Class 12 Chapter 7 - Integrals

Exercise 7.5
Integrate the (rational) functions in Exercises 1 to 6:
x
1.
( x + 1)( x + 2)
x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
( x + 1)( x + 2)
x A B
Let integrand = + ...(i)
( x + 1)( x + 2) x+1 x+2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x + 2),
x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = Ax + 2A + Bx + B
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides, A + B = 1 ...(ii)
Comparing constants, 2A + B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii) and (iii) for A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – Eqn. (ii) gives, A = – 1
Putting A = – 1 in (ii), – 1 + B = 1 ⇒ B = 2
x −1 2
Putting values of A and B in (i), = +
( x + 1)( x + 2) x+1 x+2
x 1 1
∴ ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2) dx = – ∫ x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + 2 dx
= – log | x + 1 | + 2 log | x + 2 | + c
( x + 2)2
= log | x + 2 |2 – log | x + 1 | + c = log + c.
| x + 1|
( .. | t |2 = t2)
.
1
2.
x2 – 9
1
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function
x2 − 9
1 1
∫ x2 − 9
dx = ∫ x2 − 32
dx

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1 x−3  1 1 x–a 
=
2 × 3 log + c ∵

∫ 2
x –a 2
=
2a
log 
x+a 
x+3

1 x−3
= log + c.
6 x+3
OR
1 1 A B
Integrand = = +
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x−3 x+3
Now proceed as in the solution of Q.No.1.
3x – 1
3.
( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3) .
3x − 1
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)

3x − 1 A B C
Let integrand = + + ...(i)
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x − 1 x − 2 x −3
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3), we have
3x – 1 = A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)
= A(x2 – 5x + 6) + B(x2 – 4x + 3) + C(x2 – 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 5Ax + 6A + Bx2 – 4Bx + 3B + Cx2 – 3Cx + 2C
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
we have
Coefficients of x2: A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
Coefficient of x: – 5A – 4B – 3C = 3 or 5A + 4B + 3C = – 3 ...(iii)
Constants: 6A + 3B + 2C = – 1 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
Let us first form two Eqns. in two unknowns say A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – 3 Eqn. (i) gives (to eliminate C),
5A + 4B + 3C – 3A – 3B – 3C = – 3
or 2A + B = – 3 ...(v)
Eqn. (iv) – 2 Eqn. (i) gives (to eliminate C),
6A + 3B + 2C – 2A – 2B – 2C = – 1
or 4A + B = – 1 ...(vi)
Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (v) gives (to eliminate B),
2
2A = – 1 + 3 = 2 ⇒ A = = 1.
2
Putting A = 1 in (v), 2 + B = – 3 ⇒ B = – 5
Putting A = 1 and B = – 5 in (ii), 1 – 5 + C = 0
or C – 4 = 0 or C = 4
Putting values of A, B, C in (i),
3x − 1 1 5 4
= – +
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−1 x−2 x−3

