2 Matrices

Let's Study

• Types of Matrices
• Algebra of Matrices
• Properties of Matrices
• Elementary Transformation
• Inverse of Matrix
• Application of Matrices

Let's Recall

2.1 Introduction:
The theory of matrices was developed by the mathematician Arthur Cayley. Matrices are useful in
expressing numerical information in a compact form. They are effectively used in expressing different
operations. Hence they are essential in economics, finance, business and statistics.
Definition: A rectangular arrangement of mn numbers in m rows and n columns, enclosed in [ ] or ()
is called a matrix of order m by n. A matrix by itself does not have a value or any special meaning.
The order of a matrix is denoted by m × n, read as m by n.
Each member of a matrix is called an element of the matrix.
Matrices are generally denoted by capital letters like A, B, C, …. and their elements are denoted by
small letters like aij, bij, cij, ….. etc. where aij is the element in ith row and jth column of the matrix A.

 2 3 9 
 
For example: i) A  1 0 7  here a32 = −2
 4 2 1 
A is a matrix having 3 rows and 3 columns. The order of A is 3×3. There are 9 elements in the
matrix A.
 1 5
ii) B 2 6 
 
 0 9 
B is a matrix having 3 rows and 2 columns. The order of B is 3×2. There are 6 elements in the
matrix B.
In general, a matrix of order m × n is represented by

35
  a11 a12 ... a1 j ... a1n 
a a22 ... a2 j ... a2 n 
 21
 a31 a32 ... a3 j ... a3n 
A   aij   
 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
m×n

 ... ... ... ... ... ... 

 
 am1 am 2 ... amj ... amn 
Here aij = The element in ith row and jth column.
 2 3 9   a11 a12 a13 
Ex. In matrix A= 1 0 7    a21 a22 a23 
   
 4 2 1   a31 a32 a33 
a11 = 2, a12 = −3, a13 = 9, a21 = 1, a22 = 0, a23 = −7, a31 = 4, a32 = −2, a33 = 1

2.2 Types of Matrices:

1) Row Matrix : A matrix that has only one row is called a row matrix. It is of order 1 × n, where
n ≥ 1.
For example: i)  1 212 ii) 9 0 313

2) Column Matrix: A matrix that has only one column is called a column matrix. It is of order
m × 1, where m ≥ 1.
5
1   
For example: i)   ii)  9 
  21
0
 3 31
Note: A real number can be treated as a matrix of order 1×1. It is called a singleton matrix.

3) Zero or Null Matrix : A matrix in which every element is zero is called a zero or null matrix. It
is denoted by O.
0 0 
For example: O = 0 0 
 
0 0  32

4) Square Matrix : A matrix with the number of rows equal to the number of columns is called a
square matrix. If a square matrix is of order n×n then n is called the order of the square matrix.

 5 3 i 
For example: A =  1 0 7 
 2i 8 9  33

Let's Note: Let A = [aij]n×n be a square matrix of order n, Then

(i) the elements a11, a22, a33, …., aii, …., ann are called the diagonal elements of the matrix A. Note
that the diagonal elements are defined only for a square matrix;
(ii) elements aij, where i ≠ j are called non diagonal elements of the matrix A;

36
(iii) elements aij, where i < j, are called elements above the diagonal;
(iv) elements aij, where i > j, are called elements below the diagonal.
Statements iii) and iv) are to be verified by looking at matrices of different orders.

5) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element is zero, is called a
diagonal matrix.
5 0 0 
   1 0 
For example: i) A = 0 0 0  ii) B =  
0 0 0  33  0 5 22

Note : If a11, a22, a33 are diagonal elements of a diagonal matrix A of order 3, then we write the matrix
A as A = Diag[a11, a22, a33].

6) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same is called a scalar
matrix.
5 0 0 
 
For example: A = 0 5 0 
0 0 5  33

7) Unit or Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix in which all the diagonal elements are 1(unity), is
called a Unit Matrix or an Identity Matrix. Identity Matrix of order n is denoted by In.
1 0 0 
For example: I3 = 0 1 0 
0 0 1 
Note :
1. Every Identity Matrix is a scalar matrix but every scalar matrix need not be Identity Matrix.
However a scalar matrix is a scalar multiple of the identity matrix.
2. Every scalar matrix is diagonal matrix but every diagonal matrix need not be scalar matrix.
8) Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix in which every element below the diagonal is zero
is called an upper triangular matrix.
Matrix A = [aij]n×n is upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j.
 4 1 2 
 
For example: i) A =  0 0 3 
 0 0 9  33

9) Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix in which every element above the diagonal is zero,
is called a lower triangular matrix.
Matrix A = [aij]n×n is lower triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j.

 2 0 0
 
For example: A =  1 0 0 
 5 1 9  33

37
10) Triangular Martix: A square matrix is called a triangular matrix if it is an upper triangular or a
lower triangular matrix.
Note: The diagonal, scalar, unit and square null matrices are also triangular matrices.

(11) Determinant of a Matrix: Determinant of a matrix is defined only for a square matrix.
If A is a square matrix, then the same arrangement of the elements of A also gives us a determinant.
It is denoted by |A| or det(A).
If A = [aij]n×n then |A| is of order n.

 1 3 1 3
For example: i) If A =   then |A| =
 5 4  22 -5 4

 2 1 3 2 -1 3
ii) If B =  4 1 5  then |B| = - 4 1 5
 7 5 0  33 7 -5 0

12) Singular Matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if

|A| = det(A) = 0. Otherwise, it is said to be a non-singular matrix.

2 3 4 2 3 4
For example: i) If B =  3 4 5  then B = 3 4 5
 4 5 6  33 4 5 6
|B| = 2(24 − 25) − 3(18 − 20) + 4(15 − 16)
= −2 + 6 − 4
= 0
|B| = 0
Therefore B is a singular matrix.

 2 1 3 2 -1 3
ii) A =  7 4 5  Then A = - 7 4 5
 2 1 6  33 -2 1 6
|A| = 2(24 − 5) − (−1)(−42 + 10) + 3(−7 + 8)
= 38 − 32 + 3
= 9
|A| = 9
As |A| ≠ 0, A is a non-singular matrix.

38
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

x  y yz z  x
Ex. 1) Show that the matrix  1 1 1  is a singular matrix.

 z x y 

x  y yz z  x
Solution : Let A =  1 1 1 

 z x y 

x+ y y+z z+x
∴ |A| = 1 1 1
z x y
Now |A| = (x + y) (y − x) − (y + z) (y − z) + (z + x) (x − z)
= y2 − x2 − y2 + z2 + x2 − z2
=0
∴ A is a singular matrix.

EXERCISE 2.1

(1) Construct a matrix A = [aij]3×2 whose element aij is given by

i  j  i  j 
2 3

(i) aij = (ii) aij = i − 3j (iii) aij =

5i 5

(2) Classify each of the following matrices as a row, a column, a square, a diagonal, a scalar, a unit,
an upper traingular, a lower triangular matrix.
 3 2 4  5
  6 0 
(i) 0 0 5 (ii)  4  (iii) 9 2 3 (iv)  
0 0 0  0 6 
 3

 
 2 0 0  3 0 0 1 0 0 
 
(v)  3 1 0  (vi) 0 5 0  (vii) 0 1 0 
 
 7 3 1   1 0 0 1 
0 0 
 3
(3) Which of the following matrices are singular or non singular?
 a b c  5 0 5 
 r 
(i)  p q (ii) 1 99 100 

 
 2a  p 2b  q 2c  r  6 99 105

39
  3 5 7
 7 5
(iii)  2 1 4  (iv)  
 4 7 
 3 2 5 

(4) Find K if the following matrices are singular.

