Evolve Digital Level 2 Grammar Summaries
Evolve Digital Level 2 Grammar Summaries
Evolve Digital Level 2 Grammar Summaries
Grammar summaries
Unit 1 Lesson 1: "be”..........................................................................................................................1
Unit 1 Lesson 1: Possessive adjectives...........................................................................................3
Unit 1 Lesson 2: Possession.............................................................................................................4
Unit 2 Lesson 1: Simple present for habits and routines...............................................................5
Unit 2 Lesson 2: “this / that one,” “these / those ones”..................................................................7
Unit 3 Lesson 1: Present continuous...............................................................................................8
Unit 3 Lesson 2: Simple present and present continuous...........................................................10
Unit 4 Lesson 1: Present continuous for future plans..................................................................11
Unit 4 Lesson 2: Object pronouns..................................................................................................12
Unit 5 Lesson 1: Simple past...........................................................................................................13
Unit 5 Lesson 2: Simple past negative and questions.................................................................15
Unit 6 Lesson 1: “be going to”.........................................................................................................16
Unit 6 Lesson 2: Determiners..........................................................................................................17
Unit 7 Lesson 1: Quantifiers for count and non-count nouns......................................................18
Unit 7 Lesson 2: Verb patterns.......................................................................................................20
Unit 8 Lesson 1: “if” and “when”......................................................................................................21
Unit 8 Lesson 2: Giving reasons using “to” and “for”...................................................................22
Unit 9 Lesson 1: Comparative adjectives......................................................................................23
Unit 9 Lesson 2: Superlative adjectives.........................................................................................24
Unit 10 Lesson 1: “have to”.............................................................................................................25
Unit 10 Lesson 2: Making predictions with "will,” "may," and "might"........................................26
Unit 11 Lesson 1: Present perfect for experience........................................................................27
Unit 11 Lesson 2: Present perfect and simple past......................................................................29
Unit 12 Lesson 1: Questions with “be like”....................................................................................30
Unit 12 Lesson 2: Relative pronouns "who," "which," "that"........................................................31
Affirmative sentences
In affirmative sentences the correct form of be is:
I am
He/She/It is
You/We/They are
Examples:
“I am from Indiana.”
“He/She is my roommate.”
“You/We/They are close friends.”
Negative sentences
In negative sentences the correct form of be is:
I'm not
He’s/She’s/It’s not
You’re/We’re/They’re not
For negative sentences with be you can also use:
He/She/It isn’t
You/We/They aren’t
Examples:
“I'm not from Florida.”
“He's not my classmate.”
“They're not close friends.” / “They aren’t close friends.”
The form of the possessive adjective is the same before a singular or a plural
noun.
Example:
“It’s our umbrella. Those are our gloves.”
You can use the possessive adjectives its or their to refer to things.
Example:
“Where is my phone? I can hear its ringtone!”
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives show the person or the people who have the thing. The
possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
The form of the possessive adjective is the same before a singular or a plural
noun.
You can use the possessive adjectives its or their to refer to things.
Examples:
“That’s my grandson’s bag.”
“Are these your gloves?”
“Can I have my gloves, please?”
“They’re not her gloves. They’re his gloves.”
Possessive pronouns
A pronoun is a noun that is used in place of another noun. The possessive
pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs.
Spelling rules for he, she, and it forms of a verb in the simple present:
For most verbs, add -s (sleeps, runs)
For verbs that end in -s, -sh, -ch or -x, add -es (relaxes, watches)
For verbs that end in consonant plus -y, change -y to -i, and add -es (for
example, “study” changes to “studies”; “carry” changes to “carries”)
Note: be, have, do, and go are irregular (is, has, does, goes)
Examples:
“I do the laundry and the cooking.”
“Julia sleeps six hours a night.”
Negative sentences
Use don't in negative sentences with I, you, we, or they.
Use doesn’t in negative sentences with he, she, or it.
Examples:
“My roommate doesn’t do anything.”
“Julia doesn’t need more exercise.”
Questions
In questions with I, you, we, and they, use do.
In questions with he, she, and it, use does.
The question word (what, when, where, who, why, how) goes before do or does.
Examples:
“Do you do the laundry?”
“Does Julia sleep a lot?”
“What does Julia know about her life?”
“How often do you have something to drink?”
Short answers
Use do/don’t in short answers with I, you, we, or they: Yes, I/you/we/they do.
No, I/you/we/they don’t.
Use does/doesn’t in short answers with he, she, or it: Yes, he/she/it does. No,
he/she/it doesn’t.
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency include always, never, usually, and sometimes.
These adverbs go before the verb. If the verb is be, the adverbs go after it.
