ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

Experiment – 01
FREESPACE PROPAGATION – PATH LOSS MODEL

Aim:
To determine the freespace loss and the power received using Matlab program.
Theory:
The free space path loss, also known as FSPL is the loss in signal strength that occurs when an
electromagnetic wave travels over a line of sight path in free space. In these circumstances there are
no obstacles that might cause the signal to be reflected refracted, or that might cause additional
attenuation. The free space path loss calculations only look at the loss of the path itself and do not
contain any factors relating to the transmitter power, antenna gains or the receiver sensitivity levels.
To understand the reasons for the free space path loss, it is possible to imagine a signal spreading out
from a transmitter. It will move away from the source spreading out in the form of a sphere. As it does
so, the surface area of the sphere increases. As this will follow the law of the conservation of energy,
as the surface area of the sphere increases, so the intensity of the signal must decrease. As a result of
this it is found that the signal decreases in a way that is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the source of the radio signal

Free space path loss formula:

The free space path loss formula or free space path loss equation is quite simple to use. Not only is the
path loss proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver, but the signal
level is also proportional to the square of the frequency in use.

FSPL = (4πd/ λ)2 = (4πdf/ c)2

FSPL is the Free space path loss

d is the distance of the receiver from the transmitter (metres)
λ is the signal wavelength (metres)

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

f is the signal frequency (Hertz)

c is the speed of light in a vacuum (metres per second)
The free space path loss formula is applicable to situations where only the electromagnetic wave is
present, i.e. for far field situations. It does not hold true for near field situations.

Decibel version of free space path loss equation

Most RF comparisons and measurements are performed in decibels. This gives an easy and consistent
method to compare the signal levels present at various points. Accordingly it is very convenient to
express the free space path loss formula, FSPL, in terms of decibels..
FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f) + 32.44
Where:
d is the distance of the receiver from the transmitter (km)
f is the signal frequency (MHz)
Effect of antenna gain on path loss equation
The equation above does not include any component for antenna gains. It is assumed that the antenna
gain is unity for both the transmitter. In reality, though, all antennas will have a certain amount of gain
and this will affect the overall affect. Any antenna gain will reduce the "loss" when compared to a
unity gain system. The figures for antenna gain are relative to an isotropic source, i.e. an antenna that
radiates equally in all directions.
FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f) + 32.44 -Gtx - Grx
Where:
Gtx is the gain of the transmitter antenna relative to an isotropic source (dBi)
Grx is the gain of the receiver antenna relative to an isotropic source (dBi)
The free space path loss equation or formula given above, is an essential tool that is required when
making calculations for radio and wireless systems either manually or within applications such as
wireless survey tools, etc. By using the free space path loss equation, it is possible to determine the
signal strengths that may be expected in many scenarios. While the free space path loss formula is not
fully applicable where there are other interactions, e.g. reflection, refraction, etc as are present in most
real life applications, the equation can nevertheless be used to give an indication of what may be
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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

expected. It is obviously fully applicable to satellite systems where the paths conform closely to the
totally free space scenarios

Power Received:

[Pr] = [pt] + [Gt] + [Gr] – [FSPL]

Pr – Received power Pt – Transmitted power

Gt – Gain of the transmitting antenna Gr – Gain of the receiving antenna

%-----------Input section------------------------
Pt_dBm=52; %Input - Transmitted power in dBm
Gt_dBi=25; %Gain of the Transmitted antenna in dBi
Gr_dBi=15; %Gain of the Receiver antenna in dBi
f=110ˆ9; %Transmitted signal frequency in Hertz d =41935000(1:1:200)
%----------- ------------------------
MATLAB Program-1:
clc;
close all;
close all;
f=input('enter the frequency in Mhz: ');
L=300/f; %calculating wavelength
disp('thus the wavelength is: ');
L
d=input('enter the distance in km: ');
Gt=input('enter the transmitting antenna gain in db: ');
Gr=input('enter the receiving antenna gain in db: ');
Wt=input('enter the transmitted power in db: ');
ls=32.44+20*log10(d)+20*log10(f); %calculating path loss

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

disp(sprintf('%s %d %s','the path loss is:',ls,'db')); %displaying path loss

Wr=Wt+Gt+Gr-ls; %calculating received power in db
disp(sprintf('%s %d %s','the recieved power is:',Wr,'db'));
wr=10^(Wr/10); %calculating received power in watts
disp(sprintf('%s %d %s','the received power is:',wr,'watts'));
%displaying received power in watts
MATLAB Program-2:
% Free Space Propagation Loss
clc;
close all;
clear all;

f = input('Enter carrrier frequency(MHz)');

c = 300;
d = 1:1:10000;
Lp =((4*pi*d*f)/c).^2;

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(d,Lp,'b');
xlabel('x--> D (distance in Km)');
ylabel('y--> Lp (path loss)');
title('Free space model');
grid on

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(d,10*log(Lp),'r');
xlabel('x--> D (distance in Meter)');
ylabel('y--> Lp (Path loss in dB)');
title('Free space model');
grid on;

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

Experiment – 02
OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODEL - OKUMURA MODEL
Aim:
To write a Matlab program to calculate the median path loss for Okumura model for outdoor
propagation.

