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4th Class - MathBE - Matrices

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97 views8 pages

4th Class - MathBE - Matrices

Uploaded by

Maria Inês Martins
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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B&E challenge

• The monthly sales (in thousands) of burgers ( ) and


bites ( ) in three fast-food restaurants ( , , )
are as follows:
January February
35 27 13 31 17 3
42 39 24 25 29 16

a) Write down two 2 × 3 matrices and representing


sales in January and February respectively.
b) By finding + , write down the matrix for the total
sales over the two months.
c) By finding − , write down the matrix for the
difference in sales for the two months.

Mathematics for Business & Economics


1st Semester 2023/2024

4 – Matrices
Pedro Encarnação
[email protected]
2

Matrices

• Matrices, i.e. tables with numbers, have more


uses than only representing linear systems.
We will now be discussing matrices in general,
but always applying to the resolution of linear
system when relevant
• Remember: an m × n matrix or a matrix with
dimension (size) m × n is a matrix with m rows
and n columns
• We will use capital letters do denote matrices

1
Matrices

• aij denotes the entry of the matrix A in row i


and column j
• Example
1 2 3 
A= 
 4 5 6
m = 2; n = 3
a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3
a21 = 4, a22 = 5, a23 = 6

Matrices

• A general m × n matrix can be written as

 a11 a12 L a1n 


a a22 L a2 n 
A =  21  or A = [aij ]
M M M  m×n

 
am 2 L amn 
am1

Matrices: Terminology

• Row vector is a matrix with only one row


• Column vector is a matrix with only one column
• Square matrix is a matrix with the same number
of rows and columns (m = n)
• Rectangular matrix is an m × n matrix where
m≠n

2
Matrices: Terminology

• The main diagonal of a square matrix are the


entries aii with the same row and column
indices, sorted in ascending order of indices
(i = 1,…, m)
• Example

 1 2 3
 4 5 6
 
7 8 9 

Matrices: Terminology

• The minor diagonal of a square matrix are the


entries ai(m-i+1) sorted in ascending order of the
row indices (i = 1,…, m)
• Example

 1 2 3 a1(3−1+1) = a13
 4 5 6 a2 (3−2+1 ) = a22
 
a3 (3−3+1) = a31
7 8 9 

Matrices: Terminology

• A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix in


which all the entries above the main diagonal
are zero, i.e., aij = 0, i < j  1 0 0
 2 3 0
 
4 5 6
• An upper triangular matrix is a square matrix
in which all the entries bellow the main
diagonal are zero, i.e., aij = 0, i > j 1 2 3
 0 4 5
 
0 0 6

3
Matrices: Terminology
• A diagonal matrix is a square matrix in which
all the off the main diagonal entries are zero,
i.e., aij = 0, i ≠ j 1 0 0 
0 2 0
 
0 0 3
• The identity matrix of order n is an n × n
diagonal matrix with all entries in the main
diagonal equal to one 1 0 0 
I 3 = 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 

10

Matrices: Terminology

• The zero or null matrix of dimension m × n is


an m × n matrix with all entries equal to zero
0 0
03×2 = 0 0
 
0 0

11

Matrix algebra: Matrix equality

• For two matrices to be equal


– They must have the same dimensions
– Corresponding elements must be equal
i.e., A = B ⇔ a = b , i = 1,K, m, j = 1,K, n
m×n m×n ij ij

• For example,
1 = 3 x − 2 x = 1
2 x = 2 x = 1
 1 2 x  3 x − 2 2   
=
3 y + 1 z   5 z ⇔  ⇔  1
   0   3 y + 1 = 5 z y = −3
 z = 0  z = 0

12

4
Matrix algebra: Addition

• Let Am×n and Bm×n be two matrices with the


same dimensions. Then
Cm×n = ( A + B )m×n ⇔ [cij ] = [aij + bij ]
Thus, the sum of two m × n matrices is an
m × n matrix whose entries are the sum of the
corresponding entries of the two original
matrices
• For example,
1 2 5 6 1 + 5 2 + 6  6 8 
3 4 + 7 8 = 3 + 7 4 + 8  = 10 12
       

13

Product by a scalar

• Let Am×n be a matrix and α a scalar. Then


Bm×n = αAm×n = [αaij ]
Thus, the product of a scalar by an m × n
matrix is an m × n matrix whose entries are
the product of the scalar by the corresponding
original entries
• For example,
1 2 3  2 × 1 2 × 2 2 × 3  2 4 6 
2×  = = 
4 5 6 2 × 4 2 × 5 2 × 6 8 10 12

14

Matrix algebra: Opposite matrix

• If we multiply an m × n matrix by -1 we obtain


the opposite matrix, i.e. an m × n matrix
whose entries are all opposite of the
corresponding original entries
− Am×n = (− 1) Am×n = [− aij ]
• For example,
 1 2 3  − 1 − 2 − 3
− = 
 4 5 6  − 4 − 5 − 6

15

5
Matrix algebra: Subtraction

• Let Am×n and Bm×n be two matrices with the


same dimensions. Then
Cm×n = ( A − B )m×n = Am×n + (− Bm×n ) = [aij − bij ]
Thus, the subtraction of two m × n matrices is
an m × n matrix whose entries are the
subtraction of the corresponding entries of
the two original matrices
• For example,
1 2 5 6 1 − 5 2 − 6 − 4 − 4
3 4 − 7 8  = 3 − 7 4 − 8 = − 4 − 4
       

16

Matrix algebra: Properties

• Properties of the addition of matrices:


– Commutative: A + B = B + A
– Associative: ( A + B ) + C = A + (B + C )
– Additive identity: Am×n + 0 m×n = Am×n
– Additive inverse: Am×n + (− Am×n ) = 0 m×n

17

Matrix algebra: Properties

• Properties of the product of a matrix by a


scalar:
– Distributive over the matrix addition:
α ( A + B ) = αA + αB
– Distributive over the scalar addition:
(α + β ) A = αA + β A
– Associative: α ( βA) = (αβ ) A
– Multiplicative identity: 1× Am×n = Am×n
– Multiplicative absorbing element: 0 × Am×n = 0m×n

18

6
An applied example
• Consider a chain of m stores that sell n different
products. In order to organize the data regarding
the revenues of each store related to each
product, one can build the table
Product 1 Product 2 … Product n
Store 1 r11 r12 … r1n
Store 2 r21 r22 … r2n
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
Store m rm1 rm2 … rmn

where rij is the revenue generated at store i by


the product j

19

An applied example
• Omitting the title row and the title column we
have the matrix
 r11 r12 L r1n 
r r22 L r2 n 
R =  21 
M M M
r L rmn 
 m1 rm 2
• Suppose now that there’s one revenue matrix
by month Rk and you would like to compute
the annual revenue

20

An applied example
• The annual revenue would be given by the
addition of the twelve monthly revenue
matrices, with the matrix addition defined as
we did before
• Assuming that the revenues in each matrix
include 23% of VAT and you need to compute
the monthly VAT value per store and per
product that you need to deliver to the State,
you can multiply each revenue matrix by 0.23
1.23
with the product by a scalar as defined before

21

7
Exercise

• Exercise: write the general matrices A with


dimension 6 × 6 whose entries satisfy
a) aij = 0 if i ≠ j
b) aij = 0 if i > j
c) aij = 0 if i < j
d) aij = 0 if |i – j | > 1.

22

B&E challenge solution


35 27 13 31 17 3
a) = and =
42 39 24 25 29 16

66 44 16
b) + =
67 68 40

4 10 10
c) − =
17 10 8

23

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