 4 3 1 K  1 2 3
 7 3  
(i)   (ii)  7 K 1 (iii)  3 1 2 
 2 K  10 9 1  1 2 4 

́2.3 Algebra of Matrices:

(1) Transpose of a Matrix (2) Determinant of a Matrix (3) Equality of Matrices (4) Addition of
Matrices (5) Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix and (6) Multiplication of two martices.
(1) Transpose of a Matrix: A is a matrix of order m × n. The matrix obtained by interchanging
rows and columns of matrix A is called the transpose of the matrix A. It is denoted by A' or AT.
The order of AT is n × m.

 1 5 
   1 3 4 
For example: i) If A =  3 2  then AT =  
 5 2 7  23
 4 7  32

1 0 2   1 8 4
   
ii) If B = 8 1 2  then BT =  0 1 3 
 4 3 5  33  2 2 5  33

i) Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij]n×n in which aij = aji, for all i and j, is called a
symmetric matrix.
a h g
 
For example: A =  h b f 
 g f c  33

Let's Note: The diagonal matrices are symmetric. Null square matrix is symmetric.
ii) Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij]n×n in which aij = −aji, for all i and j, is called
a skew symmetric matrix.
Here for i = j, aij = −aji, ∴ 2aii = 0 ∴ aii = 0 for all i = 1, 2, 3, ........ n.
In a skew symmetric matrix, each diagonal element is zero.
 0 4 7 
 
For example: B =  4 0 5 
 7 5 0  33

40
Let's Note:
1) (AT)T = A
2) If A is a symmetric matrix then A = AT
3) If B is a skew symmetric matrix then B = −BT
4) A null square matrix is also skew symmetric.
5) |A| = |AT|
(3) Equality of Two matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if (i) order of A = order of
B and (ii) corresponding elements of A and B are same. That is aij = bij for all i, j. Symbolically,
this is written as A=B.
 2 1
 2 4 1  
For example: i) If A =   and B =  4 0 
 1 0 0  23 1 0  32
 2 4 1
Here BT =   In matrices A and B, A ≠ B, but A = BT.
 1 0 0  23

 2a  b 4   1 4 
For example: ii) If   , then find a and b.
 7 2   7 a  3b 
Using definition of equality of matrices, we have
2a − b = 1 ...... (1) and
a + 3b = 2 ...... (2)
5 3
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get a = and b =
7 7
Let's note: If A = B, then B = A
(4) Addition of Two Matrices: A and B are two matrices of same order. Their addition, denoted by
A + B, is a matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B. Note that orders
of A, B and A + B are same.
Thus if A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n then A + B = [aij+ bij]m×n

 2 3 1  4 3 1 
For example: i) If A =   and B =   find A + B.
 1 2 0  23  5 7 8 23
Solution: Since A and B have same order, A + B is defined and
 2  (4) 3  3 11   2 6 2 
A+B=    
 1  5 2  7 0  (8)  23  4 5 8 23
Let's Note: If A and B are two matrices of same order then subtraction of two matrices is defined as,
A − B = A + (−B), where −B is the negative of matrix B.
 1 4   1 5 
   2 6 
For example: i) If A =  3 2  and B =   , Find A − B.
 0 5  32  4 9  32

41
Solution: Since A and B have same order, A − B is defined and

 1 4   1 5   1  1 4  (5)   0 1
 3 2   2 6     4 
A − B = A + (−B) =   −   =  3  (2) 2  6    1
 0 5  32  4 9  32 0  (4) 5  (9)   4 4 

(5) Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix: If A is any matrix and k is a scalar, then the matrix obtained
by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k is called the scalar multiple of the matrix A and
is denoted by kA.
Thus if A = [aij]m×n and k is any scalar then kA = [kaij]m×n.
Here the orders of matrices A and kA are same.

 1 5 
3
For example: i) If A =  3 2  and k = , then kA.
2
 4 7  32

 3 15 
 2 2
 1 5   
3 3 
3 2  =  3 
9
A =
2 2   2 
 4 7  32 
 6 21 
 2  32

Properties of addition and scalar multiplication: If A, B, C are three matrices conformable

for addition and α, β are scalars, then
(i) A + B = B + A, that is, the matrix addition is commutative.
(ii) (A +B) + C = A + (B + C), that is, the matrix addition is associative.
(iii) For martix A, we have A + O = O + A = A, that is, zero matrix is conformable for addition and
it is the identity for matrix addition.
(iv) For a matrix A, we have A + (−A) = (−A) + A = O, where O is zero matrix conformable with the
matrix A for addition.
(v) α(A ± B) = αA ± αB
(vi) (α ± β)A = αA ± βB
(vii) α(β ∙ A) = (α ∙ β) ∙ A
(viii) OA = O

42
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

 5 3 2 7
   3 1 
Ex. 1) If A =  1 0  and B =   , find 2A − 3B.
 4 2   2 2 

 5 3 2 7
   3 1 
Solution: Let 2A − 3B = 2  1 0  − 3  
 4 2   2 2 

10 6   6 21
   
=  2 0  +  9 3 
 8 4   6 6 

10  6 6  21
 0  3 
=  29
 8  6 4  6 

 4 27 
 3 
=  11
 14 2 

Ex. 2) If A = diag(2, −5, 9), B = diag(−3, 7, −14) and C = diag(1, 0, 3), find B−A−C.
Solution: B − A − C = B − (A + C)
Now, A + C = diag(2, −5, 9) + diag(1, 0, 3) = diag(3, −5, 12)
B − A − C = B − (A + C) = diag(−3, 7, −14) − diag(3, −5, 12)
= diag(−6, 12, −26)

 6 0 0 
 0 12 0 
=  
 0 0 26 

 2 3 1 1 3 2  1 1 6 
Ex. 3) If A =   ,B=  4 6 1 and C = 0 2 5 , find the matrix X such that
4 7 5     
3A − 2B + 4X = 5C.
Solution: Since 3A − 2B + 4X = 5C
∴ 4X = 5C − 3A + 2B

1 1 6   2 3 1 1 3 2 
∴ 4X = 5   −3   +2  
0 2 5 4 7 5   4 6 1

43
 5 5 30   6 9 3  2 6 4 
=  +
   +  
0 10 25  12 21 15 8 12 2 

 5  6  2 5  9  6 30  3  4 
=  
0  12  8 10  21  12 25  15  2 

 1 8 37 
=  
 4 1 42 

1  1 8 37 
∴ X =
4  4 1 42 

1 37 
 4 2 4 
X =  
 1 1  21 
 4 2 

 2 x  1 1  1 6   4 5 
Ex. 4) If  +   =   , find x and y.
 3 4 y   3 0   6 12 

 2 x  1 1  1 6   4 5 
Solution: Given  +   =  
 3 4 y   3 0   6 12 

∴ 2 x 5  4 5 
 6 4 y    6 12 
   

∴ Using definition of equality of matrices, we have 2x = 4, 4y = 12

∴ x = 2, y = 3

 2 a 3
 
Ex. 5) Find a, b, c if the matrix A =  7 4 5  is a symmetric matrix.
 c b 6 

 2 a 3
 
Solution: Given that A =  7 4 5  is a symmetric matrix.
 c b 6 

∴ aij = aji for all i and j

∴ a = −7, b = 5, c = 3

44
  1 5
 
Ex. 6) If A =  2 0  Find (AT)T.
 3 4  32

 1 5
 
Solution: Let A =  2 0 
 3 4  32

 1 2 3 
∴ AT =  
 5 0 4  23

 1 5
 
Now (AT)T =  2 0 
 3 4  32

=A

 2 1  2 1 
   3 1
Ex. 7) If X + Y =  1 3  and X − 2Y =   then find X, Y.
 3 2   4 2 

