Fee 361 Steel and Iron Notes

1.
0 Iron alloys
1.1 Production of iron
1.2 Fe-C phase diagram
1.3 Types of steels, properties and uses
1.4 Heat treatment of steels, case hardening
1.5 Cast irons
1.6 Stainless steels
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Text books
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering:

An Integrated Approach Wiley William D.
Callister, David G. Rethwisch
Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials,

Processes, and Systems Wiley Mikell P. Groover
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Introduction
IRON
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Iron Age
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Earth crust composition- iron = 4.5-5%
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Common iron ores from earth’s crust
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1.1 Production of Iron
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Limestone
A Blast Furnace
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Meteorite falling from space (source of ores)
Coal/coke (source of carbon)

limestone
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1.2 Fe-C Phase diagram-Introduction
Pure iron has two crystalline forms, one

BCC, commonly called α - iron which
remains stable from low temperatures
upto 910°C (1414°F) when it changes to
FCC called γ – iron.
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The γ - iron remains stable upto 1394°C
(2554°F), when it reverts to BCC form
now called as δ - iron, which is stable
upto the melting point of iron (1539°C
or 2802°F).
All the allotropic changes give off heat

(exothermic) when iron is cooled and
absorb heat (endothermic) when iron is
heated
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COOLING CURVE FOR PURE IRON
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The Fe - C diagram (also called the
iron - carbon phase or equilibrium
diagram) is a graphic representation
of the respective microstructure
states of the alloy iron - carbon (Fe-
C) depending on temperature and
carbon content.
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a) Describes the iron-carbon system
of alloys containing up to 6.67% of
carbon.
b) Discloses the phases, compositions and

their transformations occurring with the
alloys during their cooling or heating.
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Water Phase Diagram as an example of water phase changes
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The Figure below shows the Fe-Fe3C
phase diagram:
1)Briefly give an explanation of the Fe-Fe3C phase
diagram.
2)Calculate the phases present at the eutectoid
composition line at: T = 1500ºC, T = 1100ºC and
at T = 720ºC
3)Calculate the phases in the cast-iron portion of
the diagram at the eutectic composition at: T =
1500ºC, T = 800ºC and at T = 720ºC.
1.3 Types of steels, properties and uses
1.Carbon Steel
Carbon steel is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content
(WC≤2%) .
Carbon steel generally contains a small amount of silicon,

manganese, sulfur and phosphorus in addition to carbon.
There are three main types of carbon steel:
1) Low carbon steel (Low carbon steel is the most common and
typically contains less than 0.30% of carbon).
2) Medium carbon steel (Medium carbon steel contains up to
0.60% of carbon as well as manganese and is much stronger
than low carbon steel). , and
3) High carbon steel. (High carbon steel contains up to 1.5%
carbon steel and is the strongest of the categories and can
often be hard to work with).
2. Alloy Steel
In addition to iron, carbon and a small amount of silicon,
manganese, phosphorus and sulfur, steel also contains a certain
amount of alloying elements.
The alloying elements in steel are silicon, manganese,

molybdenum, nickel, chromium, vanadium, titanium, niobium,
boron, lead, rare earth and so on.
This kind of steel is called alloy steel. Alloy steels tend to be

cheaper and are used in mechanical work, car parts, pipelines, and
motors. The strength and property of alloy steels depends on the
concentration of elements they contain.
3 Tool Steel
Tool steels are the steels used in the manufacture of cutting tools, gauges, molds and wear
resistant tools. Tool steel is generally divided into carbon tool steel, alloy tool steel and
high-speed tool steel. After heat treatment, the service hardness of high-speed tool steels
can reach HRC63 and maintain high hardness at the operating temperature of about
600℃. Besides, the toughness, wear resistance and heat resistance of high-speed tool
steels are good.
Tool steels are made up of vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum, and tungsten in different
amounts, which improve its durability and heat resistance properties. They are also
commonly used to make hammers.
4 Stainless Steel
Stainless steel function is mainly to add the stainless
element - chromium. When the chromium content is greater
than 12%, the surface of stainless steel will form a layer of
oxide film, also known as passivation film, with this layer
of oxide film will not be easy to dissolve in acid, alkali, salt
and other chemical corrosive media, played a good
isolation effect, has a strong corrosion resistance.
It has a low carbon content Stainless steel contains the
alloy chromium and can also include nickel or
molybdenum. Stainless steel is strong and can withstand
high temperatures
5 Structural steel
Structural steel Steel used to produce the
structure of mechanical engineering
components. Bolts, keys, shafts, gears, all kinds
of stamping parts, welding structure parts,
crankshafts, drive shafts, springs, etc.
1.4 Heat treatment of steels
1.5 Cast iron

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1.

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering:

Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials,

Coal/coke (source of carbon)

Pure iron has two crystalline forms, one

All the allotropic changes give off heat

b) Discloses the phases, compositions and

Carbon steel generally contains a small amount of silicon,

The alloying elements in steel are silicon, manganese,

This kind of steel is called alloy steel. Alloy steels tend to be

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