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3x − 1
∴ ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
1 1 1
= ∫ dx – 5 ∫ dx + 4 ∫ dx
x−1 x−2 x−3
= log | x – 1 | – 5 log | x – 2 | + 4 log | x – 3 | + c.
x
4.
( x – 1)( x – 2)( x – 3)
x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) .
x A B C
Let integrand = + + ...(i)
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−1 x−2 x −3
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3),
x = A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x – 1)(x – 3) + C(x – 1)(x – 2)
= A(x2 – 5x + 6) + B(x2 – 4x + 3) + C(x2 – 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 5Ax + 6A + Bx2 – 4Bx + 3B + Cx2 – 3Cx + 2C
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
we have
x 2: A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x: – 5A – 4B – 3C = 1 or 5A + 4B + 3C = – 1 ...(iii)
Constants: 6A + 3B + 2C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
Let us first form two Eqns. in two unknowns say A and B.
Eqn. (iii) – 3 × Eqn. (ii) gives | To eliminate C
5A + 4B + 3C – 3A – 3B – 3C = – 1 or 2A + B = – 1 ...(v)
Eqn. (iv) – 2 × Eqn. (ii) gives | To eliminate C
4A + B = 0 ...(vi)
Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (v) gives (To eliminate B)
1
2A = 1 ∴ A=
2
1
Putting A = in (v), 1 + B = – 1 ⇒ B = – 2
2
1
Putting A = and B = – 2 in (ii),
2
1 −1 −1+ 4 3
– 2 + C = 0 ⇒ C = + 2 = =
2 2 2 2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i), we have
1 3
x 2 2 2
= – +
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x −1 x−2 x−3
x
∴ ∫
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) dx
1 1 1 3 1
2 ∫ x−1
= dx – 2 ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x−2 2 x−3
1 3
= log | x – 1 | – 2 log | x – 2 | + log | x – 3 | + c.
2 2
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2x
5.
x2 + 3x + 2
2x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
x2 + 3 x + 2
Now x2 + 3x + 2 = x2 + 2x + x + 2 = x(x + 2) + 1(x + 2)
= (x + 1)(x + 2)
2x 2x
∴ Integrand =
x + 3x + 2
2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
A B
= + ...(i)
x+1 x+2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying both sides by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x + 2),
2x = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = Ax + 2A + Bx + B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we
have
Coefficients of x: A + B = 2 ...(ii)
Constant terms: 2A + B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve (ii) and (iii) for A and B.
(iii) – (ii) gives A = – 2.
Putting A = – 2 in (ii), – 2 + B = 2. ∴ B = 4
2x −2 4
Putting values of A and B in (i), = +
x + 3x + 2
2 x+1 x+2
2x 1
∴ ∫ x2 + 3 x + 2
dx = – 2 ∫
1
x + 1 dx + 4 ∫ x + 2 dx
= – 2 log | x + 1 | + 4 log | x + 2 | + c
= 4 log | x + 2 | – 2 log | x + 1 | + c
2x
Remark: Alternative method to evaluate ∫ x2 + 3 x + 2
dx

Linear
is ∫ Quadratic
dx as explained in solutions in Exercise 7.4

(Exercise 18 and Exercise 22.

1 – x2
6.
x(1 – 2 x )
1 − x2 1 − x2 − x2 + 1
Sol. To integrate (rational) function = =
x(1 − 2 x) x − 2x 2
− 2x2 + x
[Here Degree of numerator = Degree of Denominator = 2
∴ We must divide numerator by denominator to make the
degree of numerator smaller than degree of denominator so that
we can form partial fractions.]
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1
– 2x2 + x ) – x2 + 1 ( 2
x
– x2 +
2
+ –
x
– + 1
2
 x 
1 − x2 Remainder 1  – + 1
2
∴ = Quotient + = +
x(1 − 2 x) Divisor 2 x(1 − 2 x)
  x 
1 − x2  1  − + 1 
∫  + 2 
∴
x(1 − 2 x)
dx = ∫  2 x(1 − 2x)  dx
 
x
1 − +1
=
2
∫ 1 dx + ∫ 2
x(1 − 2 x)
dx ...(i)

x
+1− A B
Let integrand 2 = + ...(ii)
x(1 − 2 x) x 1 − 2x
Multiplying by L.C.M. = x(1 – 2x),
x
– + 1 = A(1 – 2x) + Bx = A – 2Ax + Bx
2
−1
Comparing coefficients of x, – 2A + B = ...(iii)
2
Comparing constants, A = 1 ...(iv)
Putting A = 1 from (iv) in (iii),
−1 −1 −1+ 4 3
– 2 + B = ⇒ B = + 2 = or B =
2 2 2 2
Putting values of A and B in (ii),
x 3
− +1 1
2 = + 2
x(1 − 2 x) x 1 − 2x
x
− +1 1 3 1
∴ ∫ 2 dx = ∫ x
dx + ∫ 1 − 2x dx
x(1 − 2 x) 2
3 |1 − 2x|
= log | x | + log + c
2 − 2 → Coefficient of x
3
= log | x | –
log | 1 – 2x | + c
4
Putting this value in (i),
1 − x2 1 3
∫ x(1 − 2 x)
dx =
2
x + log | x | –
4
log | 1 – 2x | + c.

