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Chapter-1 CIE Math

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68 views11 pages

Chapter-1 CIE Math

Uploaded by

Shwesin Moe
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Chapter-1 Functions

Introduction to Functions
1.1 Mappings
What is a mapping?

 A mapping takes an 'input' from one set of values to an 'output' in another

 Mappings can be
o 'many-one' (many 'input' values map to one 'output' value)
o 'one-one' (one 'input' value maps to one 'output' value)
 You may also come across 'many-many' and 'one-many' functions

1.2 Functions
What is a function?

 A function is a mapping where every 'input' value maps to a single 'output'


 Therefore only many-one and one-one mappings are functions

What notation is used for functions?

 Functions are denoted by , etc


o e.g.
o These would be pronounced as 'f of x', 'g of x', etc
 There is an alternative notation
o e.g.
o Which may be pronounced 'the function f maps x to x-squared minus three x plus
two'

How does a function work?

 A function has an input and output


 Whatever goes in the bracket (instead of ) with f, replaces the on the other side
o This is the input
 If the input is known, the output can be calculated
o For example, given the function


 If the output is known, an equation can be formed and solved to find the input
o For example, given the function

 If , the equation can be formed


 Solving this equation gives an input of 7
Domain & Range
What is the domain of a function?

 The domain of a function is the set of values that are allowed to be the ‘input’
 A function is only fully defined once its domain has been stated
o If a domain is not stated then it is assumed that the domain is the largest
set of possible values
 e.g. the largest set of possible values for the function would be
 Restrictions on a domain can turn many-one functions into one-one functions

What is the range of a function?

 The range of a function is the set of values of all possible ‘outputs’


 The type of values in the range depend on the domain

How do I find a range from a given domain?

 The domain of a function is the set of values that are used as inputs
 The range of a function is the set of values that are given as outputs
 Finding the range of a function involves determining all possible output values
from a given domain
o This may need to be done by calculating each output value individually
by applying the function to each input value
o Or by considering the shape or pattern of the function
 To graph a function we use the inputs as the x-coordinates and the outputs as
the y-coordinates
o corresponds to the coordinates (2, 5)
 Graphing the function can help you visualise the range
o For example the range of the function for a domain of all real values
of will be as the y-coordinates on the graph are all greater than or equal
to zero
1.3 Composite Functions
What is a composite function?

 A composite function is where one function is applied after another function

 The ‘output’ of one function will be the ‘input’ of the next one
 Sometimes called function-of-a-function
 A composite function can be denoted
o
o
o All of these mean “ of ”
How do I work with composite functions?

 Recognise the notation


o means “f of g of x”

The order matters

o First apply to to get


o Then apply to to get
o Always start with the function closest to the variable
o is not usually equal to

Special cases

 and are generally different but can sometimes be the same


 is written as
o Note that trig functions are exceptions to this rule
 e.g. means not
 For inverse functions,
Domain & Range of Composite Functions
How do I find the domain and range of composite functions?

 Use logic to determine the domain and range of a composite function


 For the first function to be applied will be
o So, at best, the domain of will be the same as the domain of
 However, for this to be the case, the range of must be contained within the domain of
o If this is not the case, then restrictions on the domain of will be required
 Similarly, at best, the range of will be the same as the range of
o But if the domain of has been affected, the range of will also be affected

Exam Tip

 Domain and range are important in composite funcitons like


o the ‘output’ (range) of g must be in the domain of f(x), so could exist,
but may not (or not for some values of )
1.4 Modulus Function
What is the modulus function?

 The modulus function makes any 'input' positive


o This is sometimes called the absolute value (of the input)
o The modulus function is indicated by a pair of vertical lines being written
around the input
 Similar to how brackets are used
 e.g.

What is the relationship between a function and its modulus?

 For an 'output' such that , then


o Both the function and its modulus are positive

 For an 'output' such that , then


o The function value is negative, but its modulus is positive

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