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INDEX

● Increasing & Decreasing Functions


➢ Interval of Increase and decrease
➢ Comparison using Calculus
● Maxima & Minima
➢ Critical points
➢ First derivative test
➢ Analysis of cubics
➢ Concavity and Double derivative test
➢ Inflection point and nth derivative test
Increasing and Decreasing
Functions
Increasing and Decreasing functions
Definition
f(x) is said to be strictly increasing over an interval [a, b] if :

While it is said to be increasing (or non-decreasing) if:


Increasing and Decreasing functions
Definition
f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing over an interval [a, b] if :
x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) < f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]

While it is said to be decreasing (or non-decreasing) if :


x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≤ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
Increasing and Decreasing functions
Definition
f(x) is said to be monotonic in an interval if it is either only
strictly increasing or only strictly decreasing in that interval,
i.e. it has single behaviour in that interval.
Increasing and Decreasing functions

NOTE

(i) f(x) is not monotonic in [a, b]

(ii) f(x) is monotonic in [a, c]

(iii) f(x) is monotonic in [c, b]


(iv) f(x) is not monotonic in
neighbourhood of x = c
Interval of Increase and
Decrease
Interval of increase and decrease

Test: For a differentiable function:


(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly increasing
(provided the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)

(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly decreasing


(provided the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
PHLE DOMAIN CHECK
KRTE H LAWDE!!!!

A (-∞, 0)

B (-∞, ∞)

C (-9, 0)

D (3, 12)
A (-∞, 0)

B (-∞, ∞)

C (-9, 0)

D (3, 12)
Solution:
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:

(a) y = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 1 (b)

(c) y = 2x2 - ln|x|


Determine the interval of monotonicity of:
(a) y = x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 1
Solution:
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:

(b)
Solution:
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:
(c) y = 2x2 - ln|x|
Solution:
JEE Main 28th July, 2022

The function f(x) = xex (1 - x), x ∈ R, is

A Increasing in

B Decreasing in

C Increasing in

D Decreasing in
JEE Main 28th July, 2022

The function f(x) = xex (1 - x), x ∈ R, is

A Increasing in

B Decreasing in

C Increasing in

D Decreasing in
Solution:
The function is increasing in

D
The function is increasing in

D
Solution:
Solution:
If h(x) = f(x) - f 2(x) + f 3(x) then:

A h(x) is ↑, whenever f(x) is ↑

B h(x) is ↑, whenever f(x) is ↓

C h(x) is ↓, whenever f(x) is ↑

D nothing can be said in general

Hint ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if a > 0 and D < 0.


If h(x) = f(x) - f 2(x) + f 3(x) then:

A h(x) is ↑, whenever f(x) is ↑

B h(x) is ↑, whenever f(x) is ↓

C h(x) is ↓, whenever f(x) is ↑

D nothing can be said in general


Solution:
The least value of ‘k’ for which the function 2x2 + 3kx + 5
is an increasing function in the interval 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 is

A -4

B -3

C -1

D -2
The least value of ‘k’ for which the function 2x2 + 3kx + 5
is an increasing function in the interval 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 is

A -4

B -3

C -1

D -2
Solution:
Given,

Now if f(x) is strictly increasing for

then
If f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + λx + 1 is a monotonically decreasing function

of x in the largest possible interval then

A λ=4

B λ=2

C λ = -1

D λ has no real value


If f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + λx + 1 is a monotonically decreasing function

of x in the largest possible interval then

A λ=4

B λ=2

C λ = -1

D λ has no real value


Solution:
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:
Solution:

Clearly f(x) is continuous at x = 0


Hence f(x) is strictly increasing always
Determine the interval of monotonicity of:
Solution:

So by graph we can say that f(x) is increasing


in (-∞, 0) & then in [0, ∞)
JEE Main 28th June, 2022

The number of real solutions of x7 + 5x3 + 3x + 1 = 0


is equal to____.

A 0

B 1

C 3

5
D
JEE Main 28th June, 2022

The number of real solutions of x7 + 5x3 + 3x + 1 = 0


is equal to____.

A 0

B 1

C 3

5
D
Solution:
Interval of increase and decrease

Now, let’s see one observation for composition of functions.


