5,44

Satellite Communication

kell factor K= 0,7 for interlaced

K=0.9 for progressive scanning
To overcome flicker the total frames is divided into two fields (odd and even)
called interlacedIscanning. In progressive scanning, the lines are scanned in :sequence
which provides a sharper picture.

5.10 DIRECT TO HOME BROADCAST (DTH)

DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is defined as the reception
of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home.
DTH Broadcasting to home TV receivers take place in the ku band(12 GHz),
This service is known as Direct To Home service.
DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996.

Finally in 2000, DTH was allowed.

The new policy requires alloperators to set up earth stations in India within
12 months of getting a license. DTH licenses
in India will cost $2.14 million
and will be valid for 10years.
Working principle of DTH is the satellite communication,
Broadcaster
modulates the received signal and transmit it to
the satellite in Ku Band and from
satellite one can receive signal by dish and set top
box.
5.10.1Archtiecture
The arechitecture for DTH includes from
the point of content soruce, through
multiplexing, encryption and modulation at
the headend to transmission over the
satellite and reception by a custormer as in Figure
5.24. The basic function of the
DTH headend is to aggregate content
into a format suitable for broadcasting
to the homes of customers who directly
have signed up and are authorized to
receive the
service. The source content may arrive
from multiple sources such as downlink
from existing satellite feeds, local broadcasters, etc.

Transcoding: In most cases, the content is available an

in encoded format
Such as MPEG2 at certain datarate. a
If format other than MPEG2 is required such
as MPEG4.the video needs to
be transcoded (decoded and reencoded).
 Satellite Applications 5.45

Transrating: If the format is correct but data rate is too high, a transrating
equipment is required.

Multiplexing: When the data content is of the required format, the content is
aggregated using multiplexer. A single multiplexer corresponding to each satellite
transponder is available.

Encryption: The content is encrypted to avoid unauthorized access.

Modulation and Transmission: The content is then modulated and transmitted
from DTH headend to the satellite for broadcasting to the customers.

Toview the content, a customer needs a TVRO (TV Receive Only) antenna, a
LNB (Low Noise Block) and authorized STB (Set Top
Box).s

TVRO
Conditioning
Mux Mod LNB

Content Encrypt
STB TVRO

Source
Content
TVRO
Encypl

Mux Mod
CA
System DTH User Community
DTH Headend for Uplink
SMS
Figure 5.24 Direct to Home Block Diagram
Content Licensing: A DTH service provider generally requires a licensing
authority from the programmers before distributing content to customers.

Video En coding (Compression): A video cannot be transmitted in

uncompressed format, since it consumes morce bits, example, Standard Definition
TV (SDTV) requires 270 Mbps and high definition TV (HDTV) requires 1.495
Gbps.
 Satellite Communication
5.46
are 3 to 5 Mbps for SDTY
Typicalcompression rate for broadcast quality video
it is less for MPEGA
and 15 to 20Mbps for HDTV content using MPEG2, whereas
a of
If constant bit rate encoders are used for an output, then there is possibility
producing compression artifacts (fluctuations). Therefore, an efficient approach for
compression is the use of variable bit rate encoding, in which the compression bit
rate is dynamically adjusted based on the content. This concept is also used in
multiplexing.
New deployments seek to use MPEG4 due to obvious bandwidth saving and
also for facility of providing additional channels with high throughput.

Multiplexing: Multiplexing provides a method to aggregate a number of

individual content streams into one. An MPEG2 or MPEG4 stream with single
program is referred to as SPTS (Single Program Transport Stream).
Multiplexing
two or more SPTStogether results in a MPTS (Multi Program Transport
System).
Reasons for Multiplexing
Many programs need to be transmitted to same destinations, then multiplexing
helps in minimizing use of switches, modulators, etc.
More efficient usage of satellite link is obtained by
having one large carrier
a a
with MPTS in transponder rather than using multiple
carriers.
The relative independent nature of content in
different program streams.
If variable bit rate encoding is used, multiple SPTS can
be efficiently multiplexed
together, taking the advantage of statistical
independence of each program. This
statistical multiplexing enables the data rate
used for the MPTS to be lower than the
sum of the individual constant
bit rates of the SPTS.
Encryption (Scrambling): Encryption is used to
prevent unauthorized
decoding and viewing of content.
Once the encryptor scrambled content,
the authorized STB, can descramble the only
(Decrypt) the received stream
content available for viewing. and make the

Conditional Access: The authorization process

is managed by the CA systen.
Both encryption and CA system are
closely interfaced using DVB simulcrypt interface.
 Satellite Applications 5,47

The eneryption system uses un algorithm to seramble content bascd on

encryption key known as Control Word (CW). The CW is changed on regular basis
toavoid hacking and this CW is provided to CA system.
The CA System generates entitlement message that are sent to STB. The
entitlement message is used to identify,on a STB by STB basis which programs can
be viewed.

