REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Purpose

Literature Review 1. It demonstrates the researcher’s comprehensive

grasp of issues related to the current research.
- consist of a collection of pertinent readings,
published or unpublished data-based research 2. It reflects the researcher’s awareness of recent
reports or article, in local or foreign settings. developments in the area of concern
- Generally consist of books, articles, pertinent
3. The researcher gains a crucial frame of reference
documents, publications, speeches, programs,
substantively for the current research
theses and dissertations
4. Through such literature the researcher is able to
determine where the previous study has ended
2 types of Related Literature? and where the current study may begin.

1. Conceptual or Theoretical Literature 5. The researcher discovers findings of previous

- A theoretical literature review focuses on researches that have a bearing on the current
examining existing theories, concepts, and research.
frameworks relevant to the research topic. It
6. It helps the researcher determine the
synthesizes and analyzes the scholarly works,
researchability and feasibility of the problem under
providing a comprehensive understanding of the
study.
theoretical underpinnings related to the subject
matter. 7. Using the literature, the researcher is also able to
- The primary goal of a theoretical literature review identify the following areas of concern:
is to establish a conceptual framework, identify
gaps in existing theories, and propose new a) May reveal appropriate research methods and
theoretical perspectives. techniques
2. Research or Empirical Literature b) Effective procedures in data gathering
- Empirical literature review focuses on c) Provides clues on the sequence of research
summarizing and critiquing empirical studies activities
conducted in the field. It involves systematically d) Provides clues on how to ensure the accuracy
reviewing research articles, experimental studies, and effectiveness of data analysis.
surveys, and other empirical research endeavors 8. The literature serves as a connecting link.
to evaluate the empirical evidence related to the
research question. 9. It defines terms and suggests assumptions.
- The primary objective of an empirical literature 10. It promotes critical thinking and critical reading
review is to assess the findings of previous skills.
studies, identify methodological strengths and
weaknesses, and synthesize empirical evidence CRITICAL THINKING
to support or refute hypotheses.
- the analysis of ideas, inferences, assumptions,
principles, arguments, conclusions, issues,
statements, beliefs and actions embodied in the
review of related literature

CRITICAL READING

- an active, intellectual process in which the reader

participates in an inner dialogue with the writer.
Preparing the Literature Review ✓ The study of yunyan, j. (2022) on students learning
styles showed that there was a statistically
1. Determine the concept/issue/ topic or problem to
significatnt correlation between learning styles and
be investigated.
academic studies....
2. Identify terms or variables of the study
✓ state ; Name, year, title and the results
3. Visit the Library and Gather Pertinent Materials for
Review as well as surf the internet or websites. • quote the different studies
4. Organize the Review and weed out irrelevant
sources before printing. • get the results of the research- take it from the
5. Retrieve relevant sources and consolidate ideas. abstract
6. Critically read each sources. • combine the local and foreign studies
7. Note- Taking and Documentation. Copy articles if
unable to print directly from database. • Include information directly related and
a. Summarizing relevant to your study
b. Quoting • Do not copy exactly the information in your
c. Paraphrasing source, give due credit to the real source of the
d. Acknowledging Source/s of data data
e. Cite references
What to avoid
f. See reference
8. Ways to cite sources of literature include the Avoid it to be boring by writing with a variety
following:
Ex: author a found out
a) American Psychological Association (APA) style
9. Synthesize critical summaries of each article in author b found out
presenting the contents of the review.
Replace found out with:
11. Take note of the fallacies in the Literature Review
o Concluded
Writing the Literature Review
o Observed
o Reported
o Presented evidence for
o Supported
o Examine
o Demonstrated

Guidelines to remember

• The review should not be a mere collection of

quotations
• It is also not merely a series of summaries or
abstracts;
• The researcher should observe chronology as
the organizing principle. Start from the earliest
and end with the most recent publication.
• The researcher should specify whether the
setting of the research is local or international;
and
• It must be a well-integrated discussion.
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS HOW TO WRITE A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
THEORY 1) Examine the research problem and consider
the key variables in your research.
- are constructed in order to explain, predict and
master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or 2) Select a suitable theoretical framework for
the behavior). In many instances we are research. - The adoption or adaptation of a
constructing models of reality. theory must reflect the understanding of the
researcher regarding the study and must drive
FRAMEWORK
the study (Simon & Goes, 2011).
- skeleton, a basic structure or frame of reference
3) Discuss the theory and its relation to the study.
designed to support something.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

- It is a structure that can hold or support a theory

of a research work. It presents the theory which
explains why the problem under study exists.
Thus, the theoretical framework is but a theory
that serves as a basis for conducting research.
- It is the ‘blueprint’ or guide for a research (Grant How to Write A Theoretical Framework
& Osanloo, 2014) - Osanloo (2014) present a checklist that can aid
o It shows which generally accepted principles or researchers to be able to identify the suitable
theory(ies) the research study is anchored on. theoretical framework for their research inquiry.
o Comes from existing theories, principles The authors have succinctly put them into
questions that must be reliably answered by the
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK researcher to convince him/her that the selection
of a theory or theories is appropriate for a
- a structure of concepts grouped together as a particular study.
map for the study
- the explanation of the variables of the study These questions are:
based on literature and research 1. What discipline will the theory be applied to?
o No theories available but you have these in 2. Does the theory agree with the methodology
your mind. plan for the study?
3. Is the theory to be selected well developed
with many theoretical constructs?
Importance of Theoretical Framework 4. Have specific concepts or theoretical principles
been selected to meet the objectives of the
✔ It provides the structure in showing how a
study?
researcher defines his/her study
5. Does the problem of the study, the purpose and
philosophically, epistemologically,
importance of the study correlate with the
methodology and analytically (Grant &
theoretical framework?
Osanloo, 2014).
6. Can the theory be used hand in hand with the
✔ It serves as the focus for the research and it is research questions for the study?
linked to the research problem under study. 7. Does the theoretical framework inform the
literature review?
✔ It assists the researcher in finding an 8. Does the data analysis plan agree with the
appropriate research approach, analytical selected theoretical framework?
tools and procedures for his/her research 9. Does the theoretical framework undergird the
inquiry. conclusions and recommendations based on
the data analysis?
Therefore, it is the researcher who has to read and Concept
deepen his/her understanding of the theories,
- an idea, thought, or notion conceived in the mind
including the exponents, historical background
- it enhances one's capacity to understand a
information of the theory, its theoretical constructs,
phenomena as it helps define the meaning of a
and assumptions of its proponents, the strengths and
word
weaknesses before s/he can make an appropriate
selection in line with the problem and research Variable
questions laid out for the study (Adom, Agyem &
Hussein, 2018). - A variable in research simply refers to a person,
place, thing, or phenomenon that you are
SAMPLE 1 trying to measure in some way.

