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The first demo of the language that was to become JavaScript took place almost exactly 25 years ago. The language was released, as LiveScirpt, in a beta of Netscape Navigator in the fall of 1995, and renamed to JavaScript later that year. Sometime late that year I began work on the first edition (O’Reilly published it as the “beta edition”) of
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, and it was published in August of 1996, meaning that it is going on 24 years old now. With the seventh edition coming out in just a few weeks, I want to take a trip down memory lane and blog about some old weird features of JavaScript and of the early web platform that we can now, mercifully, forget about. More …
The seventh edition of my book, JavaScript: The Definitive Guide is scheduled for release less than a month from today. If you own the sixth edition, it is very much time for an upgrade. This post explains what has changed in this new edition. Most importantly, this edition is up-to-date and covers the very newest ES2020 features like ?. and ??. The
sixth edition covered ES5, which means that I have added documentation of all the language features of ES6, ES2016, ES2017, ES2018, ES2019 and ES2020 for this update. The first thing you’ll notice when you see the new edition More … Here’s the marketing copy I wrote for the back cover of the book: JavaScript is the programming language of
the web and is used by more software developers today than any other programming language. For nearly 25 years this best seller has been the go-to guide for JavaScript programmers. The seventh edition is fully updated to cover the 2020 version of JavaScript, and new chapters cover classes, modules, iterators, generators, Promises, async/await,
and metaprogramming. You’ll find illuminating and engaging example code throughout. More … I’ve started a new blog to celebrate the fact that after 9 years there will finally be a new seventh edition of JavaScript: The Definitive Guide! More … Table of contents : Preface Conventions Used in This Book Example Code O’Reilly Online Learning How to
Contact Us AcknowledgmentsIntroduction to JavaScript 1.1 Exploring JavaScript 1.2 Hello World 1.3 A Tour of JavaScript 1.4 Example: Character Frequency Histograms 1.5 SummaryLexical Structure 2.1 The Text of a JavaScript Program 2.2 Comments 2.3 Literals 2.4 Identifiers and Reserved Words 2.4.1 Reserved Words 2.5 Unicode 2.5.1 Unicode
Escape Sequences 2.5.2 Unicode Normalization 2.6 Optional Semicolons 2.7 SummaryTypes, Values, and Variables 3.1 Overview and Definitions 3.2 Numbers 3.2.1 Integer Literals 3.2.2 Floating-Point Literals 3.2.3 Arithmetic in JavaScript 3.2.4 Binary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors 3.2.5 Arbitrary Precision Integers with BigInt 3.2.6 Dates and
Times 3.3 Text 3.3.1 String Literals 3.3.2 Escape Sequences in String Literals 3.3.3 Working with Strings 3.3.4 Template Literals 3.3.5 Pattern Matching 3.4 Boolean Values 3.5 null and undefined 3.6 Symbols 3.7 The Global Object 3.8 Immutable Primitive Values and Mutable Object References 3.9 Type Conversions 3.9.1 Conversions and Equality
3.9.2 Explicit Conversions 3.9.3 Object to Primitive Conversions 3.10 Variable Declaration and Assignment 3.10.1 Declarations with let and const 3.10.2 Variable Declarations with var 3.10.3 Destructuring Assignment 3.11 SummaryExpressions and Operators 4.1 Primary Expressions 4.2 Object and Array Initializers 4.3 Function Definition
Expressions 4.4 Property Access Expressions 4.4.1 Conditional Property Access 4.5 Invocation Expressions 4.5.1 Conditional Invocation 4.6 Object Creation Expressions 4.7 Operator Overview 4.7.1 Number of Operands 4.7.2 Operand and Result Type 4.7.3 Operator Side Effects 4.7.4 Operator Precedence 4.7.5 Operator Associativity 4.7.6 Order of