 2 1  2 1 
   3 1
Solution: Let A =  1 3  and B =  
 3 2   4 2 

X + Y = A ......... (1), X − 2Y = B ......... (2), Solving (1) and (2) for X and Y
Consider (1) − (2), 3Y = A − B,
1
∴ Y= (A − B)
3
  2 1  2 1  
1    
∴ Y =   1 3    3 1 
3 
  3 2   4 2  
 4 2 
1 
=  2 4 
3
 7 0 

 4 2
 3  
3
 
=  
2 4 
 3 3 
 
 7 0 
 3 

45
 From (1) X + Y = A,
∴ X = A − Y,  4 2
 3  
 2 1 3
 
1 3  2 4 
∴ X=   −
 3 3 
 3 2   
 7 0 
 3 
 2 1
 3  3
 
 5 5 
X= 
3 3 
 
  2 2 
 3 

EXERCISE 2.2

 2 3  1 2   4 3
 5 4     1 4 
(1) If A =   , B =  2 2  and C =  
 6 1   0 3   2 1 
Show that (i) A + B = B + A
(ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

1 2  1 3
(2) If A =   ,B=  4 7  , then find the matrix A − 2B + 6I, where I is the unit matrix of
5 3   
order 2.
 1 2 3  9 1 2 
   4 2 5 
(3) If A =  3 7 8 , B =   then find the matrix C such that A + B + C is a zero
 0 6 1   4 0 3
matrix.
 1 2   1 2  2 4
  4 2  1 4 
(4) If A =  3 5 , B =   and C =   , find the matrix X such that
 6 0   1 5   3 6 

3A − 4B + 5X = C.

5 1 4 
(5) If A =   , find (AT)T.
 3 2 0 
7 3 1
 2 4 1
(6) If A =   , find (A ) .
T T

 5 9 1

46
  3 
1 5 a
 
(7) Find a, b, c if  b 5 7  is a symmetric matrix.
 4 c 0
 
 
 
 0 5i x 
 
(8) Find x, y, z if  y 0 z  is a skew symmetric matrix.
3 
  2 0
2 
(9) For each of the following matrices, find its transpose and state whether it is symmetric, skew-
symmetric or neither.
 1 2 5  2 5 1  0 1  2i i  2 
(i)  2 3 4  (ii)  5 4 6  
(iii) 1  2i 0 7 
    
 5 4 9   1 6 3  2  i 7 0 
(10) Construct the matrix A = [aij]3×3 where aij = i − j. State whether A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
 1 1 0 1
(11) Solve the following equations for X and Y, if 3X − Y =   and X − 3Y = 0 1
 1 1   
 6 6 0  3 2 8
(12) Find matrices A and B, if 2A − B =   and A − 2B =  
 4 2 1   2 1 7 
 2 x  y 1 1   1 6 4   3 5 5 
(13) Find x and y, if   
 3 4 y 4   3 0 3  6 18 7 

 2a  b 3a  b   2 3 
(14) If    , find a, b, c and d.
c  2d 2c  d   4 1

(15) There are two book shops own by Suresh and Ganesh. Their sales ( in Rupees) for books in three
subject - Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics for two months, July and August 2017 are given
by two matrices A and B.
July sales ( in Rupees), Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5600 6750 8500 

A= 6650 First Row Suresh / Second Row Ganesh
 7055 8905
August sales ( in Rupees), Physics Chemistry Mathematics
6650 7055 8905 
B= 7000 10200  First Row Suresh / Second Row Ganesh
 7500
then, (i) Find the increase in sales in Rupees from July to August 2017.
(ii) If both book shops get 10% profit in the month of August 2017, find the profit for each
book seller in each subject in that month.

47
(6) Multiplication of Two Matrices:
Two Matrices A and B are said to be conformable for multiplication if the number of columns in
A is equal to the number of rows in B. For example, A is of order m × n and B is of order n × p.
In this case the elements of the product AB form a matrix defined as follows:
n
Am×n × Bn×p = Cm×p , where Cij = a
k 1
b
ik kj

 a11 a12 ... a1k ... a1n 

a
 21 a22 ... a2 k ... a2 n 
 a31 a32 ... a3k ... a3n 
If A = [ajk]m×n =   → ith row
 ... .... ... ... ... ... 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
 am1 am 2 ... amk ... amn 

 b11 b12 ... b1 j ... b1 p 

b b2 p 
 21 b22 ... b2 j ...
b31 b32 ... b3 j ... b3 p 
B = [bkj]n×p =   then
 ... .... ... ... ... ... 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
bn1 bn 2 ... bnj ... bnp 
↓
jth column
then cij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3j + ......... + ainbnj

SOLVED EXAMPLES

 b11 
 
Ex.1: Let A =  a11 a12 a13 13 and B = b21  Find AB.
b31  31
Solution: Since number of columns of A = number of rows of B = 3
Therefore product AB is defined and its order is 1.
AB = [a11 × b11 + a12 × b21 + a13 × b31]

3
Ex.2: Let A = 1 3 213 and B =  2  , find AB. Does BA exist? If yes, find it.
1  31

Solution: Product AB is defined and order of AB is 1.

48
 3
 
∴ AB = 1 3 2  2   1 3  3  2  2 1  1111
1 
Again, number of column of B = number of rows of A = 1.
∴ product BA is also defined and the order of BA is 3.

3
BA =  2  1 3 213
1  31

 3 1 3  3 3  2  3 9 6
 2 1 2  3 2  2   2 6 4
=    
11 1 3 1 2  33 1 3 2  33

Remark: Here AB and BA both are defined but they are different matrices.
 1 2 
1 2
Ex.3: A =  3 2  , B =   Find AB and BA if they exist.
 1 2  22
 1 0  32
Solution: Here A is order of 3 × 2 and B is order of 2 × 2. By conformability of product, AB is
defined but BA is not defined.
 1 2 
  1 2 
∴ AB =  3 2   1 2 
 1 0   

 1  2 2  4 
 
=  3  2 6  4 
 1  0 2  0 

1 2 
 
=  5 10 
 1 2 

 3 2 1  3 3
Ex.4: Let A =   , B =   Find AB and BA whichever exists.
 2 5 4  23  4 2  22
Solution: Since number of columns of A ≠ number of rows of B
∴ Product of AB is not defined. But number of columns of B = number of rows of A=2,
the product BA is exists,
 3 3  3 2 1
∴ BA =   
 4 2   2 5 4 

49
  96 6  15 3  12 
=  
 12  4 8  10 4  8 
 15 9 15
=  
 16 2 12 

 4 3  1 3 
Ex.5: Let A =   and B =   , Find AB and BA which ever exist.
5 2   4 2 
Solution: Since A and B are two matrices of same order 2×2.
∴ Both the products AB and BA exist and both the products are of same order 2×2.
 4 3  1 3 
AB =    
 5 2   4 2 
 4  12 12  6 
=  
 5  8 15  4 
 16 18
=  
 3 11
 1 3   4 3
BA =   5 2 
 4 2   
 4  15 3  6 
=  
16  10 12  4 
11 9 
=  
 6 16 
Here again AB ≠ BA

Remark: 1) If AB exists, BA may or may not exist.