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Integrate the following functions in Exercises 7 to 12:

x
7.
( x 2 + 1)( x – 1)
x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
( x + 1)( x − 1)
2

x Ax + B C
Let integrand = 2 + ...(i)
( x2 + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x−1
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x2 + 1)(x – 1) on both sides,
x = (Ax + B)(x – 1) + C(x2 + 1)
⇒ x = Ax2 – Ax + Bx – B + Cx2 + C,
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
we have
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x – A + B = 1 ...(iii)
Constants – B + C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
Adding (ii) and (iii) to eliminate A, B + C = 1 ...(v)
1
Adding (iv) and (v), 2C = 1 ⇒ C =
2
1
From (iv), – B = – C ⇒ B = C =
2
−1
From (ii), A = – C =
2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i),
−1 1 1
x+
x 2 2
= + 2
( x2 + 1)( x − 1) x2 + 1 x −1
−1 x 1 1 1 1
= + . 2 +
2 x 2
+ 1 2 x + 1 2 x −1
−1 2x 1 1 1 1
= + +
4 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 2 x−1
x
∴ ∫ ( x2 + 1)( x − 1)
dx

−1 2x 1 1 1 1
=
4 ∫ x +12 dx +
2 ∫ x +1
2 dx +
2
∫ x − 1 dx
x −1 1
⇒ ∫ ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2
dx =
4
log | x2 + 1 | +
2
tan– 1 x

1  f ′( x) 
+ log | x – 1 | + c ∵ ∫ f ( x) dx = log| f ( x)|
2
−1 1 1
= log (x2 + 1) + tan– 1 x + log | x – 1 | + c
4 2 2
[... x2 + 1 > 0 ⇒ | x2 + 1 | = x2 + 1]
1 1 1
= log | x – 1 | – log (x2 + 1) + tan– 1 x + c.
2 4 2
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x
8.
( x – 1)2 ( x + 2)
x
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2)
x A B C
Let integrand = + + ...(i)
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2) x−1 ( x − 1)2 x+2
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying both sides of (i) by L.C.M. = (x – 1)2 (x + 2)
x = A(x – 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x – 1)2
or x = A(x2 + 2x – x – 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x2 + 1 – 2x)
or x = Ax2 + Ax – 2A + Bx + 2B + Cx2 + C – 2Cx
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x A + B – 2C = 1 ...(iii)
Constants – 2A + 2B + C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
From (ii), A = – C
Putting A = – C in (iv), 2C + 2B + C = 0
− 3C
⇒ 2B = – 3C ⇒ B =
2
Putting values of A and B in (iii),
− 3C
– C – – 2C = 1 ⇒ – 2C – 3C – 4C = 2
2
−2
⇒ – 9C = 2 ⇒ C =
9
−2 − 3C − 3  − 2 1 2
Putting C = , B = =   = ∴A = – C =
9 2 2  9  3 9
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i),
2 1 2
x
= 9 + 3 – 9
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2) x −1 ( x − 1)2 x+2
x
∴ ∫ dx
( x − 1)2 ( x + 2)
2 1 1 2 1
=
9 ∫ x−1
dx +
3 ∫
( x − 1) − 2 dx – ∫9 x+2
dx

2 1 ( x − 1) − 1 2
= log | x – 1 | + – log | x + 2 | + c
9 3 (− 1)(1) 9
2 1
= (log | x – 1 | – log | x + 2 |) –
9 3( x − 1) + c
2 x−1 1
= log
9 x+2 – 3( x − 1) + c.
3x + 5
9.
x3 – x2 – x + 1
3x + 5
Sol. To integrate the (rational) function .
x3 − x 2 − x + 1

