Worked examples in machine

drawing 20
Examination questions generally relate to single parts or assemblies of detailed
components, and test the student’s ability to draw sectional and outside views. British
Standards refer to ‘views’ but other terms have been traditionally used in technical
drawing. The front or side view of a house is quite likely to be known as an elevation,
and a ‘bird’s eye view’ as a plan. These expressions are freely used.
The examples which follow are of examination standard and a student designer
would be expected to produce a reasonably complete solution for each problem in
about 2e3 h.
Before commencing, try to estimate the areas covered by the views so that they can
be presented with reasonably equal spaces horizontally and vertically on the drawing
sheet. Include a border about 15 mm width, and add a title block and parts list if neces-
sary. Note that attention to small details will gradually enable you to improve the
quality of your draughting.
In an industrial situation, before commencing a drawing, the designer will make a
mental picture of how to orient the component, or arrangement, so that the maximum
amount of information can be indicated with the minimum number of views necessary
to produce a clear, unambiguous solution. However, this is easier said than done in the
case of the student, and especially where the drawing is being made on CAD
(computer aided design) equipment since the size of the screen often means that
part of the drawing is temporarily out of sight. This is part of the learning experience.
Copy the following solutions and try to appreciate the reasons for the position of
every line which contributes to the finished drawing.

Bushed bearing bracket

Front- and end-views of a bushed bearing bracket are shown in Fig. 20.1. Copy the
given front view and project from it a sectional-end view and a sectional-plan view
taken from cutting planes AeA and BeB. Draw your solution in first angle projection.
Note that the question is presented in third angle projection.

Drill table
Fig. 20.2 shows details of a table for a drilling machine. Draw half-full-size the
following views:
(a) A front view taken as a section along the cutting plane AeA.
(b) The given plan view with hidden detail.
(c) An end view projected to the left of the front view with hidden detail included.

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 260
130

38 65

All fillet radii 3

44

30

100
56
Bush 10

B B

10
38
33
25

Manual of Engineering Drawing

R16

32 38 38

21 40 3 × Ø10 56 56
Ø18 × 10
75 A

Front view
Fig. 20.1 Bushed bearing bracket.
Worked examples in machine drawing 261

88

68 100 19 25 190 25 19

3
19 12

38

50
112

50

R12 R12

50
19

145
75

2 × Ø17 112

R19

19
25
50
82

75
19
3

50
76

A A
19

75
12

50
25
12

19
12

R32

25
Enlarged section
through tee slot

Fig. 20.2 Drill Table Note: All unspecified radii 6mm.

Draw your solution in first angle projection and add the title and projection symbol
in a suitable title block.

Cam operated clamp

Details of a cam operated clamp are shown in Fig. 20.3 together with a key showing
the position of the various components in the assembly. Draw the following views in
first angle projection:
(a) A front view taken as a section through the vertical center line of the clamp and generally as
outlined in the key.
262 Manual of Engineering Drawing

31

15 10
10
R10

30°

R10

R4

94
75
R9

40
R4

12
6

25 62

4 × Ø8 38

1 Clamp base

M10 × 1.5 – 17°

6H × 15 R50 54
6

10
10 6
26

82

R19 19

5
6

10

31
25
34

15

15 25 19
R12 22 93

33
25
38

Braze
Ø10 ROD

3 Cam plate

6 14
89

65

Braze
25
M10 × 1.5 – 6g
10
38

19

4 Stopscrew
25
5 8 38 8 5

2 Operating arm

Fig. 20.3 Cam operated clamp details.

Worked examples in machine drawing 263

22 22

Sphere
19

M10 × 1.5 – 6g
66

5 Plunger

5 Turns of Ø3 wire
19

ground flat at each

end

25
Free length

6 Spring

3 70
10
19

7 Arm pivot

3 45
10
19

8 Cam pivot

Note: On assembly, fit

a suitable washer over
each pivot and drill for
2 mm Ø split pin

2 M10/1.5
Locknuts
4 and washer

8
6

1
7 3 5

Key to assembly

Fig. 20.3 Cont’d.

264 Manual of Engineering Drawing

(b) An end view projected on the right-hand side of the front view.
(c) A plan view drawn beneath the front view.
Add to your solution a title, scale, projection symbol, parts list and reference
balloons.

Plug cock
Details of a plug cock are shown in Fig. 20.4. Draw the following two views of the
assembled plug cock:
(a) A view in half section showing the outside view on the left of the vertical center line and a
section on the right-hand side, the position of the valve body being similar to that shown on
the given detail.
(b) An outside-end view.
Add a title and a parts list. Hidden details are not required in either view. Include on
your assembly suitable nuts and bolts and washers where applicable. Between the
valve body and cover include a joint ring of thickness 2 mm. The gland should be posi-
tioned entering 10 mm into the valve cover. First or third angle projected views will be
acceptable.