2) If BA exists, AB may or may not exist.
3) If AB and BA both exist they may or may not be equal.

2.4 Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

1) For matrices A and B, matrix multiplication is not commutative, that is, in general AB ≠ BA.
2) For three matrices A, B, C, matrix multiplication is associative. That is (AB)C = A(BC) if orders
of matrices are suitable for multiplication.
 2 1 
1 2  1 1 2   
For example: Let A =   , B = 0 1 3  , C =  3 1
 4 3     0 2 
1 2  1 1 2 
Then AB = 4 3 0 1 3 
   

50
 1 1  2 2  6 
=  4 4  3 8  9 
 
1 3 8 
=  4 7 17 
 
 2 1 
1 3 8   
(AB)C =  4 7 17   3 1
  0 2
 
 2  9 1  3  16 
=  8  21 4  7  34 
 

 11 20 
=  29 45 ..... (1)
 
 2 1 
1 1 2   
∴ BC = 0 1 3   3 1
  
 0 2 
 2  3 1  1  4 
=  3
 1  6 

 5 6 
=  3 7 
 
1 2   5 6 
Now, A(BC) =  4 3   3 7 
   
 5  6 6  14 
=  20  9 24  21
 
 11 20 
=  29 45 ..... (2)
 
From (1) and (2), (AB)C = A(BC)
3) For three matrices A, B, C, matrix multiplication is distributive over addition.
i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (left distributive law)
ii) (B + C)A = BA + CA (right distributive law)
These laws can be verified by examples.
4) For a given square matrix A, there exists a unit matrix I of the same order as that of A, such that
AI = IA = A. I is called Identity matrix for matrix multiplication.
 3 2 1 1 0 0 
2 0 4   
For example: Let A =   , I = 0 1 0 
1 3 2  0 0 1 

51
  3 2 1 1 0 0 
  0 1 0 
Then AI =  2 0 4   
1 3 2  0 0 1 

3  0  0 0  2  0 0  0  1 
 
= 2  0  0 0  0  0 0  0  4
1  0  0 0  3  0 0  0  2 

 3 2 1
 
= 2 0 4 
1 3 2 
= IA
5) For any matrix A, there exists a null matrix O such that a) AO = O and b) OA = O.
6) The products of two non zero matrices can be a zero matrix. That is AB = O but A ≠ O, B ≠ O.

1 0  0 0
For example: Let A =   , B =   ,
2 0  1 1 

1 0  0 0  0 0 
Here A ≠ O, B ≠ O but AB =     = 0 0  , that is AB = O
 2 0   1 1   
7) Positive integer powers of a square matrix A are obtained by repeated multiplication of A by
itself. That is A2 = AA, A3 = AAA, ....., An = AA….n times

SOLVED EXAMPLES

 2 1 
1 1 2   
Ex.1: If A =   , B =  3 1 , show that the matrix AB is non singular,
0 1 3 
 0 2 

 2 1 
1 1 2   3 1
Solution: let AB =    
0 1 3 
 0 2 
 2  3  0 1  1  4 
=  
 0  3  0 0  1  6

5 6
= ,
3 7
5 6
∴ |AB| = = −35 + 18 = −17 ≠ 0
3 7
∴ By definition, matrix AB is non singular.

52
 1 3 3
Ex. 2: If A = 3 1 3 find A2 − 5A. What is your conclusion?
3 3 1

Solution : Let A2 = A.A

1 3 3 1 3 3
= 3 1 3 3 1 3
3 3 1 3 3 1

1  9  9 3  3  9 3  9  3
 
=  3  3  9 9  1  9 9  3  3
3  9  3 9  3  3 9  9  1

19 15 15
 
= 15 19 15
15 15 19 

19 15 15 1 3 3
   3 1 3
∴ A2 − 5A = 15 19 15 − 5  
15 15 19  3 3 1

19 15 15  5 15 15

15 19 15  
=   − 15 5 15
15 15 19  15 15 5 

14 0 0  1 0 0 
   
∴ A2 − 5A =  0 14 0  = 14 0 1 0  = 14 I
 0 0 14  0 0 1 
∴ By definition of scalar matrix, A2 − 5A is a scalar matrix.

 3 2 
Ex. 3: If A =   , find k, so that A2 − kA + 2I = O, where I is a 2×2 the identify matrix and
 4 2 
O is null matrix of order 2.
Solution: Given A2 − kA + 2I = O
∴ Here, A2 = AA
 3 2   3 2 
=    
 4 2   4 2 
 9  8 6  4 
=  
12  8 8  4 
1 2 
=  
 4 4 
53
 ∴ A2 − kA + 2I = O
1 2   3 2  1 0 
∴   − k  4 2  + 2 0 1  = O
 4 4     

1 2   3k 2k   2 0  0 0 
∴   −  + =
 4 4   4k 2k   0 2  0 0 

1  3k  2 2  2k  0 0 
∴  =  
 4  4k 4  2k  2  0 0 
∴ Using definition of equality of matrices, we have
1  3k  2  0  3k  3
2  2k  0  2k  2 
 k=1
4  4k  0  4k  4
4  2k  2  0  2k  2 

  6 3  4 1 
  
Ex. 4: Find x and y, if  2 0 3 3  1 2   2  1 0     x
 y
  5 4  3 4  
  

  6 3  4 1 
  
Solution: Given  2 0 3 3  1 2   2  1 0     x
 y
  5 4  3 4  
  

 18 9   8 2  
∴  2 0 3   3 6    2 0     x y
   
 15 12   6 8 
    

10 7 
∴  2 0 3  1 6    x y
 9 4 

∴  20  27 14  12   x y

∴  47 26   x y
∴ x = 47, y = 26 by definition of equality of matrices.
(A + B) (A − B) = A2 − AB + BA − B2
Let's Note :
Using the distributive laws discussed earlier, we can derive the following results. If A and B are
square matrices of the same order, then
i) (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2 ii) (A − B)2 = A2 − AB − BA + B2

54
Ex 5: A School purchased 8 dozen Mathematics books, 7 dozen physics books and 10 dozen chemistry
books of standard XI. The price of one book of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry are Rs.50,
Rs.40 and Rs.60 respectively. Use matrix multiplication to find the total amount that the school
pays the book seller.

Solution: Let A be the column matrix of books of different subjects and let B be the row matrix of
prices of one book of each subject.
 8  12   96 
   
A =  7  12  =  84  B = 50 40 60
10  12  120 
∴ The total amount received by the bookseller is obtained by the matrix BA.
 96 
 
∴ BA = 50 40 60  84 
120 
= [50 × 96 + 40 × 84 + 60 × 120]
= [4800 + 3360 + 7200]
= [15360]
Thus the amount received by the bookseller from the school is Rs. 15360.