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Now denominator = x3 – x2 – x + 1
= x2 (x – 1) – 1(x – 1) = (x – 1)(x2 – 1)
= (x – 1)(x – 1)(x + 1) = (x – 1)2 (x + 1)
3x + 5 3x + 5
∴ Integrand =
x3 − x 2 − x + 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x + 1)
A B C
=
x − 1 + ( x − 1)2 + x + 1 ...(i) (Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)2 (x + 1),
3x + 5 = A(x – 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x – 1)2
= A(x2 – 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x2 + 1 – 2x)
= Ax2 – A + Bx + B + Cx2 + C – 2Cx
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
x2 A + C = 0 ...(ii)
x B – 2C = 3 ...(iii)
Constants – A + B + C = 5 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
From (ii), A = – C and from (iii), B = 2C + 3
Putting these values of A and B in (iv),
2 1
C + 2C + 3 + C = 5 ⇒ 4C = 2 ⇒ C = =
4 2
1
∴ A = – C = –
2
 1
and B = 2C + 3 = 2   + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4.
 2
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i)
−1 1
3x + 5 4
= 2 + + 2
x3 − x 2 − x + 1 x −1 ( x − 1)2 x+1
3x + 5
∴ ∫ 3 dx
x − x2 − x + 1
−1 1 1 1
=
2
∫ x − 1 dx + 4 ∫ ( x − 1) − 2 dx +
2
∫ x + 1 dx
−1 ( x − 1) − 1 1
= log | x – 1 | + 4 + log | x + 1 | + c
2 (− 1)(1) 2
↓
Coeff. of x
1 4
= (log | x + 1 | – log | x – 1 |) – + c
2 x−1
1 x+1 4
= log – + c.
2 x−1 x−1
2x – 3
10. 2
( x – 1)(2 x + 3)
2x − 3
Sol. To integrate the rational function .
( x − 1)(2 x + 3)
2

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2x − 3 2x − 3
Let integrand =
( x2 − 1)(2 x + 3) ( x − 1)( x + 1)(2 x + 3)
A B C
= + + ...(i)
x−1 x+1 2x + 3
Multiplying both sides by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x + 1)(2x + 3),
2x – 3 = A(x + 1)(2x + 3) + B(x – 1)(2x + 3) + C(x – 1)(x + 1)
or 2x – 3 = A(2x2 + 3x + 2x + 3) + B(2x2 + 3x – 2x – 3) + C(x2 – 1)
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
x2 2A + 2B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x 5A + B = 2 ...(iii)
Constants 3A – 3B – C = – 3 ...(iv)
Let us solve Eqns. (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C.
Eqn. (ii) + Eqn. (iv) gives (to eliminate C)
5A – B = – 3 ...(v)
−1
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (v), 10A = – 1 ⇒ A =
10
−1 −5 1 5
Putting A = in (iii), + B = 2 ⇒B = 2 + =
10 10 2 2
Putting values of A and B in (ii),
−1 1 1 − 25 − 24
+ 5 + C = 0 ∴ C = – 5 = =
5 5 25 5
Putting values of A, B, C in (i),
−1 5 24
2x − 3
= 10 + 2 – 5
( x2 − 1)(2 x + 3) x −1 x+1 2x + 3
2x − 3
∴ ∫ 2 dx
( x − 1)(2 x + 3)
−1 1 5 1 24 1
=
10
∫ x − 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + 1 dx – 5 ∫ 2x + 3 dx
−1 log| x − 1| 5 log | x + 1| 24 log|2 x + 3|
= + – + c
10 1 → Coeff. of x 2 1 5 2 → Coeff. of x
−1 5 12
= log | x – 1 | + log | x + 1 | – log | 2x + 3 | + c
10 2 5
5 1 12
= log | x + 1 | – log | x – 1 | – log | 2x + 3 | + c.
2 10 5
5x
11.
( x + 1)( x 2 – 4)
5x
Sol. To integrate the rational function .
( x + 1)( x2 − 4)
5x 5x
Let integrand 2
=
( x + 1)( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 2)
A B C
= + + ...(i) (Partial fractions)
x+1 x+2 x−2

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Multiplying both sides of (i) by L.C.M.