Air engine
The component parts of an oscillating air engine are detailed in Fig. 20.5. Draw in first
angle projection and, at twice full size, the following views:
(a) A front view taken as a section through the engine cylinder and flywheel.
(b) A plan view in projection with the front view and drawn below the front view.
(c) An end view on the right-hand side and in projection with the front view.

Hidden detail is not required in any view. Add a parts list to your drawing and refer-
ence balloons to identify each of the components in the assembly.

Toolbox
The details in Fig. 20.6 show parts of a toolbox that can be made as a sheet-metalwork
exercise.
A development is given of the end plates (two required) and these should be drilled
at the corners before bending, to avoid possible cracking taking place. Note, from the
photograph, that the ends have been pressed with grooves to provide additional stiff-
ening and this can be done if facilities are available.
The bottom and sides are fabricated in one piece and drillings are shown for pop
rivets. Drill the end plates using the sides as templates to take account of deformation
which may occur while bending the metal plate.
Worked examples in machine drawing 265

14 124

100

3
14

10
52

120
150

76

50

66

50 R16
R10
13
25

4 × 15
86

98

1 Valve body

140 4 × M12 × 1.75

– 6H × 16
100 70
50

105

210

Fig. 20.4 Plug cock details.

266 Manual of Engineering Drawing

16

10

25
10
φ 70

φ 97
φ 32

φ 54
φ 36

φ 63
φ 18

42
R37
7
R3

3
28 78 10 60 53 4 × Ø 4.5
(229)

86 2 Plug 2 × Ø13
2 × M12 × 1.75 – 6H
43

70
21
55

16 86 16
14

14 14

φ 124
3

A–A
φ 36
3
100
φ 55
50 50

R20 16 22 4 Gland
M12 × 1.75 – 6g

M12 × 1.75 – 6g

R16 65
φ 55
10 0

21 28
φ 70

A A 5 Cover stud
50

M12 × 1.75 – 6g

M12 × 1.75 – 6g

4 × φ13

3 Valve body cover

6 Gland stud

Fig. 20.4 Cont’d.

Details are shown of the hinges and some clearance must be provided for their satis-
factory operation. Before drilling the sides and lids for the hinges using the dimensions
given, use the hinges as manufactured to check the hole centers for the rivets. One lid
must overlap the other to close the box, so some adjustment here may be required. On
the toolbox illustrated, pop rivets were used on the sides and roundhead rivets on the
lid. Roundhead rivets were also used to assemble the handle clips. Check also that the
drill sizes for the rivets used as alternatives are available.
The top support member was pop riveted to the end plates after the catch had been
welded on the underside. The slot in each lid slips over this catch to allow a padlock to
secure the toolbox.
Worked examples in machine drawing 267

90° 6.0
5.0
2.0 5.0 3.0

φ 4.0
φ 2.0
4 holes Ø35
R13.0
φ 5.0

100.0
12.0

52.0
50.0
φ 20

19.0
7.0
4 × M3 × 0.5 – 6H

7.0 5 37.5 φ 10.00 ream

22.0
80
1

5.0
10.0 30.0 φ 15.0 12.0 4.0
Tongue to be
1.5 45° φ 6.0 brazed into 20.0
45° 1.5 slot on item 1
2
M3 × 0.5 – 6H 5

5.0 80.0
φ 40.0

M6 × 1

φ6

3 4

4.0
φ 13
φ 2.0

4.0
17.0

φ2
13.0

M5 × 0.8 – 6H
42.0
M3 × 0.5 – 6g
16.0
8. 0

R8 1

6
5 φ 16
Sweat cylinder item 7
into hollow 7
17.0

Fig. 20.5 Air engine details.

A tooltray may also be made if required and details are provided. The tray supports
also offer added stability and were pop riveted on assembly.
Remove all sharp corners and edges before assembly of each part. The com-
pleted toolbox can be stove enamelled, painted or sprayed according to personal
choice.
As an additional exercise, copy the given details and produce an assembly drawing
complete with parts list. Also, produce patterns to cut the components from sheet metal
economically. This example provides useful practice in reading and applying engineer-
ing drawings.
The solution is shown in Fig. 20.12 (and see Fig. 20.13).
268 Manual of Engineering Drawing