EXERCISE 2.3

3 4
1) Evaluate i)  2   2 4 3 ii)  2 1 3  3 
 
1  1 

 1 1 1  2 1 4
  3 0 2
2) If A =  2 3 0  , B =   . State whether AB = BA? Justify your answer.
 1 3 1  1 2 1 

 2 3 1 1 3 1
   2 2 1
3) Show that AB = BA where, A =  1 2 1 , B =  
 6 9 4   3 0 1

1 0 1   2 2 
   1 1   3 2 1
4) Verify A(BC) = (AB)C, if A =  2 3 0  , B =   and C =  2 0 2 
 0 3   
 0 4 5 

 4 2   1 1  4 1 
5) Verify that A(B+C) = AB + AC, if A =   ,B=  3 2  and C =  2 1
2 3     

55
 1 2
 4 3 2  
6) If A = 
  , B =  1 0  show that matrix AB is non singular.
 1 2 0 
 1 2 

1 2 0 
 
7) If A + I = 5 4 2  , find the product (A + I)(A − I).
0 7 3

1 2 2 
 
8) If A =  2 1 2  , show that A2 – 4A is a scalar matrix.
 2 2 1 

 1 0
9) If A =   , find k so that A2 – 8A – kI = O, where I is a 2×2 unit and O is null matrix of
 1 7 
order 2.
 3 1
10) If A =   , prove that A2 – 5A + 7I = 0, where I is 2×2 unit matrix.
 1 2 
1 2  2 a
11) If A =   ,B=  1 b  and if (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find value of a and b.
 1 2   

 3 2 
12) Find k, If A =   and A2 = kA – 2I.
 4 2 
2
  2 1 3   3 3 4      x 
13) Find x and y, If 4      1   
 1 0 2  2 1 1    1   y 
 
 2 0  1 1   x  3
   1  
14) Find x, y, z if 3  0 2   4  1 2       y  1
  
 3 1      2 z 
 2 2 2
  

15) Jay and Ram are two friends. Jay wants to buy 4 pens and 8 notebooks, Ram wants to buy 5 pens
and 12 notebooks. The price of One pen and one notebook was Rs. 6 and Rs.10 respectively.
Using matrix multiplication, find the amount each one of them requires for buying the pens and
notebooks.
• Properties of the transpose of a matrix:
(i) If A and B are two matrices of same order, then (A + B)T = AT + BT
(ii) If A is a matrix and k is a constant, then (kA)T = kAT
(iii) If A and B are conformable for the product AB, then (AB)T = BT AT

56
 2 3
1 2 1 1 2 
For example: Let A =   ,B=   , ∴ AB is defined and
 3 1 3 1 2 

2  2  1 3  4  2  5 9  5 10 
AB =    ∴ (AB)T =   ......... (1)
 6  1  3 9  2  6  10 17  9 17 

 1 3  1 3
  2 1 1 2 1 1  
Now A =  2 1 , BT =
T
3 2 2 , ∴BA = 
T T
  2 1
   3 2 2 
1 3 1 3

 2  2  1 6  1  3  5 10 
∴ BTAT =   =   ......... (2)
3  4  2 9  2  6  9 17 
∴ From (1) and (2) we have proved that, (AB)T = BTAT
In general (A1A2A3……..An)T = AnT………… A3TA2TA1T

(iv) If A is a symmetric matrix, then AT = A.

 2 3 4 
 
For example: Let A =  3 5 2  be a symmetric matrix.
 4 2 1 

 2 3 4 
 
A =  3 5 2  = A
T

 4 2 1 

(v) If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then AT = −A.

0 5 4
 
For example: Let A =  5 0 2  be a skew symmetric matrix.
 4 2 0 

 0 5 4  0 5 4
   5 0 2 
∴ A = 5 0 2  = −
T
  = − A, ∴ AT = −A.
 4 2 0   4 2 0 

(vi) If A is a square matrix, then (a) A + AT is symmetric.

(b) A − AT is skew symmetric.

3 5 7  3 2 3 
  5 4 8 
For example: (a) Let A =  2 4 6  , ∴ AT =  
 3 8 5 7 6 5

57
 3 5 7  3 2 3   6 7 10 
    7 8 2 
Now A + AT =  2 4 6  +  5 4 8  =  
 3 8 5 7 6 5 10 2 10 
∴ A + AT is a symmetric matrix, by definition.
3 5 7  3 2 3  0 3 4 
     
(b) Let A − AT =  2 4 6  −  5 4 8  =  3 0 14 
 3 8 5 7 6 5  4 14 0 
∴ A − AT is a skew symmetric matrix, by definition.
Let's Note: A square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix as follows.
1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A − AT)
2 2
 4 5 3   4 6 7 
   5 2 8 
For example: Let A =  6 2 1  , ∴ AT =  
 7 8 9   3 1 9 

 4 5 3   4 6 7   8 11 10 
   
A + AT =  6 2 1  +  5 2 8  =  11 4 9 
 7 8 9   3 1 9   10 9 18

 11 
 4  5 
 8 11 10   2

1 1    11 9 
Let P = (A + A ) =T
11 4 9  =  2
2 2   2 2 
 10 9 18  
 5 9
18
 2 
The matrix P is a symmetric matrix.

 4 5 3   4 6 7   0 1 4 
 6 2 1   5 2 8   
Also A − A = 
T
 −   =  1 0 7 
 7 8 9   3 1 9   4 7 0 

 1 
 0 2 
2
 0 1 4   
1 1   =  1 7
Let Q = (A − A ) =T
 1 0  7 0 
2 2    2 2
 4 7 0   7 
 2 0 
 2 
The matrix Q is a skew symmetric matrix.
Since P + Q = symmetric matrix + skew symmetric matrix.
Thus A = P + Q.

58
 EXERCISE 2.4

 1 3  2 6 1
(1) Find AT, if (i) A =   (ii) A =  
 4 5  4 0 5
(2) If A = [aij]3×3 where aij = 2(i – j). Find A and AT. State whether A and AT both are symmetric or
skew symmetric matrices ?

 5 3
 
(3) If A =  4 3 , Prove that (AT)T = A.
 2 1 

 1 2 5
 
(4) If A =  2 3 4  , Prove that AT = A.
 5 4 9 

 2 3 2 1  1 2
   4 1  1 4 
(5) If A =  5 4  , B =  ,C=   then show that
 6 1   3 3   2 3 

(i) (A + B)T = AT + BT (ii) (A − C)T = AT − CT

 5 4  1 3 
(6) If A =   and B =   , then find CT, such that 3A – 2B + C = I, where I is the unit
 2 3   4 1
matrix of order 2.
7 3 0   0 2 3 
(7) If A =   ,B=   then find
 0 4 2   2 1 4 
(i) AT + 4BT (ii) 5AT − 5BT
1 0 1   2 1 4   0 2 3
(8) If A =   ,B=   and C =  1 1 0  , verify that
3 1 2   3 5 2   
(A + 2B + 3C)T = AT + 2BT + 3CT
 2 1
 1 2 1   
(9) If A =   and B =  3 2  , prove that (A + BT)T = AT + B.
 3 2 3  1 3 
(10) Prove that A + A is a symmetric and A − AT is a skew symmetric matrix, where
T

 1 2 4  5 2 4 
 3 2 1  
(i) A =   (ii) A =  3 7 2 
 2 3 2   4 5 3
(11) Express each of the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 3 3 1
 4 2 
(i)   (ii)  2 2 1 
 3 5  4 5 2 
59
  2 1
   0 3 4 
(12) If A =  3 2  and B =  2 1 1  , verify that
 4 1   

(i) (AB)T = BTAT (ii) (BA)T = ATBT

2.5 Elementary Transformations:

Let us understand the meaning and application of elementary transformations. There are three
elementary transformations of a matrix. They can be used on rows and columns.
a) Interchange of any two rows or any two columns: If we interchange the ith row and the jth row
of a matrix then, after this interchange, the original matrix is transformed to a new matrix.
This transformation is symbolically denoted as Ri ↔ Rj or Rij
The same transformation can be applied to two columns, say Ci ↔ Cj or Cij