The function tan-1(sin x) is increasing in

D
The function tan-1(sin x) is increasing in

D
Solution:
Interval of increase and decrease

NOTE

If f(x) and g(x) are monotonic function ∀ x ∈ R then:


(a) f(x) ↑ and g(x) ↑ ⇒ fog(x) ↑

(b) f(x) ↓ and g(x) ↓ ⇒ fog(x) ↑

(c) f(x) ↑ and g(x) ↓ ⇒ fog(x) ↓

(d) f(x) ↓ and g(x) ↑ ⇒ fog(x) ↓


JEE Main 25th June, 2022

Let f : R → R and g : R → R be two functions defined by

f(x) = loge(x2 + 1) - e-x + 1 and Then,

for which of the following range of ⍺, the inequality

holds ?

A (2, 3)

B (-2, -1)

C (1, 2)

D (-1, 1)
JEE Main 25th June, 2022

Let f : R → R and g : R → R be two functions defined by

f(x) = loge(x2 + 1) - e-x + 1 and Then,

for which of the following range of ⍺, the inequality

holds ?

A (2, 3)

B (-2, -1)

C (1, 2)

D (-1, 1)
Solution:
Comparison using Calculus
Compare
Solution:
Compare following functions using calculus:
x and tan-1 x for x ∈ (0, ∞)
Solution:
Comparison using Calculus

Observations

(1) If f(a) = 0 and f(x) is strictly ↓ for x ≥ a then


f(x) will be negative for x > a
(2) If f(a) = 0 and f(x) is strictly ↑ for x ≥ a then
f(x) will be positive for x > a
Prove that sin x > x cos x for x ∈ (0, 1)
Solution:
IIT 1997

If and where 0 < x ≤ 1 then

in this interval:

A both f(x) and g(x) are increasing

B both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing

C f(x) is increasing

D f(x) is decreasing
IIT 1997

If and where 0 < x ≤ 1 then

in this interval:

A both f(x) and g(x) are increasing

B both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing

C f(x) is increasing

D f(x) is decreasing
Solution:
Maxima and Minima
Maxima and Minima

This chapter is all about:


(1) Local maxima
(2) Local minima
(3) Global maxima
(4) Global minima
Maxima and Minima

Local maxima (or just maxima): y = f(x) is said to have local maxima at
x = a if value of function at x = a is greater than or equal to values of
function in some neighbourhood of x = a

Local minima (or just minima): y = f(x) is said to have local minima at
x = a if value of function at x = a is less than or equal to values of function
in some neighbourhood of x = a
Maxima and Minima

Local maxima (or just maxima): y = f(x) is said to have local maxima at
x = a if value of function at x = a is greater than or equal to values of
function in some neighbourhood of x = a

Local minima (or just minima): y = f(x) is said to have local minima at
x = a if value of function at x = a is less than or equal to values of function
in some neighbourhood of x = a

Remark

Local maxima and local minima together are referred as


local extreme values or local extremum.
Maxima and Minima

Global maxima (or just maximum value): A function y = f(x) has global
maxima at x = a if f(a) ≥ f(x) ∀ x in domain of f(x).

Global minima (or just minimum value): A function y = f(x) has global
minima at x = a if f(a) ≤ f(x) ∀ x in domain of f(x).
Critical Points
Critical Points

It is a collection of points for which f’(x) is zero or f’(x) is undefined.


Critical Points

It is a collection of points for which f’(x) is zero or f’(x) is undefined.

NOTE

It is to be noted that critical points are the interior points of an interval.

Remark

Critical points are contenders for giving maxima and minima.


Find critical points of:
Find critical points of:
Solution:
Find critical points of:
Solution:
The range of a ∈ R for which the function

x ≠ 2nπ, n ∈ N, has critical points, is

A (-3, 1)

C [1, ∞)

D (-∞, -1]
The range of a ∈ R for which the function

x ≠ 2nπ, n ∈ N, has critical points, is

A (-3, 1)

C [1, ∞)

D (-∞, -1]
Solution:
Solution:
Critical Points

Remark

Point at which f’(x) = 0 is called stationary point


Now, let’s talk about ways to find maxima and minima.
First Derivative Test
First Derivative Test

For a continuous function:

If f’(x) changes sign about a critical point, then we have


maxima or minima there.
JEE Main 2019

If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local


minimum and local maximum points of the function,

then

A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}

B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}

C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}

D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
JEE Main 2019

If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local


minimum and local maximum points of the function,

then

A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}

B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}

C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}

D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
Solution:

Here at –2 & 1, f ’(x) changes from negative value to


positive value.
–2 & 1 are local minimum points.
At 0, f ’(x) changes from positive value to negative value.
0 is the local maximum point
Hence, S1 = {–2, 1} and S2 = {0}
First Derivative Test

Remark

Let x = c be an interior point of interval, at which f(x) takes


maxima or minima. If f(x) is differentiable at x = c then f’(c) = 0
JEE Main 2014

If x = -1 and x = 2 are extreme points of


f(x) = ⍺ ln |x| + βx2 + x, then

D
JEE Main 2014

If x = -1 and x = 2 are extreme points of


f(x) = ⍺ ln |x| + βx2 + x, then

D
Solution:
First Derivative Test

Now, that we have understood the concept of maxima/minima, let’s do


some examples where we need to do little more analysis.
Find ‘a’ such that f(x) has minima at x = 3 where
Solution:
JEE Main 27th Aug, 2021

The number of distinct real roots of the


equation 3x4 + 4x3 - 12x2 + 4 = 0 is _____ .
JEE Main 27th Aug, 2021

The number of distinct real roots of the


equation 3x4 + 4x3 - 12x2 + 4 = 0 is _____ .

Ans: 4
Solution:

3x4 + 4x3 - 12x2 + 4 = 0


So, let f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 - 12x2 + 4

f’(x) = 12x(x2 + x - 2)
=12x(x + 2) (x - 1)

f’(x) = 12x3 + 12x2 - 24x = 12x(x + 2) (x - 1)


Points of extrema are at x = 0, -2, 1
f(0) = 4
f(-2) = -28
f(1) = -1
So, 4 Real Roots
JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to

A 12

B 6

C -24

D -12
JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to

A 12

B 6

C -24

D -12
Solution:
Analysis of Cubic
Analysis of Cubic

First let us pick a cubic f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d


Clearly, f’(x) is a quadratic and hence has:

(i) Two distinct real roots or


(ii) Two equal real roots or
(iii) Non real roots
Analysis of Cubic

For a > 0, depending upon kind of roots of f’(x), we have


three possibilities of graph of y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

(i) (ii) (iii)


Analysis of Cubic

Observation

● For +ve leading coefficient, cubic attains maxima at


smaller critical point while minima is attained at bigger
critical point.
If , then

find ‘a’ for which f(x) has negative point of minima


(i.e., f(x) attains minima at negative value of x)
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

Let the function f(x) = 2x3 + (2p - 7) x2 + 3(2p - 9)x - 6


have a maxima for some value of x < 0 and a minima
for some value of x > 0. Then, the set of all values of p is

D
JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

Let the function f(x) = 2x3 + (2p - 7) x2 + 3(2p - 9)x - 6


have a maxima for some value of x < 0 and a minima
for some value of x > 0. Then, the set of all values of p is

D
Solution:
Analysis of Cubic

For a > 0, depending upon kind of roots of f’(x), we have


three possibilities of graph of y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

(i) (ii) (iii)

Consider (i)
Analysis of Cubic

Observation

● For +ve leading coefficient, cubic attains maxima at


smaller critical point while minima is attained at bigger
critical point.

● f(x) will have three distinct real roots if f(⍺) × f(β) < 0 where
⍺, β are the roots of f’(x) i.e., critical points of f(x).
If y = x3 - 27x + q has three distinct roots then

A q2 = 54

B -54 < q < 54

C q > 54

D -27 < q < 27


If y = x3 - 27x + q has three distinct roots then

A q2 = 54

B -54 < q < 54

C q > 54

D -27 < q < 27


Solution:
Analysis of Cubic

Similarly, for a < 0, f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d behaves as

(i) (ii) (iii)


Analysis of Cubic

Observation

● For -ve leading coefficient, cubic attains maxima at bigger


critical point while minima is attained at smaller critical
point.
Concavity
Concavity

Concave up:
Graphically, following shapes are concave up.

(i) (ii) (iii)


Concavity

The graph of a differentiable function y = f(x) is concave up on an interval


where f”(x) > 0 (i.e. f’(x) is ↑).

f’<0 f’>0

f’=0
Concavity

Observation

If f ”(x) > 0 for x ∈ (a, b) then for x1, x2, x3 ∈ (a, b)


Concavity

Concave down:
Graphically, following shapes are concave down.