= (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 2),
5x = A(x + 2)(x – 2) + B(x + 1)(x – 2) + C(x + 1)(x + 2)
= A(x2 – 4) + B(x2 – x – 2) + C(x2 + 3x + 2)
= Ax2 – 4A + Bx2 – Bx – 2B + Cx2 + 3Cx + 2C.
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides,
x2 A + B + C = 0 ...(ii)
x – B + 3C = 5 ...(iii)
Constants – 4A – 2B + 2C = 0
Dividing by – 2, 2A + B – C = 0 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii) and (iv) for A, B, C
Eqn. (ii) × 2 – Eqn. (iv) gives (To eliminate A) because Eqn. (iii)
does not involve A.
2A + 2B + 2C – (2A + B – C) = 0,
i.e., 2A + 2B + 2C – 2A – B + C = 0
⇒ B + 3C = 0 ...(v)
Adding Eqns. (iii) and (v),
5
6C = 5 ⇒ C =
6
5 15 15
Putting C = in (iii), – B + = 5 ⇒ – B = 5 –
6 6 6
30 − 15 15 5 −5
⇒ – B = = = ⇒ B =
6 6 2 2
−5 5 5 5
Putting B = and C = in (ii), A – + = 0
2 6 2 6
5 5 15 − 5 10 5
⇒ A= – = = =
2 6 6 6 3
Putting values of A, B, C in (i),
5 5 5
5x
= 3 – 2 + 6
( x + 1)( x2 − 4) x+1 x+2 x−2
5x 5 1 5 1 5 1
∴ ∫ ( x + 1)( x2 − 4
dx =
3
∫ x + 1 dx – 2 ∫ x + 2 dx + 6 ∫ x − 2 dx
5 5 5
= log | x + 1 | – log | x + 2 | + log | x – 2 | + c.
3 2 6
x3 + x + 1
12.
x2 – 1
Sol. Here degree of numerator is greater than degree of denominator.
Therefore, dividing the numerator by the denominator,
x2 – 1 ) x33 + x + 1 ( x
x – x
– +
2x + 1
x3 + x + 1 2x + 1
∴ = x+ 2 ...(i)
x2 − 1 x −1

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 Remainder 
 Rational function = Quotient + Divisor 
 
2x + 1 2 x + 1 A B
Let 2 =
x −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = x + 1 + x − 1 ...(ii)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x + 1)(x – 1), we have
2x + 1 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)
or 2x + 1 = Ax – A + Bx + B
By equating the coefficients of x and constant terms, we get
A + B = 2 ...(iii)
and – A + B = 1 ...(iv)
3
(iii) + (iv) gives 2B = 3 ⇒ B =
2
3 3 1
Putting B = in (iii), we get A + = 2 or A =
2 2 2
Putting values of A and B in eqn. (ii), we have
1 3
2x + 1 2 2
= +
x −1
2 x + 1 x −1
2x + 1
Putting this value of in (i),
x2 − 1
1 3
x3 + x + 1 2
= x+ + 2
x2 − 1 x+1 x −1
x3 + x + 1 1 1 3 1
∴ ∫ x2 − 1
dx = ∫ x dx +
2
∫ x + 1 dx + 2 ∫ x − 1 dx
x2 1 3
= + log | x + 1 | + log | x – 1 | + c.
2 2 2
Integrate the following functions in Exercises 13 to 17:
2
13.
(1 – x )(1 + x 2 )
2
Sol. To find integral of the Rational function .
(1 − x)(1 + x2 )
2 A Bx + C
Let integrand = + ...(i)
(1 − x)(1 + x2 ) 1− x 1 + x2
(Partial Fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (1 – x)(1 + x2)
2 = A(1 + x2) + (Bx + C)(1 – x)
or 2 = A + Ax2 + Bx – Bx2 + C – Cx
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms, we have
x2 A – B = 0 ...(ii)
x B – C = 0 ...(iii)
Constant terms A + C = 2 ...(iv)
Let us solve (ii), (iii), (iv) for A, B, C
From (ii), A = B and from (iii), B = C
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∴ A= B = C
Putting A = C in (iv), C + C = 2 or 2C = 2 or C = 1
∴ A= C = 1 ∴ B =A= 1
Putting these values of A, B, C in (i),
2 1 x+1 1 x 1
= + = + +
(1 − x)(1 + x2 ) 1− x 1 + x2 1− x 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1 2x 1
= + +
1− x 2 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1
∫ 1 + x2
2 1 2x
∴ ∫ (1 − x)(1 + x )
2
dx = ∫ 1− x
dx +
2 ∫ 1+ x 2
dx + dx