Examples:
“My day usually starts at 7:00 a.m.”
“I am never late to class.”
Time expressions
Time expressions, also called time phrases, include:
every day, every evening/week/month
on Monday/the weekend
in the morning/the afternoon/the evening
Use that one to talk about a thing (singular) that is far from you.
Use these ones to talk about things (plural) that are near you.
Use those ones to talk about things (plural) that are far from you.
Examples:
“Is that your coffee? The one on the table?” / ”No, this one is my coffee. The one I’m
holding.”
“These headphones don’t work. I can’t hear anything.” / ”You can use those ones on
the shelf.”
Negative
For negative sentences, use am/are/is plus not plus verb plus -ing:
I'm not plus verb with -ing
you're not plus verb with -ing
he's or she's not plus verb with -ing
we’re not plus verb with -ing
they're not plus verb with -ing
Examples:
“They’re not playing music.”
“We’re not listening.”
The question word (what, when, where, who, why, how) goes before am, are,
or is.
Use time expressions like always, sometimes, usually, on the weekend, every
day with the simple present.
Examples:
“I love surprise parties!”
“She always visits her family on the weekend.”
“He comes from Brazil.”
Present continuous
Use the present continuous to talk about actions that happen at the time of
speaking.
Use time expressions like at the moment or right now with the present
continuous.
Examples:
“I'm not wearing a jacket, so I'm really cold!”
“They’re watching a game.”
“What is he doing now?”
Time expressions
You can use time expressions to add information and to make it clear that the
plans are in the future.
Examples:
“I’m going camping this weekend with some friends from work.”
“We’re having a big barbecue tomorrow night.”
“We’re getting up early on Sunday.”
Affirmative sentences
You can use the present continuous in affirmative sentences.
Example:
“We are biking up the mountain in the morning.”
Negative sentences
You can use the present continuous in negative sentences.
Example:
“I am not leaving you home alone on your birthday!”
Questions
You can use the present continuous in questions.
Examples:
“Are you having a barbecue tomorrow night?”
“What are you doing this weekend?”
Negative of “be”
For negative statements, the simple past of be is wasn’t or weren’t.
Regular verbs
The simple past of regular verbs ends in -ed. The form is the same for all
persons.
If the verb ends in "consonant, -y," change the -y to -i and add -ed (try – tried).
If the verb ends in "consonant, vowel, consonant," double the final consonant and
add -ed (stop – stopped).
Examples:
“I cleaned this yesterday!”
“We studied for our exams.”
Irregular verbs
The simple past of irregular verbs doesn’t end in -ed.
Examples:
“I saw her in the backyard!”
“He came in from the backyard and ran in here.”
Negative sentences
Use didn’t for negative sentences in the simple past. Use didn’t for all subjects.
The main verb in a negative sentence is not in the simple past.
Examples:
“I didn’t break any dishes.”
“She didn’t feed him.”
Answering questions
To answer a question in the simple past, use:
Yes, (subject) did.
No, (subject) didn’t.
Examples:
“Did you order a large pizza?” / “Yes, he did.”
“Did you drop any food on the couch?” / “No, we didn’t.”
Negative sentences
For negative sentences, use (Subject) be not going to (verb):
I am not going to (verb)
you are not going to (verb)
he/she/it is not going to (verb)
we are not going to (verb)
they are not going to (verb)
Examples:
"I'm not going to buy that hat. I decided I don't like it."
“She is not going to go to work.”
“We’re not going to come back next year.”
The question word (what, when, where, who, why, how) goes before am, are,
or is.
When you want to talk about things/people in general, use determiners like no,
some, and many with a plural noun.
When you want to talk about specific things or people, use determiners like none,
some, and many with of the and a plural noun.
You can use an object pronoun (for example, them) instead of the noun.
The determiner no always goes with a noun (not of the plus a noun).
Examples:
"We have many computers."
"Many of them are on sale."
“I go grocery shopping most weekends.”
“I went after work to get some eggs for dinner.”
"No printers are on sale."
Count nouns
Count nouns can be singular or plural (for example, one onion, two onions).
Non-count nouns
Non-count nouns only have one form (for example, soup).
Some nouns can be count and non-count (for example, chicken is a count noun
when you are talking about the whole animal, but chicken is a non-count noun
when you are talking about the meat.).
Examples:
“I bought two chickens at the grocery store.”
“You need to buy a lot of chicken.”
verb verb-ing: the verb that follows verb phrases like can’t stand, don’t mind
and enjoy is verb plus -ing
Examples:
"I don't mind cooking."
"I can’t stand cooking!"
verb to verb: the verb that follows verbs like want, need, would like, forget, and
hope is to plus verb
Examples:
"People want to make healthy choices."
