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The Power of Logic

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383 views2 pages

The Power of Logic

Uploaded by

u5o5n1cyqrk9ebdduw8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

Preface v

Chapter 7 Basic Concepts


.1 Validity and Soundness 3
1.2 Forms and Counterexamples 12
1 .3 Some "Famous" Forms 20
1.4 Strength and Cogency 37

Chapter 2 Identifying Arguments 47


2.1 Arguments and Nonarguments 47
2.2 Well-Crafted Arguments 53
Appendix to Chapter 2: Argument Diagrams 76

Chapter 3 Logic and Language 89


3.1 Logic, Meaning, and Emotive Force 89
3.2 Delinitions 95
3.3 Using Delinitions to Evaluate Arguments 110

Chapter 4 Informa/ Fa/lacies 121


4.1 Fallacies Involving Irrelevant Premises 122
4.2 Fallacies Involving Ambiguity 137
4.3 Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions 145

Chapter 5 Categorica/ Logic: Statements 163


5.1 Standard Forms ol Categorical Statements 163
5.2 The Traditional Square ol Opposition 171
5.3 Further Immediate Inlerences 177

Chapter 6 Categorica/ Logic: Sy/logisms 187


6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 187
6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categoricol Statements 194
6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms 204

iii
;v Contents

6.4 The Modern Squore of Opposition 213


6.5 Enthymemes 222
6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements 226
6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms 235

Chopter 7 Stotement Logic: Truth Tob/es 243


7.1 Symbolizing English Arguments 244
7.2 Truth Tables 258
7.3 Using Truth Tables to Evaluate Arguments 266
7.4 Abbreviated Truth Tables 275
7.5 Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency, and Logical Equivalence 282

Chopter 8 Stotement Logic: Proofs 297


8.1 Implicational Rules of Inference 291
8.2 Five Equivalence Rules 307
8.3 Five More Equivalence Rules 318
8.4 Conditional Proof 330
8.5 Reductio ad Absurdum 339
8.6 Proving Theorems 349

Chopter 9 Predicote Logic 357


9.1 Predicates and Quantifiers 358
9.2 Demonstrating Invalidity 371
9.3 Constructing Proofs 380
9.4 Quantifier Negation, RAA, and CP 400
9.5 The Logic of Relations: Symbolizations 409
9.6 The Logic of Relations: Proofs 418
9.7 Identity: Symbolizations 428
9.8 Identity: Proofs 434

Chopter 70 Induction 441


10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clorifications 441
10.2 Arguments from Authority and Induction by Enumeration 448
10.3 Mill's Methods and Scientific Reasoning 456
10.4 Arguments from Analogy 470

Chopter 77 Probobi/ify 481


1 1 .1 Three Theories of Probability 481
1 1.2 The Rules of Probability 487
1 1.3 Bayes' Theorem 498

Answer Key 57 1
G/ossary/lndex 579

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