log|1 − x| 1
= + log | 1 + x2 | + tan– 1 x + c
− 1 → Coefficient of x 2
 2x f ′ ( x) 
∵ ∫ dx = ∫ dx = log| f ( x)|
 1+ x 2
f ( x) 
1
= – log | 1 – x | + log (1 + x2) + tan– 1 x + c
2
(... 1 + x2 > 0, therefore | 1 + x2 | = 1 + x2)
Note. log | 1 – x | = log | – (x – 1) |
= log | x – 1 | because | – t | = | t |.
3x – 1
14.
( x + 2)2
3x − 1
Sol. To find integral of rational function .
( x + 2)2
3x − 1
Let I = ∫ dx ...(i)
( x + 2)2
Polynomial function
Form ∫ dx where k is a positive integer,
(Linear)k
put Linear = t.
Here put x + 2 = t ⇒ x = t – 2
dx
∴ = 1 ⇒ dx = dt
dt
Putting these values in (i),
3(t − 2) − 1 3t − 6 − 1 3t − 7
I= ∫ dt = ∫ dt = ∫ dt
t2 t 2
t2
= ∫  −  dt = ∫  −  dt
3t 7 3 7
 t2 t2   t t2 
1 t− 1
= 3 ∫ dt – 7 ∫ t
−2
dt = 3 log | t | – 7 + c
t −1
7
= 3 log | t | + + c
t

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7
Putting t = x + 2, = 3 log | x + 2 | + + c.
x+2
3x − 1 A B
Remark. Alternative solution is Let = + .
( x + 2) 2 x+2 ( x + 2)2
1
15.
x4 – 1
1
Sol. To find integral of .
x4 − 1
1 1
Let integrand = .
x −1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
4 2

Put x2 = y only to form partial fractions.

1 A B
= = + ...(i)
( y − 1)( y + 1) y−1 y+1
Multiplying by L.C.M. = ( y – 1)( y + 1)
1 = A( y + 1) + B( y – 1) or 1 = Ay + A + By – B
Comparing coeffs. of y and constant terms, we have
Coefficients of y: A + B = 0 ...(ii)
Constant terms A – B = 1 ...(iii)
1
Adding (ii) and (iii), 2A = 1 ⇒ A =
2
1 1 −1
Putting A = in (ii), + B = 0 ⇒ B =
2 2 2
Putting values of A, B and y in (i),
1 1
1
= 2 2 – 22
x4 − 1 x −1 x +1
1 1 1
∫ ∫ ∫
1 1
∴ dx = 2 dx – dx
x −1
4
2 x −1
2
2 x +1
2

1 1 x −1 1
= log – tan– 1 x + c
2 2.1 x+1 2
 1 1 x–a 
∵ ∫ 2 2
dx = log 
 x – a 2 a x+a 
2
Note. Must put y = x in (i) along with values of A and B before
writing values of integrals.
Remark. Alternative solution is:
1 1 1
= =
x4 − 1 ( x2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1)
A B Cx + D
= + + 2
x−1 x+1 x +1
But the above given solution is better.

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1
16.
x( x n + 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
x( x + 1) n dx
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by nxn – 1.
 d n − 1
∵ dx ( x + 1) = nx
n

 
nxn − 1 1 n xn − 1
I = ∫
n ∫ xn ( xn + 1)
dx = dx ...(i)
n xn − 1 x( xn + 1)
(... n – 1 + 1 = n)
dt
Put xn = t. Therefore n xn – 1 = . ∴ n xn – 1 dx = dt.
dx
1 dt 1 1
∴ From (i), I =
n
∫ t(t + 1) = n ∫ t(t + 1) dt
Adding and subtracting t in the numerator of integrand,
1 t+1−t 1  t+1 t   a − b a b
=
n
∫ t(t + 1) dt = n ∫  t(t + 1) − t(t + 1)  dt ∵ c = c − c 
1  1 1  1
 ∫ dt − ∫ dt
=
n  t t + 1  = n [log | t | – log | t + 1 | + c]
1 t
= log + c
n t+1
1 xn
Putting t = xn, = log + c
n x +1
n

1
Remark: Alternative solution for ∫ t(t + 1) dt is:
1 A B
Let
t(t + 1) = t + t + 1 .
But the above given solution is better.
cos x
17.
(1 – sin x)(2 – sin x)
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx ...(i)
(1 − sin x)(2 − sin x)
dt
Put sin x = t. Therefore cos x = ⇒ cos x dx = dt,
dx
1 (2 − t) − (1 − t)
∴ From (i), ∫
(1 − t)(2 − t) dt = ∫ (1 − t)(2 − t) dt
[... Difference of two factors in the denominator namely
1 – t and 2 – t is (2 – t) – (1 – t) = 2 – t – 1 + t = 1]
 2−t (1 − t)   a − b a b
= ∫  (1 − t)(2 − t) − (1 − t)(2 − t)  dt ∵
 c
= − 
c c