For Example:
5 7  3 2 
If A =   then R1 ↔ R2 gives new matrix 5 7 
3 2   
 7 5
and C1 ↔ C2 gives new matrix  
 2 3
b) Multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero scalar: If k is a non zero
scalar and the row Ri is to be multiplied by a Scalar k, then we multiply every element of Ri by
the Scalar k. Symbolically the transformation is denoted by kRi or Ri(k)
1 2 3 1 2 3
  8 20 0 
For example: If A =  2 5 0  then 4R2 gives  
 4 1 3  4 1 3

Similarly, if any column of the matrix is multiplied by a constant then we multiply every element
of the column by the constant. It is denoted by kCi or Ci(k)

 2 3  2 9
If B =   then 3C2 gives  5 3
 5 1   
c) Adding the scalar multiples of all the elements of any row (column) to corresponding
elements of any other row (column): If k is a non-zero scalar and the k-multiples of the elements
of Rj(Cj) are to be added to the elements of Ri(Ci) then the transformation is symbolically denoted
as Ri+kRj or Ci+kCj

For example:
 2 5  2 5 
1) If A =   then R + 2R gives =  
7 8
2 1
7  2(2) 8  2(5) 
2 5
=  
11 18
60
 3 2  3  2(2) 2 
2) If B =   then C1 − 2C2 = 
1 4   1  2(4) 4 
 7 2 
=  
 7 4 
Let's Note:
1) After transformation Ri + kRj, Rj remains same as in the original matrix. Similarly with the
transformation Ci + kCj, Cj remains same as in the original matrix.
2) The elements of a row or multiples of the element of a row can not be added to the elements of
a column or conversely.
3) When any elementary row transformations are applied on both the sides of AB = C, the prefactor
A changes and B remains unchanged. The same row transformations are applied on C.
For Example:

1 2   1 0  1 10 
If A =   , B=   then AB =   = C say
3 4   1 5 1 20 
Now if we require C to be transformed to a new matrix by R1 ↔ R2
1 20 

C → 1 10 
  3 4 
If the same transformation used for A then A →   and B remains unchanged then product
1 2 
3 4   1 0 
AB =    
1 2   1 5 
 3  4 0  20 
=  
 1  2 0  10 
1 20 
=  
1 10 
=C

SOLVED EXAMPLES

2 4
1) If A =   then apply the transformation R1 ↔ R2 on A.
1 7 
2 4 1 7 
Solution: As A =   R1 ↔ R2 gives R12 =  
1 7  2 4

 1 2 3
 
2) If B =  4 7 1 then apply the transformation C2 – 2C1.
 3 2 1
61
  1 2 3 1 2  2(1) 3
   
Solution: As B =  4 7 1 C2 – 2C1 =  4 7  2(4) 1
 3 2 1  3 2  2(3) 1
 1 2  2 3
 
=  4 7  8 1
 3 2  6 1

 1 0 3
 
=  4 1 1
 3 4 1

 1 2 7 
 5  then apply the transformation R2 + 2R1.
3) If A =  2 1
 3 2 1 
 1 2 7 
 5  R2 + 2R1,
Solution: As A =  2 1
 3 2 1 
 1 2 7 
 2  2(1) 1  2(2) 5  2(7) 
` =  
 3 2 1 

 1 2 7 
 
=  2  2 1  4 5  14 
 3 2 1 

1 2 7 
 
= 0 3 9 
 3 2 1 

 2 3
4) Convert   into identity matrix by suitable row transformations.
1 6 
 2 3
Solution: Given A=   R1 ↔ R2
1 6 
1 6 1 6 
=   By R2 − 2R1 0 9 
 2 3  

-1 1 6 
R ,A= 0 1 
9 2  
1 0 
By R1 − 6R2 =   =I
0 1 
62
2.6 Inverse of a matrix :
If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same order
such that AB = BA = I, where I is the unit matrix of order m then B is called the inverse of A and
is denoted by A−1 (read as A inverse)
Using the notation A−1 for B we write the above equations as AA−1 = A−1A = I
Let's Note: For the existence of inverse of matrix A, it is necessary that |A| ≠ 0, that is
A is a non singular matrix.
• Uniqueness of the inverse of a matrix:
It can be proved that if A is a square matrix where |A| ≠ 0, then its inverse, say A−1, is unique.
Theorem: Prove that, if A is a square matrix and its inverse exists then the inverse is unique.
Proof: Let A be a square matrix of order m and let its inverse exist.
Let, if possible, B and C be two inverses of A
Then, by definition of the inverse matrix,
AB = BA = I and AC = CA = I
Now consider B = BI
= B(AC)
= (BA)C
= IC
B = C
Hence B = C, that is, the inverse of a matrix is unique.
Inverse of a matrix (if it exists) can be obtained by any of the two methods:
(1) Elementary Transformations (2) Adjoint Method.
1) Inverse of a non singular matrix by elementary transformations:
By the definition of inverse of a matrix A, if A−1 exists, then AA−1 = A−1A = I .
To find A−1, we first convert A into I. This can be done by using elementary transformations.
Hence the equation AA−1 = I can be transformed into an equation of the type A−1 = B, by applying
the same series of row transformations on both sides of the above equation. Similarly, if we
start with the equation A−1A = I then the transformations should be applied to the columns of
A. Apply column transformations to post factor and the other side, whereas prefactor remains
unchanged.
AA−1 = I (Row transformation) A−1A = I (column transformation)
 a11 a12 a13 
 a23  is a non singular matrix then reduce A into I
Now if A =  a21 a22
 a31 a32 a33 
1 0 0 
0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 
63
 The suitable row transformation are as follows
1) Reduce a11 to 1
2) Then reduce a21 and a31 to 0
3) Reduce a22 to 1
4) Then reduce a12 and a32 to 0
5) Reduce a33 to 1
6) Then reduce a13 and a23 to 0
Remember that the similar working rule (but not the same) can be used if you are using column
transformations
a11 → 1 a12 and a13 → 0
a22 → 1 a21 and a23 → 0
a33 → 1 a31 and a32 → 0

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1) Find which of the following matrix is invertible

1 2 3
1 2  2 4  
(i)   (ii)   (iii)  2 4 5 
5 7  3 6  2 4 6 
1 2 
Solution: i) A =  
5 7 
1 2
|A| =
5 7
= 7 − 10
= −3 ≠ 0
∴ A−1 exists. ∴ a is invertible matrix.

2 4
ii) B =  
3 6
2 4
|B| =
3 6
= 12 − 12 = 0
∴ B is singular matrix and hence B−1 does not exist.
∴ B is not invertible matrix.

64
 1 2 3
 
iii) A = 2 4 5
 2 4 6 

1 2 3
 
|A| =  2 4 5 
 2 4 6 

1 2 3
|A| = 2 2 4 5 (By property of determinant)
1 2 3
|A| = 2(0) (Row R1 and R3 are identical)
∴ A is singular matrix and hence A−1 does not exist.
∴ A is not invertible matrix.