Theory:
The Okumura model for Urban Areas is a Radio propagation model that was built using the data
collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities with many urban structures
but not many tall blocking structures. The model served as a base for the Hata Model.

Okumura model was built into three modes. The ones for urban, suburban and open areas. The model
for urban areas was built first and used as the base for others.

Coverage
Frequency = 150 MHz to 1920 MHz
Mobile Station Antenna Height: between 1 m and 10 m
Base station Antenna Height: between 30 m and 1000 m
Link distance: between 1 km and 100 km

Mathematical formulation

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

The Okumura model is formally expressed as:

Okumura model does not provide a mean to measure the Free space loss. However, any standard
method for calculating the free space loss can be used.
Free Space loss = Free Space Path Loss = 20 log {4*3.14*d*f/c}
c = Speed of Light
d = distance
f = Frequency
BASE station antenna height gain factor = 20log(hte /200) 1000m > hte > 30 m
= 10 log (hte /200) hte < 30 m ( Approximation taken)
Mobile station antenna height gain factor = 10log(hre / 3) hre < 3 m
= 20 log(hre / 3) 10 m > hre > 3 m

Correction Factor GAIN @ 2.4 GHz from the Curves

= 33 (Open Area)
= 27 (Quasi Open Area)
= 13 ( Suburban Area)
Median Attenuation : function of frequency & distance
= 13 dB from curve @ 2.4 GHz & distance up to 1 Km.
MATLAB Program:
clc;

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

clear all;
close all;
Lfsl=input('enter the free space loss:');
Amu=input('enter the median attenuation value:');
Hmg=input('enter the Mobile station antenna height gain factor:');
Hbg=input('enter the Base station antenna height gain factor:');
Kc=input('enter the Correction factor gain:');
L=Lfsl+Amu-Hmg-Hbg-Kc; %calculating median path loss
disp(sprintf('%s %f %s','the median path loss:',L,'dB'));

Experiment – 03
OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODEL - HATA MODEL
Aim:
To write a Matlab program to calculate the median path loss for Hata model for outdoor propagation.

Theory:
In wireless communication, the Hata Model for Urban Areas, also known as the Okumura-Hata model
for being a developed version of the Okumura Model, is the most widely used radio frequency
propagation model for predicting the behaviour of cellular transmissions in built up areas. This model
incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to realize the
effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city structures. This model also has two more
varieties for transmission in Suburban Areas and Open Areas.
Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of cellular
communications.
This particular version of the Hata model is applicable to the radio propagation within urban areas.

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions and it is based on extensive
empirical measurements taken.
PCS is another extension of the Hata model. The Walfisch and Bertoni Model is further advanced.
Coverage
Frequency: 150 MHz to 1500 MHz
Mobile Station Antenna Height: between 1 m and 10 m
Base station Antenna Height: between 30 m and 200 m
Link distance: between 1 km and 20 km.

MATLAB Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=input('enter the frequency of transmisson in mhz:');
Hb=input('enter the height of base station Antenna in meter:');
Hm=input('enter the height of mobile station Antenna in meter:');

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 ADAMA SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Course: Wireless and Mobile Communication (ECE5201)

d=input('enter the distance between the base and mobile stations:');

n=input('enter 0 for small city and 1 for large city:');
if n==0
ch=0.8+(1.1*log10(f)-0.7)*Hm-1.56*log10(f);
else
if f>=150 && f<=200
ch=8.29*(log10(1.54*Hm))^.2-1.1;
else
if f>=200 && f<=1500
ch=3.2*(log10(11.75*Hm))^.2-4.97;
end;
end;
end;
Lu=69.55+26.26*log10(f)-13.82*log10(Hb)-ch+(44.9-6.55*log10(Hb))*log10(d);
disp(sprintf('%s %f %s','Path loss in Urban Areas=',Lu,'db'));

Experiment – 04
Cellular Mobile System Design