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 1 1  1 1
= ∫  1 − t − 2 − t  dt = ∫ 1 − t dt – ∫ 2 − t dt
log|1 − t| log|2 − t|
= – + c
− 1 → Coefficient of t −1
= – log | 1 – t | + log | 2 – t | + c
2−t
= log | 2 – t | – log | 1 – t | + c = log + c
1−t
2 − sin x
Putting t = sin x, = log + c
1 − sin x
1
Remark: Alternative solution for ∫ (1 − t)(2 − t) dt is
1 A B
Let = +
(1 − t)(2 − t) 1−t 2−t
Integrate the following functions for Exercises 18 to 21:
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 2)
18.
( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 4)
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2)
Sol. To integrate the rational function . ...(i)
( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4)
2
Put x = y in the integrand to get
( y + 1)( y + 2) y2 + 3 y + 2
= = 2 ...(ii)
( y + 3)( y + 4) y + 7 y + 12
Here degree of numerator = degree of denominator (= 2)
So have to perform long division to make the degree of numerator
smaller than degree of denominator so that the concept of forming
partial fractions becomes valid.
y2 + 7y + 12 ) y2 + 3y + 2 ( 1
y2 + 7y + 12
– – –
– 4y – 10
∴ From (i) and (ii),
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2) ( y + 1)( y + 2) (− 4 y − 10)
= = 1+ ...(iii)
( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4) ( y + 3)( y + 4) ( y + 3)( y + 4)
(− 4 y − 10)
Let us form partial fractions of .
( y + 3)( y + 4)
− 4 y − 10 A B
Let =
( y + 3)( y + 4) y+3 + y+4 ...(iv)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = ( y + 3)( y + 4)
– 4y – 10 = A( y + 4) + B( y + 3) = Ay + 4A + By + 3B
Comparing coefficients of y, A + B = – 4 ...(v)
Comparing constants, 4A + 3B = – 10 ...(vi)
Let us solve Eqns. (v) and (vi) for A and B.
Eqn. (v) × 4 gives, 4A + 4B = – 16 ...(vii)

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Eqn. (vi) – Eqn. (vii) gives, – B = 6 or B = – 6.

Putting B = – 6 in (v), A – 6 = – 4 ⇒ A = – 4 + 6 = 2
Putting these values of A and B in (iv),
− 4 y − 10 2 6
= –
( y + 3)( y + 4) y+3 y+4
Putting this value in (iii),
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2) 2 6
= 1 + –
( x + 3)( x + 4)
2 2 y + 3 y+4
In R.H.S., Putting y = x2 (before integration)
2 6
= 1 + 2 – 2
x +3 x +4
( x2 + 1)( x2 + 2)
∴ ∫ ( x2 + 3)( x2 + 4)
dx

1 1
= ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫ x + ( 3)
2 2 dx – 6 ∫ x + 22
2 dx

1 x 1 x
=x+ 2 . tan– 1 – 6 . tan– 1 + c
3 3 2 2
2 x x
=x+ tan– 1 – 3 tan– 1 + c.
3 3 2
2x
19.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)
2

2x
Sol. Let I = ∫
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)
dx
2
2
Put x = t. Differentiating both sides 2x dx = dt
dt
∴ I = ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3)
Dividing and multiplying by 2,
(... (t + 3) – (t + 1) = t + 3 – t – 1 = 2)
1 2 1 (t + 3) − (t + 1)
2 ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3) 2 ∫ (t + 1)(t + 3)
= dt = dt

1  1 1  1
=
2 ∫  t + 1 − t + 3 dt = 2 [log | t + 1 | – log | t + 3 |] + c

1 t+1 1 x2 + 1 1  x2 + 1 
= log +c= log +c= log  2  + c.
2 t+3 2 x2 + 3 2  x + 3
1
20.
x( x 4 – 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫
x( x4 − 1)
dx
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by 4x3.
 d 
∵ ( x4 − 1) = 4 x3 
dx 