Types of Concept

1. ABSTRACT Concept

- intangible / not observable

- independent of time and place
➢ Egs. hope, caring, infinity

2. CONCRETE Concept
SAMPLE 2 - can be observe and experiences through
senses
➢ Egs. stethoscope

PURPOSE OF CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

● Clarifying, recognizing and defining concepts

that describe phenomena

● The process of applying borrowed or shared

SAMPLE 3 concepts from other disciplines may have
altered their meaning, it is important to review
for appropriateness of application.

Example: the concept of basic human needs is adopted

from the theory of Abraham Maslow an expert in
psychology.

Sources of Concept
SAMPLE 4
Naturalistic Concepts

- are concepts seen in nature or in the nursing

practice.

Example:

▪ Body Weight
▪ Temperature
▪ Hematologic Complications
▪ Depression
▪ Pain
▪ Spirituality
Research-based Concepts Types of Research Hypothesis

- are the results of conceptual development that 1. Alternative Hypothesis

is grounded in research processes. 2. Null Hypothesis
3. Directional Hypothesis
- Through qualitative, phenomenological, or
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
grounded theory approaches, the researcher
may uncover meanings of the phenomena of Alternative Hypothesis
interest and their theoretical relationships.
- The alternative hypothesis states that there is
Existing Concepts a relationship between the two variables being
studied (one variable has an effect on the
- the nursing literature is filled with adapted
other).
concepts, more or less well synthesized
- An experimental hypothesis predicts what
through derivation from other disciplines.
change(s) will take place in the dependent
Example: variable when the independent variable is
manipulated.
▪ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - It states that the results are not due to chance
▪ Stress from Selye’s Physiologic and that they are significant in terms of
▪ Theory of the stress of life supporting the theory being investigated.
Hypothesis Null Hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement of - The null hypothesis states that there is no
what the researcher(s) predict will be the relationship between the two variables being
outcome of the study. studied (one variable does not affect the
- This usually involves proposing a possible other). There will be no changes in the
relationship between two variables: the dependent variable due to the manipulation of
independent variable (what the researcher the independent variable.
changes) and the dependent variable (what the - It states results are due to chance and are not
research measures) significant in terms of supporting the idea
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE CAUSE being investigated.
DEOENDENT VARTIABLE EFFECT Non Directional Hypothesis

- A non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis

predicts that the independent variable will
have an effect on the dependent variable, but
the direction of the effect is not specified. It
just states that there will be a difference.
➢ E.g., there will be a difference in how many
numbers are correctly recalled by children
and adults.

Directional Hypothesis
Essential Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
- A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis predicts
• Predicts the relationship and outcome
the nature of the effect of the independent
• Simple and concise – avoid wordiness variable on the dependent variable. It predicts
in which direction the change will take place.
• Clear with no ambiguity or assumptions about (i.e. greater, smaller, less, more)
the readers’ knowledge ➢ E.g., adults will correctly recall more words
• Observable and testable results than children.

• Relevant and specific to the research question

or problem
Developing a Hypothesis The number of lectures attended by first-year students
has a positive effect on their exam scores.
Step 1. Ask a question
If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can
Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question
state what difference you expect to find between them.
that researcher wants to answer. The question should
be focused, specific, and researchable within the First-year students who attended most lectures will
constraints of the project. have better exam scores than those who attended few
lectures.
Example: Research question

Do students who attend more lectures get better exam

results? Step 6. Formulate your hypothesis

Write a null hypothesis

Step 2. Do some preliminary research If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing,
you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null
The initial answer to the question should be based on
hypothesis is the default position that there is no
what is already known about the topic. Look for
association between the variables. The null hypothesis
theories and previous studies to help form educated
is written as H0, while the alternative hypothesis is H1
assumptions about what the research will find.
or Ha.

H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year

Step 3. Formulate the hypothesis students has no effect on their final exam scores.

Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, H1: The number of lectures attended by first-year
concise sentence. students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

Attending more lectures leads to better exam results.

Developing a Hypothesis

Step 4. Refine the hypothesis • It follows immediately the statement of the

problem.
Ensure that hypothesis is specific and testable. There
• It could be stated either as research or null
are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the
hypothesis.
terms use should have clear definitions, and the
hypothesis should contain: Example:

• The relevant variables The researcher posited that:

• The specific group being studied
1. There is no significant difference in the academic
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or
performance of the respondents when they are
analysis
grouped according to gender and learning styles.

Step 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, write a simple prediction in

if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the
independent variable and the second part states the
dependent variable.

If a first-year student starts attending more lectures,

then their exam scores will improve.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly

phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where it
directly state the predicted relationship between
variables.