Evaluation 4.8 Arithmetic Expressions 4.8.1 The + Operator 4.8.2 Unary Arithmetic Operators 4.8.3 Bitwise Operators 4.9 Relational Expressions 4.9.1 Equality and Inequality Operators 4.9.2 Comparison Operators 4.9.3 The in Operator 4.9.4 The instanceof Operator 4.10 Logical Expressions 4.10.1 Logical AND (&&) 4.10.2 Logical OR (||) 4.10.3
Logical NOT (!) 4.11 Assignment Expressions 4.11.1 Assignment with Operation 4.12 Evaluation Expressions 4.12.1 eval() 4.12.2 Global eval() 4.12.3 Strict eval() 4.13 Miscellaneous Operators 4.13.1 The Conditional Operator (?:) 4.13.2 First-Defined (??) 4.13.3 The typeof Operator 4.13.4 The delete Operator 4.13.5 The await Operator 4.13.6 The void
Operator 4.13.7 The comma Operator (,) 4.14 SummaryStatements 5.1 Expression Statements 5.2 Compound and Empty Statements 5.3 Conditionals 5.3.1 if 5.3.2 else if 5.3.3 switch 5.4 Loops 5.4.1 while 5.4.2 do/while 5.4.3 for 5.4.4 for/of 5.4.5 for/in 5.5 Jumps 5.5.1 Labeled Statements 5.5.2 break 5.5.3 continue 5.5.4 return 5.5.5 yield 5.5.6 throw
5.5.7 try/catch/finally 5.6 Miscellaneous Statements 5.6.1 with 5.6.2 debugger 5.6.3 “use strict” 5.7 Declarations 5.7.1 const, let, and var 5.7.2 function 5.7.3 class 5.7.4 import and export 5.8 Summary of JavaScript StatementsObjects 6.1 Introduction to Objects 6.2 Creating Objects 6.2.1 Object Literals 6.2.2 Creating Objects with new 6.2.3
Prototypes 6.2.4 Object.create() 6.3 Querying and Setting Properties 6.3.1 Objects As Associative Arrays 6.3.2 Inheritance 6.3.3 Property Access Errors 6.4 Deleting Properties 6.5 Testing Properties 6.6 Enumerating Properties 6.6.1 Property Enumeration Order 6.7 Extending Objects 6.8 Serializing Objects 6.9 Object Methods 6.9.1 The toString()
Method 6.9.2 The toLocaleString() Method 6.9.3 The valueOf() Method 6.9.4 The toJSON() Method 6.10 Extended Object Literal Syntax 6.10.1 Shorthand Properties 6.10.2 Computed Property Names 6.10.3 Symbols as Property Names 6.10.4 Spread Operator 6.10.5 Shorthand Methods 6.10.6 Property Getters and Setters 6.11 SummaryArrays 7.1
Creating Arrays 7.1.1 Array Literals 7.1.2 The Spread Operator 7.1.3 The Array() Constructor 7.1.4 Array.of() 7.1.5 Array.from() 7.2 Reading and Writing Array Elements 7.3 Sparse Arrays 7.4 Array Length 7.5 Adding and Deleting Array Elements 7.6 Iterating Arrays 7.7 Multidimensional Arrays 7.8 Array Methods 7.8.1 Array Iterator Methods 7.8.2
Flattening arrays with flat() and flatMap() 7.8.3 Adding arrays with concat() 7.8.4 Stacks and Queues with push(), pop(), shift(), and unshift() 7.8.5 Subarrays with slice(), splice(), fill(), and copyWithin() 7.8.6 Array Searching and Sorting Methods 7.8.7 Array to String Conversions 7.8.8 Static Array Functions 7.9 Array-Like Objects 7.10 Strings as
Arrays 7.11 SummaryFunctions 8.1 Defining Functions 8.1.1 Function Declarations 8.1.2 Function Expressions 8.1.3 Arrow Functions 8.1.4 Nested Functions 8.2 Invoking Functions 8.2.1 Function Invocation 8.2.2 Method Invocation 8.2.3 Constructor Invocation 8.2.4 Indirect Invocation 8.2.5 Implicit Function Invocation 8.3 Function Arguments and
Parameters 8.3.1 Optional Parameters and Defaults 8.3.2 Rest Parameters and Variable-Length Argument Lists 8.3.3 The Arguments Object 8.3.4 The Spread Operator for Function Calls 8.3.5 Destructuring Function Arguments into Parameters 8.3.6 Argument Types 8.4 Functions as Values 8.4.1 Defining Your Own Function Properties 8.5 Functions
as Namespaces 8.6 Closures 8.7 Function Properties, Methods, and Constructor 8.7.1 The length Property 8.7.2 The name Property 8.7.3 The prototype Property 8.7.4 The call() and apply() Methods 8.7.5 The bind() Method 8.7.6 The toString() Method 8.7.7 The Function() Constructor 8.8 Functional Programming 8.8.1 Processing Arrays with
Functions 8.8.2 Higher-Order Functions 8.8.3 Partial Application of Functions 8.8.4 Memoization 8.9 SummaryClasses 9.1 Classes and Prototypes 9.2 Classes and Constructors 9.2.1 Constructors, Class Identity, and instanceof 9.2.2 The constructor Property 9.3 Classes with the class Keyword 9.3.1 Static Methods 9.3.2 Getters, Setters, and other