"I always forget to go to the market."
verb to verb or verb verb-ing: some verbs (love, prefer, like, hate) take both
forms. The meaning doesn’t change
Examples:
"I prefer drinking / to drink cold water."
"I love eating / to eat out."
Sentences with if have two parts: the main clause and the “if” clause. The verbs
in both clauses are in the simple present tense.
The two clauses can go in either order. Use a comma after the "if" clause when it
comes first.
Generally, if and when have the same meaning, but it's better to use if for a
situation that is not certain to happen.
Examples:
"If I’m late for work, I take a taxi."
"When I'm on vacation, I try to go to the beach."
"I go to the airport about two hours early if I travel by plane."
You can also use if and when to talk about things that are always true, like
scientific facts.
Examples:
"If you put salt in water, it dissolves."
"Water turns into ice when it gets really cold."
"When you play music, beautiful sounds fill the air."
The information after for and to shows the reasons why someone does
something or why something happens.
Long adjectives
To make the comparative form of long adjectives, use more or less before the
adjective.
Short adjectives
To form the superlative with short adjectives, add est or st (for example, long –
the longest, nice – the nicest).
If the adjective ends in y, change the y to i and add est (for example, rainy – the
rainiest).
Some adjectives are irregular (for example, good – the best, bad – the worst).
Examples:
"We went at the hottest time of year."
“She went to the beach on the rainiest day.”
“I think chocolate is the best flavor of ice cream.”
Long adjectives
To form the superlative with longer adjectives, add the most or the least before
the adjective (for example, beautiful – the most beautiful, the least beautiful).
Examples:
“It was the most exciting trip.”
“Football is the least interesting sport.”
“He was the most sensitive child.”
Negative sentences
Use don’t have to or doesn’t have to and a verb to say something isn’t
necessary.
Examples
“I don’t have to work in the evenings.”
“He doesn’t have to buy a mat.”
Questions
To ask a question, use do or does then the subject then have to and a verb.
Examples:
"Does he have to buy a mat?"
“Do I have to wear anything special?”
Short answers
Use do/does or don't/doesn't in short answers.
Examples:
"Does he have to buy a mat?" "No, he doesn't."
"Do we have to take off our shoes?" "Yes, you do."
Use might or may when you're not sure about your prediction or there are
options.
Use will, may, and might with another verb (the main verb). Do not use to
before the main verb.
Use possibly and probably with will when you're not sure. Use possibly and
probably after will and before the main verb (for example, “You’ll probably feel
stressed.”)
You can also use maybe at the beginning of the sentence (for example, “Maybe
I’ll go out with friends after work.”)
Notice:
'll is the contracted form of will.
won't is the contracted form of will not.
Examples:
“You’ll learn a lot this week.”
“Well, you certainly won’t be bored!”
“It might not be easy to work with the animals.”
“I may show visitors around the park.”
“Will you work with any cool animals?”
Don't use two modals together. When you want to use can with another modal
verb, it changes to be able to.
Examples:
“I can't find the lizards. I might not be able to find the lizards.”
“I can help the vets in the clinic. I'll be able to help the vets in the clinic.”
The short form of have is 've. The short form of has is 's.
Examples:
“I've eaten an eraser.”
“It's knocked me down.”
Negative statements
Use have/has not and the past participle for negative statements. You can also
use never instead of not.
The short form of have not is haven't. The short form of has not is hasn't.
Examples:
“He hasn't stayed awake until morning, but I have.”
“I've never kissed a spider.”
Use ever to ask if something has happened at any time in the past
Examples:
“Have you ever stayed awake all night?”
“Has the wind ever knocked you down? Yes, it has.” / “No, it hasn't.”
Past participles
The past participle is another verb form. The present perfect uses the auxiliary
verb have and the past participle form of the verb. For regular verbs, the past
participle looks the same as the simple past. For irregular verbs the past
participle changes.
Regular past participle:
simple past: stayed
past participle: stayed
Regular example:
"I haven't stayed awake all night." (the past participle is stayed)
Irregular example:
"I've eaten an eraser." (the past participle is eaten)
Use the present perfect when you don’t know exactly when something happened.
Examples:
"I’ve never posted a video on social media. Have you?"
"Oh, yes. I've posted videos lots of times. I posted one today!"
Simple past
Use the simple past to talk about something that happened at a specific time in
the past (for example, yesterday, last year, at her birthday party).
Use the simple past when you know exactly when something happened.
Examples
"Have you ever been to China?"
"Yes, I have. I went there last year."
Use the correct form of be with like to ask for details and or a description of
something.