FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CHE111 CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY SHEET

Prepared by:

Asst. Prof. Dr. Doğu Ramazanoğlu

 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

LABORATORY RULES AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. All students must always wear a white lab coat. Students without lab coats will not be allowed in the
laboratory.
2. All students must always wear protective goggles.
3. Loose clothes (especially sleeves), open shoes and long hair should be tied up in the laboratory.
4. It is strictly forbidden to enter the laboratory with food and beverages.
5. All students should know the location of the fire extinguisher, first aid cabinet, and shower.
6. In case of fire, learn the fastest way out of the laboratory.
7. If clothes or hair catch fire, use the shower immediately.
8. Avoid running and joking around in chemistry laboratories.
9. Do not sit on the benches and do not leave personal belongings such as bags, coats, etc. on the
benches. Use the places reserved for your belongings.
10. Fumes and vapors resulting from chemical reactions should not be inhaled directly.
11. Bunsen burners and heaters should not be used near flammable, combustible chemicals (such as ether).
12. When using chemicals, please read the label on the bottle or container carefully. Make sure you are
using the correct chemical and check the danger signs.
13. Read the experiment procedures before coming to the laboratory. Any student who comes without
knowing the experiment may pose a danger to himself/herself and his/her friends.
14. In case of any accident (glass cut, acid-base-heat burn, fainting, etc.), inform the instructor
immediately.
15. Do not direct the test tube towards yourself or a friend. A reaction inside the test tube can be
dangerous.
16. Do not add water to concentrated acids. The acid should be added to the water slowly and stirring.
17. It is strictly forbidden to smell, taste, and inhale chemicals with the mouth when taking solutions with a
pipette.
18. Any chemical (solid, liquid, or solution) should not be disposed of in the sink or the trash. The waste
bins in the laboratory must be used (find out where the waste bins are located).
19. For broken glass, use the container labeled "broken glass" prepared in the laboratory.
20. Do not throw matchsticks, litmus paper, etc. into the sinks.
21. Mercury vapor is invisible to the eye and poisonous. Mercury in a broken thermometer is extremely
dangerous.
22. Materials such as hot test tubes, crucibles, and beakers should not be handled with bare hands. Gloves
and tube tongs should be used, or they should be cooled by keeping them on a wire with amyant.
23. Please use the amount of chemicals in the experimental procedure. Excessive amounts may make it
difficult to control reactions or may cause side reactions.
24. Unused chemicals should not be put back into stock bottles but disposed of in the waste bottle.
25. Always keep your workplace, the balance, and its surroundings clean. Work clean and organized in the
laboratory.
26. At the end of the experiment, deliver all the materials you have used clean.
27. Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory.

In case of the following situations, the relevant instructor should be notified immediately.

Table 1. Actions to be taken in laboratory accidents

i
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

ii
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

Table 2. Important Chemical Safety Symbols

iii
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

iv
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

v
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET
SOME MATERIALS USED IN THE LABORATORY

vi
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

vii
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

EXPERIMENT NO: 1 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY

PURPOSE

To determine the density of some solids and liquids.

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

Properties such as mass, volume, and temperature are terms frequently used in the chemistry laboratory.
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Volume is the space occupied by matter in space. While mass
and volume depend on the amount of matter, some properties such as density and temperature are
independent of the amount of matter. Density is the mass of a unit volume of matter and is a characteristic
property of matter. Both mass and volume are capacity properties. Capacity properties are properties that
depend on the quantity of matter. However, if the mass of a substance is proportioned to its volume, its
density, which is a property of intensity, is obtained. The observed property of intensity is independent of
the quantity of the substance.
While mass does not change with a temperature change, volume does. Therefore, density changes with
temperature. The state of matter gives us an idea about density. Generally, the solid state of matter is
denser than the liquid state and the liquid state is denser than the gaseous state.

density (𝑑) =
Mass (m)

volume (V)

Here, density is g/mL or g/cm 3 if mass is taken as grams (g), and volume as milliliters (mL) or cm 3. The
fact that the densities of solids, liquids, and gases are different from each other is related to the distance of
the molecules or atoms that make up these substances to each other in each state of matter.
1. Density Determination of Solids

The densities of solids with certain shapes such as spheres, cubes, and cylinders are easily calculated. For
this, the mass of the substance is measured, and the volume is calculated from the formula determined by
considering the shape of the solid. The density is calculated by substituting it in the density formula.
2. Density Determination of Non-Specific Shaped Solids

The density of solids that do not have a specific shape can be

determined using a beaker or a tape measure. The volume of the solid
can be calculated from the amount of water it occupies. A certain
amount of water is placed in a tape measure. The exact volume is
measured. The mass of the water-filled tape measure is also measured.
Then the substance we want to determine is put into the measuring
tape and the volume change is calculated. The mass is measured
again. The density is calculated.

1
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

3. Density Determination of Liquids

To determine the density of liquids, the d=m/V relation is used again. Since density is a characteristic
property of matter, it remains constant unless temperature and pressure change. A relatively small
temperature change can significantly affect the density of liquids. Therefore, the temperature at which the
measurement is made is important.
The density of some substances is given in the table below.

ARTICLE DENSITY (g/cm )3 ARTICLE DENSITY (g/cm )3

Methanol 0.81 Aluminum 1.75
Water 1.00 Iron (pure) 7.90
Glycerin 1.26 Steel 7.70 - 7.90
Mushroom 0.24 Lead 11.30
Cardboard 0.69 Gold 19.30

CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT

Chemicals to be used in the experiment: Pure Water, Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol), Sugar Cubes
Tools and Equipment: Tape measure, object of no shape
PART 1
Density Determination of Solids
1. First, weigh the sugar cube's mass of a certain shape.
2. Calculate the volume of the cube from the volume formula.
3. The density is calculated by substituting the obtained data into the density formula.
4. This process is applied to three different sugar cubes and the values obtained are averaged.
𝑑Ort d1 +d2 +d3
= 3

PART 2
Density Determination of Non-Specific Shaped Solids
1. An object of uncertain shape is taken.
2. The mass is weighed and noted.
3. Pour 10 mL of water into a clean 50 mL tape measure and note the exact volume.
4. Carefully place the object in the tape measure. Again, read and note the volume of the tape measure.
5. Density is calculated.

2
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET

PART 3
Density Determination of Liquids
1. The density of the liquids is determined with a tape measure.
2. The tape measure of known volume is tared.
3. It is then filled with pure water, the density of which is to be determined, and weighed.
4. The mass of the liquid is found from the weighing.
5. In liquid measurements made with a tape measure, density is calculated from the ratio of mass to
volume since the volume is known.
6. This process is repeated 2 times, and the values are averaged.
7. The same procedure is applied to alcohol.
8. The % relative error is calculated for water and alcohol.

RESULTS AND EVALUATION

Density
Article Mass (g) Volume (mL)
(g/mL or g/cm )3
Sugar cubes

Piece of stone

Alcohol

Pure water

Experimental Report

3
 T.C.
ISTANBUL GEDIK UNIVERSITY CHE111
CHEMISTRY LAB. APPLICATION SHEET