Method Forms 9.3.3 Public, Private, and Static Fields 9.3.4 Example: A Complex Number Class 9.4 Adding Methods to Existing Classes 9.5 Subclasses 9.5.1 Subclasses and Prototypes 9.5.2 Subclasses with extends and super 9.5.3 Delegation Instead of Inheritance 9.5.4 Class Hierarchies and Abstract Classes 9.6 SummaryModules 10.1 Modules with
Classes, Objects, and Closures 10.1.1 Automating Closure-Based Modularity 10.2 Modules in Node 10.2.1 Node Exports 10.2.2 Node Imports 10.2.3 Node-Style Modules on the Web 10.3 Modules in ES6 10.3.1 ES6 Exports 10.3.2 ES6 Imports 10.3.3 Imports and Exports with Renaming 10.3.4 Re-Exports 10.3.5 JavaScript Modules on the Web 10.3.6
Dynamic Imports with import() 10.3.7 import.meta.url 10.4 SummaryThe JavaScript Standard Library 11.1 Sets and Maps 11.1.1 The Set Class 11.1.2 The Map Class 11.1.3 WeakMap and WeakSet 11.2 Typed Arrays and Binary Data 11.2.1 Typed Array Types 11.2.2 Creating Typed Arrays 11.2.3 Using Typed Arrays 11.2.4 Typed Array Methods and
Properties 11.2.5 DataView and Endianness 11.3 Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions 11.3.1 Defining Regular Expressions 11.3.2 String Methods for Pattern Matching 11.3.3 The RegExp Class 11.4 Dates and Times 11.4.1 Timestamps 11.4.2 Date Arithmetic 11.4.3 Formatting and Parsing Date Strings 11.5 Error Classes 11.6 JSON
Serialization and Parsing 11.6.1 JSON Customizations 11.7 The Internationalization API 11.7.1 Formatting Numbers 11.7.2 Formatting Dates and Times 11.7.3 Comparing Strings 11.8 The Console API 11.8.1 Formatted Output with Console 11.9 URL APIs 11.9.1 Legacy URL Functions 11.10 Timers 11.11 SummaryIterators and Generators 12.1 How
Iterators Work 12.2 Implementing Iterable Objects 12.2.1 “Closing” an Iterator: The Return Method 12.3 Generators 12.3.1 Generator Examples 12.3.2 yield* and Recursive Generators 12.4 Advanced Generator Features 12.4.1 The Return Value of a Generator Function 12.4.2 The Value of a yield Expression 12.4.3 The return() and throw() Methods
of a Generator 12.4.4 A Final Note About Generators 12.5 SummaryAsynchronous JavaScript 13.1 Asynchronous Programming with Callbacks 13.1.1 Timers 13.1.2 Events 13.1.3 Network Events 13.1.4 Callbacks and Events in Node 13.2 Promises 13.2.1 Using Promises 13.2.2 Chaining Promises 13.2.3 Resolving Promises 13.2.4 More on Promises and
Errors 13.2.5 Promises in Parallel 13.2.6 Making Promises 13.2.7 Promises in Sequence 13.3 async and await 13.3.1 await Expressions 13.3.2 async Functions 13.3.3 Awaiting Multiple Promises 13.3.4 Implementation Details 13.4 Asynchronous Iteration 13.4.1 The for/await Loop 13.4.2 Asynchronous Iterators 13.4.3 Asynchronous Generators 13.4.4
Implementing Asynchronous Iterators 13.5 SummaryMetaprogramming 14.1 Property Attributes 14.2 Object Extensibility 14.3 The prototype Attribute 14.4 Well-Known Symbols 14.4.1 Symbol.iterator and Symbol.asyncIterator 14.4.2 Symbol.hasInstance 14.4.3 Symbol.toStringTag 14.4.4 Symbol.species 14.4.5 Symbol.isConcatSpreadable 14.4.6
Pattern-Matching Symbols 14.4.7 Symbol.toPrimitive 14.4.8 Symbol.unscopables 14.5 Template Tags 14.6 The Reflect API 14.7 Proxy Objects 14.7.1 Proxy Invariants 14.8 SummaryJavaScript in Web Browsers 15.1 Web Programming Basics 15.1.1 JavaScript in HTML Tags 15.1.2 The Document Object Model 15.1.3 The Global Object in Web Browsers
15.1.4 Scripts Share a Namespace 15.1.5 Execution of JavaScript Programs 15.1.6 Program Input and Output 15.1.7 Program Errors 15.1.8 The Web Security Model 15.2 Events 15.2.1 Event Categories 15.2.2 Registering Event Handlers 15.2.3 Event Handler Invocation 15.2.4 Event Propagation 15.2.5 Event Cancellation 15.2.6 Dispatching Custom