 2 5
2) Find the inverse of A =   by elementary transformation.
 1 3
 2 5
Solution: A =  
 1 3
2 5
|A| =
1 3

=6−5=1≠0
∴ A−1 is exist.
(I) AA−1 = I By Row transformation
 2 5 −1 1 0 
  A = 0 1 
 1 3  
Using R1 ↔ R2

1 3 −1 0 1 
 2 5 A = 1 0 

   
Using R2 → R2− 2R1
1 3  −1 0 1 
0 1 A = 1 2 

   
Using R1 → R1 + 3R2
1 0  −1 3 5
0 1 A = 1 2 

   

65
 ∴ R2 → (−1)R2
0 1  −1  3 5
1 0  A =
 1 2 
   
 3 5
IA−1 =  
 1 2 
 3 5
∴ A−1 =   ............... (I)
 1 2 
(II) A−1A = I By column transformations we get,
-1  2 5  1 0 
A   =  
 1 3 0 1 
1
C1 →   C1
2
 1 5 1 
-1 0
1  = 2
A  3  
2   0 1

Using C2 → C2 − 5C1

1 0 1 5 
-1
A  1 1  =  2 2
 
2 2 0 1

Using C2 → 2C2

 1 0  1 
5
A  1
-1  = 2
 1  0 
2   2

1
Using C1 → C1 −   C2
2

1 0   3 5
A−1   =  1 2 
0 1   
 3 5
A−1 I =  
 1 2 
 3 5
A−1 =   ........... (II)
 1 2 
From I and II
A−1 is unique.

66
  2 0 1
 
3) Find the inverse of A =  5 1 0  by using elementary row transformation.
 0 1 3 

 2 0 1
 
Solution: Let A =  5 1 0 
 0 1 3 

2 0 -1
|A| = 5 1 0
0 1 3
= 2(3 − 0) − 0(15 − 0) − 1(5 − 0)
= 6−0−5
= 1≠0
∴ A−1 is exist.
Consider AA−1 = I
 2 0 1 1 0 0 
  0 1 0 
 5 1 0  A−1 =  
 0 1 3  0 0 1 

6 0 3 3 0 0
5 1 0  A−1 = 0 1 0 
By R1 → 3R1  
 
0 1 3  0 0 1 

1 1 3  3 1 0 
5 1 0  A−1 = 0 1 0
By R1 → R1 − R2    
0 1 3  0 0 1 

1 1 3  3 1 0 
 15 6 0 
By R2 → R2 − 5R1 0 6 15  A−1 =  
 
0 1 3   0 0 1 

1 1 3  3 1 0 
By R2 ↔ R3 0 1 3  A−1 =  0 0 1 
   
0 6 16   15 6 0 
1 0 0   3 1 1 
   0 0 1 
By R1 → R1 + R2 and R3 → R3 − 6R2 0 1 3  A−1 = 
0 0 3  15 6 6 

67
 1 0 0  3 -1 1
1   0 0 1
By R3 →   R3 0 1 3 A−1 =
 
3
0 0 1  5 -2 2

1 0 0  3 1 1
0 1 0  −1 15 6 5
By R2→ R2 − R3   A =
0 0 1  5 2 2

 3 1 1 
 
IA =  15 6 5
−1

 5 2 2 

 3 1 1 
 
A−1 =  15 6 5
 5 2 2 

2) Inverse of a non singular matrix by Adjoint Method: This method can be directly used for
finding the inverse. However, for understanding this method we should know the definitions of
minor and co-factor.
Definition: Minor of an element aij of matrix is the determinant obtained by ignoring ith row and jth
column in which the element aij lies. Minor of an element aij is denoted by Mij.
Definition: Cofactor of an element aij of matrix is given by Aij = (−1)i+jMij, where Mij is minor of
the element aij. Cofactor of an element aij is denoted Aij.
Adjoint of a Matrix:
The adjoint of a square matrix is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix of A.
The adjoint of a matrix A is denoted by adjA.
For Example: If A is a square matrix of order 3 then the matrix of its cofactors is
 A11 A12 A13 
A 
 21 A 22 A 23 
 A 31 A 32 A 33 
and the required adjoint of A is the transpose of the above matrix. Hence
A11 A 21 A 31
adjA = A 12 A 22 A 32
A 13 A 23 A 33
If A = [aij]m×m is non singular square matrix then the inverse of matrix exists and given by

1
A−1 = adj (A)
A

68
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

 2 4
1) Find the cofactor matrix of A =  
 1 7 
Solution: Here a11 = 2, a12 = 4, a21 = −1, a22 =7
Minor of a11 i.e., M11 ∴ A11= (−1)1+1M11 = (−1)2 7 = 7
Similarly we can find M12 = −1, and A12 = (−1)1+2M12 = −1(−1) = 1
M21 = 4, and A21 = (−1)2+1M21 = −1(4) = −4
M22 = 2, and A22 = (−1)2+2M22 = 1(2) = 2
∴ Required cofactors are 7, 1, −4, 2
 7 1
∴ Cofactor Matrix = [Aij]2×2 =  
 4 2 

 2 3
2) Find the adjoint of A =  
 4 6 
Solution: Minor of a11 = M11 = −6
∴ A11= (−1)1+1M11 = 1(−6) = −6
Minor of a12 = M12 = 4
∴ A12 = (−1)1+2M12 = −1(4) = −4
Minor of a21 = M21 = −3
∴ A21 = (−1)2+1M21 = −1(−3) = 3
Minor of a22 = M22 = 2
∴ A22 = (−1)2+2M22 = 1(2) = 2
 6 4 
∴ Cofactor of matrix [Aij]2×2 =  
3 2
 6 3 
adj (A) = [Aij]T =  
 4 2 
 2 2 
3) If A =   then find A−1 by the adjoint method.
 4 3 
 2 2 
Solution: Given A =  
4 3 
2 -2
|A| = = 6 + 8 = 14 ≠ 0
4 3
∴ A−1 is exist.
M11 = 3 ∴ A11 = (−1)1+1M11 = 1(3) = 3

69
 M12 = 4, ∴ A12 = (−1)1+2M12 = −1(4) = −4
M21 = −2, ∴ A21 = (−1)2+1M21 = −1(−2) = 2
M22 = 2, ∴ A22 = (−1)2+2M22 = 1(2) = 2

 3 4 
∴ Cofactor matrix [Aij]2×2 =  
2 2 
 3 2
adj (A) = [Aij]T =  
 4 2 
1
A−1 = adj (A)
A

1  3 2
A−1 =
14  4 2 

 2 1 1 
4) If A =  1 2 1 then find A−1 by the adjoint method.
 1 1 2 

 2 1 1 
Solution: Given A =  1 2 1
 1 1 2 

2 -1 1
|A| = - 1 2 -1 = 2(4 − 1) + 1(−2 + 1) + 1(1 − 2)
1 -1 2

= 6−1−1=4≠0
∴ A−1 exists.
For the given matrix A

2 -1
∴ A11 = (−1)1+1 = 1(4 − 1) = 3
-1 2
-1 -1
∴ A12 = (−1)1+2 = −1(−2 + 1) = 1
1 2

-1 2
∴ A13 = (−1)1+3 = 1(1 − 2) = −1
1 -1
-1 1
∴ A21 = (−1)2+1 = −1(−2 + 1) = 1
-1 2

70
 2 1
∴ A22 = (−1)2+2 = 1(4 − 1) = 3
1 2
2 -1
∴ A23 = (−1)2+3 = −1(−2 + 1) = 1
1 -1
-1 1
∴ A31 = (−1)3+1 = 1(1 − 2) = −1
2 -1
2 1
∴ A32 = (−1)3+2 = −1(−2 + 1) = 1
-1 -1
2 -1
∴ A33 = (−1)3+3 = 1(4 − 1) = 3
-1 2
 3 1 1
 
∴ Cofactor matrix [Aij]3x3 = 1 3 1
 1 1 3 

 3 1 1
 
adj (A) = [Aij]T = 1 3 1
 1 1 3 

1
A−1 = adj A
A

 3 1 1
1
A−1 =  1 3 1 
4
 1 1 3 

EXERCISE 2.5

1) Apply the given elementary transformation on each of the following matrices.