The most vwidely adopted standard is Common Serambling Algorithm (CSA)

which is published by DVB.

Modulation: Modulation is used to transfer the information of the digital

content onto a signal suitable for transmission through the satellite. The available
standards have evolved from DVB -S to DVB DSNG and recently DVB – S2.-
The Figure 5.25 shows a dedicated headend architecture in DTH.

DTH Service Provider

1
DTH Service Provider N
User Community
User Community

Mod Mod Mux

Mux Conditioning

Encrypie
Conditioning

Content

Content
Encrypt

Source

Content
Source

Content

EpEncrypt Engr-s)
Mod Mux
Mod CA
Mux
CA |System
System
1 DTH Headend for Service provider N
service Provider
DTH Headend for SMS N

SMS 1

DTH Headend Arclhitecture

Figure 5.25 Dedicated
 Sat
Satellite Communication
5,48
headend architecturein DTH 1.
Figure 5.26 shows a shared
2.

3.

4.

Mux Mod
5.
Conditioning

Content
Encrypt->
DTH Service
DTH Service
ProviderN
Providerl
User Community Source
User Community 6.
Content

Encgyp

Mux Mod

7.
CA CA
System 1 System N

DTH Headend for Service Providers I through N 8.

SMS 1| |SMS
N

Figure 5.26 Shared DTH Headend Architecture

 Satellite Communication
5.16
data transmissions like
uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for
GSM
were publicly brol
most commonly deploycd GlPRS ciphers
browsing the web. The
revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1.
in 2011The researchers

5.5.2 GIlobal Positioning System (GPS)

System (GPS) isa satellite based navigation svste
The Global Positioning
can to position anywhere on earth. Designed and operated by the
that be used locate
satellites, control and monitor stations
US Department of Defense, it consists of
GPS receivers take information transmitted from the satellites and
and receivers.
uses triangulation to calculate a user's exact location.
Global
Official name of GPS is Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging
Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS).
2 dozen satellite (24 satellite) working in Union called constellation.

Revolving arround earth in circular path at an attitude of 20,200 km.

Particularly, used for navigational, map-making and surveying.

5.5.2.1 Operation
V It isperformed by using 4 satellites (minimum), 1
using positioning the data
and compares it with 3 or more GPS satellite.

To get the distance of cach satellite, four techniques

1. Signaltravels at known speed, and measuring the time of transmission,
Thus distance is calculated by D= Spced x time.

Figure 5.7 Trilateration

Satellite Applications 5.17
2. Measuring the time delay between signal transmission and reception of
GPS signal.
3. Determining the position of atleast 3 satellite.

4. By computing position using trilateration

5,5.2.2 GPS Segments

GPS functions carried out under the following 3 segments

1. Space segment
2. Control segment

3. User segment

1. Space segment
at an altitude of 20,200 km with a period of
GPS satellite fly in circular orbit
12 hours.
themselves by pointing solar panels
Powered by solar cells, satellite orient
antenna towards the earth.
towards the SUN and
on the Earth.
Y Orbital planes are centered
to Earth'sequator its order to cover
relative
Angle of Ineliuation is 55° tilt
the polar regions.
seperated by 60°
Ascending nodes are
Hence 2 times in a sidereal day (Time
12 hrs.
Period of rotation of earth is
the carth to make one revolution).
taken by a day, Six satellites
ofthe carth twice in
passes each location
Hence satellite any location on the planet.
sight from
are always within line of constellation.
broadcasting in the GPS
Atpresent 30
satellite actively
precision
performed by extra 6 satellites to improve
Redundant function alone
of location
calculation.
5.18 Satellite Communication