Events 15.3 Scripting Documents 15.3.1 Selecting Document Elements 15.3.2 Document Structure and Traversal 15.3.3 Attributes 15.3.4 Element Content 15.3.5 Creating, Inserting, and Deleting Nodes 15.3.6 Example: Generating a Table of Contents 15.4 Scripting CSS 15.4.1 CSS Classes 15.4.2 Inline Styles 15.4.3 Computed Styles 15.4.4 Scripting
Stylesheets 15.4.5 CSS Animations and Events 15.5 Document Geometry and Scrolling 15.5.1 Document Coordinates and Viewport Coordinates 15.5.2 Querying the Geometry of an Element 15.5.3 Determining the Element at a Point 15.5.4 Scrolling 15.5.5 Viewport Size, Content Size, and Scroll Position 15.6 Web Components 15.6.1 Using Web
Components 15.6.2 HTML Templates 15.6.3 Custom Elements 15.6.4 Shadow DOM 15.6.5 Example: a Web Component 15.7 SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics 15.7.1 SVG in HTML 15.7.2 Scripting SVG 15.7.3 Creating SVG Images with JavaScript 15.8 Graphics in a 15.8.1 Paths and Polygons 15.8.2 Canvas Dimensions and Coordinates 15.8.3 Graphics
Attributes 15.8.4 Canvas Drawing Operations 15.8.5 Coordinate System Transforms 15.8.6 Clipping 15.8.7 Pixel Manipulation 15.9 Audio APIs 15.9.1 The Audio() Constructor 15.9.2 The WebAudio API 15.10 Location, Navigation, and History 15.10.1 Loading New Documents 15.10.2 Browsing History 15.10.3 History Management with hashchange
Events 15.10.4 History Management with pushState() 15.11 Networking 15.11.1 fetch() 15.11.2 Server-Sent Events 15.11.3 WebSockets 15.12 Storage 15.12.1 localStorage and sessionStorage 15.12.2 Cookies 15.12.3 IndexedDB 15.13 Worker Threads and Messaging 15.13.1 Worker Objects 15.13.2 The Global Object in Workers 15.13.3 Importing
Code into a Worker 15.13.4 Worker Execution Model 15.13.5 postMessage(), MessagePorts, and MessageChannels 15.13.6 Cross-Origin Messaging with postMessage() 15.14 Example: The Mandelbrot Set 15.15 Summary and Suggestions for Further Reading 15.15.1 HTML and CSS 15.15.2 Performance 15.15.3 Security 15.15.4 WebAssembly 15.15.5
More Document and Window Features 15.15.6 Events 15.15.7 Progressive Web Apps and Service Workers 15.15.8 Mobile Device APIs 15.15.9 Binary APIs 15.15.10 Media APIs 15.15.11 Cryptography and Related APIsServer-Side JavaScript with Node 16.1 Node Programming Basics 16.1.1 Console Output 16.1.2 Command-Line Arguments and
Environment Variables 16.1.3 Program Life Cycle 16.1.4 Node Modules 16.1.5 The Node Package Manager 16.2 Node Is Asynchronous by Default 16.3 Buffers 16.4 Events and EventEmitter 16.5 Streams 16.5.1 Pipes 16.5.2 Asynchronous Iteration 16.5.3 Writing to Streams and Handling Backpressure 16.5.4 Reading Streams with Events 16.6
Process, CPU, and Operating System Details 16.7 Working with Files 16.7.1 Paths, File Descriptors, and FileHandles 16.7.2 Reading Files 16.7.3 Writing Files 16.7.4 File Operations 16.7.5 File Metadata 16.7.6 Working with Directories 16.8 HTTP Clients and Servers 16.9 Non-HTTP Network Servers and Clients 16.10 Working with Child Processes
16.10.1 execSync() and execFileSync() 16.10.2 exec() and execFile() 16.10.3 spawn() 16.10.4 fork() 16.11 Worker Threads 16.11.1 Creating Workers and Passing Messages 16.11.2 The Worker Execution Environment 16.11.3 Communication Channels and MessagePorts 16.11.4 Transferring MessagePorts and Typed Arrays 16.11.5 Sharing Typed
Arrays Between Threads 16.12 SummaryJavaScript Tools and Extensions 17.1 Linting with ESLint 17.2 JavaScript Formatting with Prettier 17.3 Unit Testing with Jest 17.4 Package Management with npm 17.5 Code Bundling 17.6 Transpilation with Babel 17.7 JSX: Markup Expressions in JavaScript 17.8 Type Checking with Flow 17.8.1 Installing and
Running Flow 17.8.2 Using Type Annotations 17.8.3 Class Types 17.8.4 Object Types 17.8.5 Type Aliases 17.8.6 Array Types 17.8.7 Other Parameterized Types 17.8.8 Read-Only Types 17.8.9 Function Types 17.8.10 Union Types 17.8.11 Enumerated Types and Discriminated Unions 17.9 SummaryIndex Polecaj historie
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