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4 x3 4 x3
I = ∫ dx = 1 ∫ dx ...(i)
4 x4 ( x4 − 1) 4 x ( x4 − 1)
4

dt
Put x4 = t. Therefore 4x3 = ⇒ 4x3 dx = dt.
dx
1 dt 1 t − (t − 1)
∴ From (i), I =
4
∫ t(t − 1) = 4 ∫ t(t − 1) dt
[... t – (t – 1) = t – t + 1 = 1]
1  t (t − 1)  1  1 1
=
4
∫  t(t − 1) − t(t − 1)  dt =
4 ∫  t − 1 − t  dt

1  1 1 
dt − ∫ dt = 1 [log | t – 1 | – log | t |] + c
= ∫
4  t − 1 t  4
1 t −1
= log + c
4 t

1 x4 − 1
Putting t = x4, = log + c.
4 x4
Remark: Alternative solution is:
1 1 1
= =
x( x − 1)
4
x( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2
x( x − 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1)
A B C Dx + E
+ =
+ +
x x−1 x+1 x2 + 1
But the solution given above is much better.
1
21.
( e x – 1)
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ ex − 1
dx ...(i)

dt dt
Put ex = t. Therefore ex = ⇒ ex dx = dt ⇒ dx =
dx ex

(Rule to evaluate ∫ f (e x
) dx, put e x = t )
1 dt 1 dt 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ t − 1 ex = ∫ t −1 t = ∫ t(t − 1) dt
t − (t − 1)  t (t − 1)  1 1
= ∫ t(t − 1) dt = ∫  t(t − 1) − t(t − 1)  dt= ∫ t − 1 dt – ∫ t
dt

t −1
= log | t – 1 | – log | t | + c = log + c.
t
ex − 1
Putting t = ex, = log + c.
ex

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Choose the correct answer in each of the Exercises 22

and 23:
x dx
22. ∫ ( x – 1)( x – 2) equals
( x – 1)2 ( x – 2)2
(A) log +C (B) log +C
x–2 x –1
2
 x – 1
(C) log  x – 2  +C (D) log | (x – 1)(x – 2) | + C.

x A B
Sol. Let integrand
( x − 1)( x − 2) = x − 1 + x − 2 ...(i)
(Partial fractions)
Multiplying by L.C.M. = (x – 1)(x – 2),
x = A(x – 2) + B(x – 1)
= Ax – 2A + Bx – B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,
Coefficients of x: A + B = 1 ...(ii)
Constant terms: – 2A – B = 0 ...(iii)
Let us solve (ii) and (iii) for A and B
Adding (ii) and (iii), – A = 1 or A = – 1
Putting A = – 1 in (ii) – 1 + B = 1 or B = 2
Putting values of A and B in (i),
x −1 2
= +
( x − 1)( x − 2) x−1 x−2
x 1 1
∴ ∫ ( x − 1)( x − 2) dx = – ∫ x − 1 dx + 2 ∫ x − 2 dx
= – log | x – 1 | + 2 log | x – 2 | + c
= log | (x – 2)2 | – log | x – 1 | + c
(... n log m = log mn)
( x − 2)2
= log x −1 + c
∴ Option (B) is the correct answer.
dx
23. ∫ equals
x ( x 2 + 1)
1
(A) log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(B) log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(C) – log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C
2
1
(D) log | x | + log (x2 + 1) + C.
2
1
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx
x( x2 + 1)
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of integrand by 2x.
 d 
∵ ( x2 + 1) = 2 x
dx 
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2x
⇒ I = ∫ 2 x2 ( x2 + 1)
dx ...(i)
dt
Put x2 = t. ∴ 2x = ⇒ 2x dx = dt
dx
dt 1 1
∴ From (i), I = ∫ = ∫ dt
2t(t + 1) 2 t(t + 1)
Adding and subtracting t in the numerator of integrand,
1 (t + 1) − t 1 1 
=
2
∫ t(t + 1) dt = 12 ∫  t − t + 1 dt
1
= (log | t | – log | t + 1 |) + c
2
1
Putting t = x2, I = (log | x2 | – log | x2 + 1 |) + c
2
1
= (2 log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + c
2 .. 2
( . x + 1 ≥ 1 > 0 and hence | x2 + 1 | = x2 + 1)
1
= log | x | – log (x2 + 1) + c
2
∴ Option (A) is the correct answer.

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