2. Control segment
Control segment consists of3 entities
(i) Master control system
(ii) Monitor station
(iii) Ground antenna
(i) Master control system
Monitors the overall operation (mastering)
Responsible for management of remote monitoring and transmission sites.
Tabulates the valucs computed by monitor station and eventually uploads to
the GPS satellites.
(ii) Monitor station
Six monitor station (in colorado, cape caneveral, Florida Hawali, Atlantic
and Indian occan, Kwajalein Island).
It Monitors Altitude, Position, Speed, overall health of orbiting satellite,
derived right ascension of declination.
These computed values are given to mastcr station for uploading.
The control segment uses measurements collected by the monitor station to
prcdict the behaviour of each satellites orbit and clock.
The control segment ensures that the values are with in acceptable limits.
Each monitor station can track upto 11 satellites at a time.
Variations in values may occur due to gravity of moon, sun and pressure of
solar radiation.
(iii) Ground Antenna
GroundAntenna monitors and tracks the satellite from horizon to horizon.
They also transmit correction information to individual satellite.
3. User Segment
GPS receiver is the user segment ofGPS system.
GPSreceiver composed of antenna, Receiver processor and a highly stabie
clock.
 Satellite Applications
5.19
7 They include display which
shows location and spccd information of.the
user.
A
GPSreceiver is describcd by anumber of
channclsit can monitor. Reccntly
a
single receiver monitor 12 20 channels.
to
Receiver with intenal DGPS recciver arc
able to out perform those using
external RTCM ata.
S5.2.3 GPS System
The location information can be obtained by
the GPS system using the two
ystems.
1. Navigation system
2. Position Calculation System
1. Navigation System
This systems sends two types of data
1. Almanac Sends time of station information
2. Ephemeris > Sends orbital information
37,500bits navigational message in 12.5 min at 50bps is transmitted
Two types of codes are used as shown in Figure 5.8
CIAcode> Public uses
RP code military purpose

Coarse/
Acquistion code Balanced
mode modulator
code

analog signal 900 Adder >output

Restricted Balanced
code modulator
Precision
mode
code
Generator
Figure 5.8 Signal
 Satellite Communication
5.20
Public use, 1.023 MHz code broadcast,
1.: coarse/ Acquistion code
(CIA code) repeats every millisecond
MHz code broadcast
Military use, 10.23
2. Restricted precise code
a
(RP code) Repeats once in week.
Uses anti-spoofing mode (oryptography) for

security.
Hence the signale
They need to be transmitted using signal transmission path,
and added.
and seperated by 90° phase shift
2. Position calculation system
WorldGeodetic System WGS84
Co-ordinates are calculated according tothe
co-ordinate system.
Satellite is equipped with atomic clock.
Receiver uses initial crystal oscillator based clock which is continually
updated using signal from the satellite.
Receiver identifies each satellite's signal using distinct C/A code pattern.
Twosequence measures, delay and distance to the satellite is called pseudo
range.
These are repeated in 4 satellite to have accuracy.

Receiver
Low noise Digital
block Baseband CPU Input
Convertor procesSor
k

Local code Internal

oscillator modulator memory

Figure S.9 GPS Receiver

 Satellite Applications
5.21
Antenna

Mixer
Date Bit
Date Bit Alignment
Demodulation Date Parity
Preamplifier and Navigation
Converter and message Date Decoding
Down
code control
Satellite Positions Position
Velocity
Pseudo-range
Time

CIA code CIA code

Corrections
Generator measuremen
Pseudo-Ranges

Receiver Position,
Clock Time Velocity and Time
measurement Computations

Figure 5.10 GPS Block Diagram

5.5.2.4 Issues Affecting Accuracy
1. Changing atmospheric condition
2. When satellite in directly overhead
3. Two satellites are nearer

4. Clock changes
5. Use ofjamming signals
6. Multipath issue
D.5.2.5 Methods to Improve Accuracy
1.. Precision monitoring (to use correct decryption key)
2. Carrier phase enhancement
3. Relative kinematicpositioning
4. Augmentation
5.5.2.6
Applications
1. Military :
Missiles with GPS for target, nuclear detonation detector.
 Satellite Coommunication

5.22
travelling location finder
2. Civilian Moving maps, speed of
I analysis, Ability
Agriculture : Soil sampling, data collection and to work
3.
with field condition rain, fog.
time.
4. Marine Accurate position, speed saving navigators

5.5.3 Inmarsat
Inmarsat stands for International Marine/Maritime is still
the sole nte
(International Maritime Organization) mandated provider of satellite communications
for the GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress Safety System).

Availability for GMDSS is a minimum of 99.9%

Inmarsat has constantly and consistently exceeded this figure &

Independently audited by IMSO (International Mobile Satellite Organization) and
reported on to IMO.
Now Inmarsat commercial services use
the same satellites and network &
Inmarsat A closes at midnight on 31
Circ.1076. Successful closure programme
December 2007 agreed
by IMO MSC -
almost concluded overseen throughout
by IMSO.

INMARSAT satellite

Small Mobile
aircraft phones, etc
KDDI exchanger
Helicopter
IR Telephone

Yamaguchi Fax
Earth Station
terminal
Data
Figure 5.11
INMARSAT
Satellite
Service