are constantly watered to avoid drought.
- To curb and diseases easily / control weeds.
- To control the amount of moisture required by flowers.
- To create uniform and constant climatic conditions for the plants.
- To grow flowers through the year without being affected by external climatic
conditions. 4 x 1=4 marks

(ii) Explain four benefits of dairy farming in Kenya. (8mks)

- Milk is a rich source of protein which has resulted in a healthy population,
increasing their productivity in labour.
- It creates employment in the dairy farms and processing plants.
- It is a source of income to the dairy farmers raising their standards of living.
- The government collects taxes from the sales of dairy products enabling it to
provide essential services.
- It has boosted the establishment of other related industries like the manufacture
of animal feeds and milk machines.
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- Cow dung is used as manure in the farms the agricultural productivity of the
farms / source of fuel e.g. biogas.
- Some dairy products are exported earning the country foreign exchange which is
used to balance her international trade. Any 4 x 2=8marks

END