(i) (ii) (iii)


Concavity

The graph of a differentiable function y = f(x) is concave up on


an interval where f”(x) < 0 (i.e. f’(x) is ↓).

f’=0

f ’(x) > 0 f ’(x) < 0


Concavity

Observation
A

D None of these
A

D None of these
Solution:
Double Derivative Test
Double Derivative Test

If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then
(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local minima at x = a
(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local maxima at x = a
Double Derivative Test

If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then
(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local minima at x = a
(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local maxima at x = a

Remark

If f’(a) = 0 and also f”(a) = 0 then Double Derivative Test is inconclusive.


Now, we will do some problems of maximizing or minimizing
some expression, following some constraints.
Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with product
equal to 256, find the numbers whose sum is minimum.
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 2016

A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are


bent respectively to form a square of side ‘x’ units and
a circle of radius ‘r’ units. If the sum of the areas of the
square and the circle so formed is minimum, then

A (4 - 𝞹)x = 𝞹r

B x = 2r

C 2x = r

D (4 + 𝞹)r = 2x
JEE Main 2016

A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are


bent respectively to form a square of side ‘x’ units and
a circle of radius ‘r’ units. If the sum of the areas of the
square and the circle so formed is minimum, then

A (4 - 𝞹)x = 𝞹r

B x = 2r

C 2x = r

D (4 + 𝞹)r = 2x
Solution:

x
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A square piece of tin of side 30 cm is to be made into a box


without top by cutting a square from each corner and
folding up the flaps to form a box. If the volume of the box
is maximum, then its surface area (in cm2) is equal to

A 800

B 675

C 1025

D 900
JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A square piece of tin of side 30 cm is to be made into a box


without top by cutting a square from each corner and
folding up the flaps to form a box. If the volume of the box
is maximum, then its surface area (in cm2) is equal to

A 800

B 675

C 1025

D 900
Solution:
Solution:
The height of a right circular cylinder (of base radius r),
which is open at the top, having given surface area and
maximum volume is equal to

A r

B 2r

C r/3

D r/2
The height of a right circular cylinder (of base radius r),
which is open at the top, having given surface area and
maximum volume is equal to

A r

B 2r

C r/3

D r/2
Solution:
Let r be the radius and h be the height of the cylinder.
Then, the surface area (S) of the cylinder is given by,

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

or
Solution:

Now,

∴ For volume to be maximum, height = radius


Global Extreme values in
an Interval
Global Extreme values in an Interval

Let’s understand the procedure through examples.


The largest value of 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 5 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 4
occurs at x =

A -2

B -1

C 2

D 4
The largest value of 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 5 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 4
occurs at x =

A -2

B -1

C 2

D 4
Solution:
JEE Main 2018

Let M and m be respectively the absolute maximum


and the absolute minimum values of the function,
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 5 in the interval [0, 3]. Then
M - m is equal to

A 5

B 9

C 4

D 1
JEE Main 2018

Let M and m be respectively the absolute maximum


and the absolute minimum values of the function,
f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 5 in the interval [0, 3]. Then
M - m is equal to

A 5

B 9

C 4

D 1
Solution:
Global Extreme values in an Interval

Observation

Global minima does not exist in this case.


Let f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 6 . The global maximum of
f(x) in (1, 3) is

A 10

B 11

C 15

D Non existent
Slide 156

1 yahan example woh daalo jismein global min ya global max exist na kr rha ho (using previous slide concept)
Arvind Kalia, 02-01-2024
Let f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 6 . The global maximum of
f(x) in (1, 3) is

A 10

B 11

C 15

D Non existent
Solution:
Inflection point

It is the point at which graph has tangent (i.e. graph is smooth)


and about which concavity changes.
Inflection point

Remark

● Points at which f”(x) is zero or undefined are contenders for


inflection point. Key is change of sign of f”(x).
● Observe y = x3 and for inflection points.
Nth Derivative Test
Nth Derivative Test

If double derivative test is inconclusive (i.e. f”(x1) = 0 where x1 is a


stationary point) then we use nth derivative test. As per which we
go on differentiating f(x) at x1 till we get non-zero value
Nth Derivative Test

Say we stopped at nth derivative then if n is even then we have


maxima and minima depending upon f(n) (x) is negative or positive
respectively, while if n is odd then we have point of inflection at x = x1
Observe y = x4 and y = x3
| arvindkalia_official

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