φ16.0 2.0 M5 × 0.8 – 6g

2. 0
4.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

5 .0
15.0
φ13.0 45°

M5 × 0.8 – 6H
8
φ 5.0

35.0
5.0
φ12.96
12.93
φ 4.0

9
M4 × 0.7 – 6g
2.0

φ 4.0

8.0 4 φ 8.0 6.0

11
10
8.0
5.0

1.0 4.0
4 × φ 4 ± 0.5 φ 20
M4 × 0.7 – 6H
13.0

M6 × 1.0 – 6H

φ 26.0
9.97
φ10.00

φ8
φ 10.0
φ 40.0

5.5 30 6.0 6.0

24.0 20.0
12 13

φ 8.0
40.0
4.0

6.00 Ream
30.0
5.0

Light steel compression

Connecting pipes 2 off 20 swg spring lid 5.0
1.5

φ 10.0 sweat in ports

14 15 16
M5 × 0.8 – 6g

M5 × 0.8 – 6g
φ 5. 0

Med. knurl

M5 × 0.8 – 6H
φ 15.0

φ 10.0

4.0 25.0

5.0
45.0

8.0
17 18

Fig. 20.5 Cont’d.

Solution notes
Bushed bearing bracket (Fig. 20.7)
Note that in the end view there is an example of a thin web which is not cross-hatched.
The example shows three examples of counterbored holes used to contain heads of
fixing screws.
Worked examples in machine drawing 269

6 at 45°
73 50
175 10 × Ø3

22 8
6
Bend line Bend line

14 0
160

20
110

107 136

88

57
10
10 30 2 × Ø3 33 42 42 42 42 33
350
6
10

196
Part 3
Box lid
2 req’d 1 mm MS
Part 1
End plates 2 req’d 1 35°
mm MS
After drilling, fold
along bend line to
6 × Ø2
this position

Development of
end plate

350
33 42 42 42 42 33 8
35°
196 Inside
45

10

Bend line
310 20
111

6
45

68 60
80

14 × Ø3
12

Part 2
Bottom and side panels
1 req’d 1 mm MS

10
Pictorial view (scale 1 : 4)
showing folded sides to
internal radius of 2 mm also
Note: All corners may be cut bottom holes for riveting to
back 10 mm to fit flush with endplates
endplates

Fig. 20.6 Tool box details.

A liner bush with an interference fit is also indicated, and since the bush is rela-
tively thin compared with the main casting, its cross-hatching lines are drawn closer
together.

Drill table (Fig. 20.8)

The table is clamped to the drilling machine main vertical pillar using two bolts. An
individual slot permits tightening.
Cross-hatching is omitted on its left side of the front view.
270 Manual of Engineering Drawing

348 50

Ø5 MS Rod R5
4 × Ø3

85
2 R5
10

25

174 25 100

Part 4 150
Top support Part 8
1 req’d 1 mm MS Handle
Assemble under end plates 2 req’d
by pop riveting
92
50 2 × Ø3
8 R7
3 × φ3

20

6
9
19
38

7 6
14
25 25 25 Part 9
100 Handle clips
4 req’d 1 mm MS
Blank for hinge 8
req’d
40
30

Roll hinge blank

to suit MS rod Fold up four
Ø4 × 102 sides. Weld
14 14

or braze
corners
Peen over pin 325
at each end

Part 5
100

Assembled hinge
40

4 req’d 1 mm MS
30
4

15
20
6

55 Part 10
R

8 2 holes Ø3
Tooltray
1 req’d 1 mm MS
R25
3
26
8 10

26
14

8 10

Bend lines
12
6

30
29 20
Tool tray
Part 6 development
Hasp
1 req’d 1 mm MS

Peen over pin Roll hinge blank to suit

MS pin Ø4 × 26 12
at each end 2 × Ø3
24

φ 10 R8
196 24 12
3
18

Fold up both
10 3 ends. Weld or
braze corners
Part 7
Catch 2 mm
MS 1 req’d Part 11
Tray support bracket
Development 2 req’d 1 mm MS

Fig. 20.6 Cont’d.

 Worked examples in machine drawing
A

B B

A A–A

Title
Bushed bearing bracket

First angle projection

Dimensions in millimetres Scale:
B–B
Drawn by: Approved by:

271
Fig. 20.7 Bushed bearing solution.
 272
A–A

A A

Manual of Engineering Drawing

Title
Drill table
First angle projection
Dimensions in millimetres Scale:
Drawn by: Approved by:

Fig. 20.8 Drill table solution.

