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Syntax

Uploaded by

foodfree76ycr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syntax.

Syntax is the branch that studies sentence structure and how words
combine to form larger grammatical units, such as phrases and
sentences. Syntax refers specifically to the rules and principles that
govern the formation of sentences in this language.

Adjective.

Adjectives are a class of words that modify or describe nouns or


pronouns in a sentence. Their main function is to add additional
information about the qualities or characteristics of the nouns to which
they refer.

Adverb.

Adverbs are a class of words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives,


other adverbs, or even complete sentences. Its main function is to add
additional information about how, when, where, how often or to what
extent an action occurs or a quality is manifested.

Agreement.

It refers to the grammatical agreement between words or elements of a


sentence. This phenomenon implies that certain parts of speech must
agree with each other in gender, number, person, or other grammatical
attributes.

Anaphor.

It refers to a linguistic phenomenon in which a word or phrase refers to


something that has been previously mentioned in the speech.

Aspect.

It refers to a grammatical category that describes the way in which the


duration, repetition or completeness of a verbal action is conceived in
relation to time. The aspect focuses on how the action is presented in
time, regardless of whether the action is completed or not.

Auxiliary.

It is a type of verb that is used together with another main verb to form
certain grammatical structures, such as compound tenses, questions,
denials, among others. Auxiliaries are verbs that help give additional
information about the main action or that fulfill a specific grammatical
function in the sentence.

Basic Word Order.

It refers to the most common pattern of how words are arranged in a


sentence in a particular language. This basic order provides a standard
grammatical structure that is followed in most sentences in that
language.

Case.

Refers to a grammatical property that indicates the syntactic function of


a noun, pronoun, or other nominal element within a sentence.

Clause.

It is a syntactic unit larger than a phrase and consisting of a subject and


a predicate. A clause can be independent, meaning it can form a
complete sentence on its own, or it can be dependent, meaning it
cannot form a complete sentence and must be combined with another
clause to make sense.

Clitic.

It is a type of word that joins another word or phrase to form a larger


syntactic unit. Clitics cannot appear independently as whole words, but
must join another grammatical element, such as a verb, pronoun, noun,
or preposition. Clitics can perform various grammatical functions, such
as indicating person, number, case, possession, negation, among others.
Complement.

It is an element that completes the meaning of another element within a


sentence. Complements are essential to understanding the structure and
full meaning of the sentence. They can be of various types and fulfill
different syntactic functions depending on the verb they accompany.

Conjunction.

Word or a set of words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses within


a sentence. Conjunctions are important tools for cohesion and coherence
of speech, as they help establish logical relationships between different
parts of a sentence or text.

Constituent structure.

Constituent structure refers to the hierarchical organization of words or


phrases within a sentence. It involves analyzing how individual words or
phrases combine to form larger units, and how those units relate to one
another in terms of their syntactic roles and functions.

Control.

Refers to a phenomenon where a word in a subordinate clause


influences the interpretation or reference of another word, typically in a
main clause. This occurs when the subject or object of the subordinate
clause is interpreted as having the same reference as a noun phrase in
the main clause.

Coordinate structure.

A coordinate structure refers to a construction in which two or more


elements, typically phrases or clauses, are linked together on an equal
level of hierarchy. These elements are coordinated to convey related
information, and they usually serve the same grammatical function
within the sentence.
Deep structure.

Refers to the underlying syntactic representation of a sentence, which


captures its core meaning and grammatical structure. It represents the
abstract syntactic relationships between words and phrases before any
transformations or surface variations are applied.

Dependency.

Refers to the grammatical relationship between words within a sentence


where one word, called the "governor" or "head," governs or determines
the form or syntactic behavior of another word, called the "dependent"
or "subordinate."

Derivation.

Refers to the process by which sentences are formed from smaller


linguistic elements according to the rules of a particular grammar. It
involves the application of syntactic rules and transformations to
generate well-formed sentences in a language.

Determiner.

Is a type of word that appears before a noun and helps to specify or


determine which particular entity the noun refers to. Determiners
provide information about the quantity, definiteness, possession, or
demonstrative reference of the noun.

Direct Object.

Is a type of argument that typically follows a transitive verb and directly


receives the action of the verb. It is one of the core components of a
sentence's predicate, along with the verb itself. Direct objects answer
the question "what?" or "whom?" after the verb.

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