 X

Worked examples in machine drawing

2

4
9

8 10 10

6
1
5

7 3

10 M10 washer 3
X–X X 9 M10 locknut 2
8 Cam pivot 1
7 Arm pivot 1
6 Spring 1
5 P lu n g e r 1
4 Stopscrew 1
3 Cam plate 1
2 Operating arm 1
1 Clamp base 1
Part N° off
N° Description

Title
Assembly of cam
operated clamp
First angle projection
Dimensions in millimetres Scale:
Drawn by: Approved by:

273
Fig. 20.9 Cam operated clamp solution.
274 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Cam operated clamp (Fig. 20.9)

This example shows a typical assembly and includes a parts list.
The balloons containing the part numbers are equally spaced whenever possible.
The leader lines to the components terminate in a dot. An individual leader line is
also directed toward the center of its balloon and touches the circumference.
It is considered good policy to position the parts list and commence writing in such
a way that parts can be added on to the end of the list in the event of future modifica-
tions. The list can be drawn at the top or bottom of the drawing sheet.

Plug cock assembly (Fig. 20.10)

This example illustrates a typical industrial valve. The plug turns through 90 between
the on and off positions. Spanner flats are provided and indicated by the diagonal lines.
Gland packing (Part 10) is supplied in rings. These rings are contained by the body
cover and on assembly are fed over the plug spindle. The gland is tightened and the
compressive force squeezes the packing to provide a seal, sufficient to prevent leaks,
but enabling the spindle to be turned. The joint ring (Part 9) is too thin to be cross-
hatched and is shown filled in.
This is also an example of a symmetrical part where the half section gives an outside
view and a sectional view to indicate the internal details.

Air engine assembly (Fig. 20.11)

The engine operates through compressed air entering the cylinder via one of the con-
necting pipes shown as item 15. The other pipe serves to exhaust the cylinder after the
power stroke. The cylinder oscillates in an arc and a hole through the cylinder wall
lines up with the inlet and exhaust pipes at each 180 of rotation of the flywheel.
The spindles (Parts 4 and 18), grub screw (Part 5) and the pin (Part 11) would not
normally be sectioned. A part section is illustrated at the bottom of the connecting rod
in order to show its assembly with the crank pin (Part 11). The BS convention is shown
for the spring (Part 16). The BS convention is also shown for cross knurling on the nut
(Part 17) (Fig. 20.12).
Note: If the solutions to examples 3, 4, 5, and 6 had been required to be drawn in
third angle projection, then the views would have been arranged as shown in
Fig. 20.13.
 Worked examples in machine drawing
Item Description No.
No. off
1 Valve body 1
6 A
2 Plug 1

3 Valve body cover 1

8 2
4 Gland 1

5 Cover stud 4
4 7 5
6 Gland stud 2

7 Washer 6
3 10 8
8 Nut 6

9 Joint ring 1
9 7
1 10 Gland packing 4

Half section A–A Title

A Plug cock assembly
Projection First Projection
angle Symbol
Dimensions in millimetres Original scale 1:1
All unspecified radii 3 mm Drawn by

275
Fig. 20.10 Plug cock assembly solution.
276 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Item No.
No. Description off Material

1 Base 1 BDMS
6 2 15
2 Upright 1 BDMS
8 3 Flywheel 1 BDMS
4 Crankshaft 1 BDMS
5 Grub screw 1 BDMS
7
18 6 Back plate 1 Brass
7 Cylinder 1 Brass
9 8 Head 1 Brass
17
16 9 Piston 1 BDMS

10 13 14 5 3 4 10 Connecting rod 1 BDMS

11 Crankpin 1 BDMS
12 Crank web 1 BDMS
11 13 Bearing housing 1 BDMS
14 Bush 2 Brass
bronze
12 15 Pipes 2 Copper
16 Spring 1 Steel
17 Knurled nut 1 Brass
1 18 Cylinder pivot 1 BDMS

A A Title
Air engine assembly

Fig. 20.11 Air engine solution.

 Worked examples in machine drawing
8 9 5 3 7 6

10

2
11

A–A
A 11 Tray support bracket 2
10 Tooltray 1
9 Handle clips 4
8 Handle 2
7 Hasp 1
6 Catch 1
5 H in g es 4
4 Top support 1
3 Lid 2
2 Bottom and side panels 1
1 Endplate 2
Part No. Description No. off

Toolbox assembly

Scale: First angle

Half full size projection

277
Fig. 20.12 Toolbox solution.
 278

A A

6 2 15
8
2

7
18
4
9 17
9
16
10 13 14 5 3 4
8 10
10
11
6
1
12
5

7 3 1

Fig. 20.13 Solutions in third angle peojection.

X
X–X

A 6

2 8

5 4 7

8 3 10

7 1 9

7 6 8 9 5 3
A
10

4
2
11

A Half section A–A

A
Manual of Engineering Drawing