 3 4 
i)   , R1 ↔ R2
2 2 
2 4 
ii)   , C1 ↔ C2
1 5
 3 1 1
iii)  1 3 1  3R2 and C2 → C2 − 4C1
 1 1 3 

1 1 2 
 
2) Transform  2 1 3  into an upper triangular matrix by suitable row transformations.
 3 2 4 
71
3) Find the cofactor of the following matrices
 5 8 7
1 2 
i)   ii)  1 2 1 
5 8
 2 1 1 

4) Find the adjoint of the following matrices

 1 1 2 
 2 3
i)   ii)  2 3 5 
3 5 
 2 0 1

5) Find the inverse of the following matrices by the adjoint method

1 2 3 
 3 1  2 2   
i)   ii)   iii) 0 2 4 
 2 1 4 5  0 0 5 
6) Find the inverse of the following matrices by the transformation method.
 2 0 1
1 2   
i)   ii)  5 1 0 
 2 1
 0 1 3 

1 0 1
 
7) Find the inverse A = 0 2 3 by elementary column transformation.
1 2 1

1 2 3 
8) Find the inverse 1 1 5  of by the elementary row transformation.
 2 4 7 

1 0 1 1 2 3 
  1 1 5  then find matrix X such that XA = B
9) If A = 0 2 3 and B =  
1 2 1  2 4 7 

 1 2 3 1 
  2
10) Find matrix X, If AX = B where A =  1 1 2  and B =  
 1 2 4   3 

2.7 Applications of Matrices:

To find a solution of simultaneous linear equations.
Consider the following pair of simultaneous linear equations in two variables.
a1 x  b1 y  c1 
 .......... (i)
a2 x  b2 y  c2 

72
 Now consider the 2×2 matrix formed by coefficient of x and y
 a1 b1   x  c1 
A=   , X =  y , B = c 
 a2 b2     2
Now consider the following matrix equation AX = B
 a1 b1   x   c1 
a   = c 
 2 b2   y   2
 a1 x  b1 y   c1 
a x  b y  = c  ................. (ii)
 2 2   2

∴ a1x + b1y = c1

a2x + b2y = c2
Hence the matrix equation (ii) is equivalent to pair of simultaneous linear equations given by (i)
∴ Matrix form of a1x + b1y = c1

a2x + b2y = c2 is

 a1 b1   x   c1 
a b  y   = c 
 2 2    2
Similarly suppose we have three simultaneous equations in three variables
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2

a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
This can be summarized by the matrix equation
 a1 b1 c1 
 x  d1 
a b2 c2 
 y  
 2   = d2 
 a3 b3 c3 
 z   d3 
For example: Write the following linear equations in the form of a matrix equation.
1) 3x + 5y =2
−2x + y = 5
 3 5 2  x
Solution : A =   ,B= 5 , X =  y
 2 1    
AX=B
 3 5  x  2
    =  
 2 1  y  5

2) 3x + 2y − z = 4
7x – 2y – 2z = 3
2x –3y + 5z = 4
73
  3 2 1  x 4
   y 3
Solution: A = 7 2 2  , X =   ,B=  
 2 3 5   z   4 

AX = B
 3 2 1  x  4
7 2 2   y   
    = 3
 2 3 5   z   4 
There are two methods for solving linear equations (I) Method of Inversion (II) Method of
Reduction
(I) Method of Inversion: Consider a system of linear equations. Suppose we express it in the
matrix form AX=B, where A is non singular (|A| ≠ 0). Then A has a unique inverse A−1.
Pre multiplying AX=B by A−1, we get
A−1(AX) = A−1B
(A−1A)X = A−1B
IX = A−1B
∴ X = A−1B. Thus, there is a unique solution to the given system of linear equations.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1) Solve the following equations by inversion matrix of inversion method

2x + 3y = 5
6x – 2y = 4
2 3   x 5
Solution: A =   , X=   ,B=   ,
 6 2   y 4
Given equations can be written in matrix form as
AX = B
Pre-multiplying AX = B by A−1 we get
A−1(AX) = A−1B
(A−1A)X = A−1B
IX = A−1B
X = A−1B
First we find the inverse by A by row transformation
We write AA−1 = I
 2 3  −1 1 0 
  A =  
 6 2  0 1 

74
  3 1 
1  1
2  0
Using R1 →   R1 A−1 = 2
2    
6 2   0 1
 3  1 
1 2  0
Using R2 → R2 − 6R1   A −1
= 2
 
0 11  3 1
1 
 3 2 0
 1 
Using R2 →   R2 
1
2 A−1 =  
 11    3 1 
0 1
11 11 
2 3
3 1 0   22 22 
Using R1 → R1 − R2   A−1 =  
2 0 1  3 1 
 11 11 
 3
1 1
A −1
= 2
11  
3 1

 3
1 1 5
∴X=A B −1
= 2  
11   4
3 1
11 
1  56  1 11 11 
X = = =  
11 15  4  11 11 11 
11 
 x 1
 y  = 1
  
∴ x = 1, y = 1
Hence the solution of given linear equations are x = 1, y = 1.
2) Solve the following equations by the inversion method
x–y+z=4
2x + y – 3z = 0
x+y+z=2
Solution: The matrix equation is
1 1 1   x 4
 2 1 3  y  
    = 0
1 1 1   z   2 
AX=B
75
 Pre-multiplying AX = B by A−1 we get
A−1(AX) = A−1B
(A−1A)X = A−1B
IX = A−1B
X = A−1B
First we find the inverse of A by adjoint method
1 -1 1
|A| = 2 1 -3
1 1 1
|A| = 1(1 + 3) + 1(2 +3) + 1(2 − 1)
=4+5+1
= 10 ≠ 0
A−1 is exist
1 1 1 
 
A =  2 1 3
1 1 1 

1 -3
M11 = =1+3=4 ∴A11 = (−1)2M11 = 1(4) = 4
1 1

2 -3
M12 = = 2+3 = 5 ∴A12 = (−1)3M12 = (−1)(5) = −5
1 1

2 1
M13 = = 2−1 = 1 ∴A13 = (−1)4M13 = 1(1) = 1
1 1
-1 1
M21 = = −1−1 = −2 ∴A21 = (−1)3M21 = (−1)(−2) = 2
1 1

1 1
M22 = = 1−1 = 0 ∴A22 = (−1)4M22 = 1(0) = 0
1 1

1 -1
M23 = = 1+1 = 2 ∴A23 = (−1)5M23 = (−1)(2) = −2
1 1

-1 1
M31 = = 3−1 = 2 ∴A31 = (−1)4M31 = 1(2) = 2
1 -3
1 1
M32 = = −3−2 = −5 ∴A32 = (−1)5M32 = (−1)(−5) = 5
2 -3

76
 1 -1
M33 = =1+2=3 ∴A33 = (−1)6M33 = 1(3) = 3
2 1
 4 5 1 
 2 0 2 
∴ [Aij] =  
 2 5 3 

adj(A) = [Aij]T

 4 2 2
 5 0 5 
=  
 1 2 3 
1
A−1 = Adj(A)
A

 4 2 2
1 
=  5 0 5 
10
 1 2 3 

X = A−1B
 4 2 2 4
1 
=  5 0 5   0 
10
 1 2 3   2 

 16  0  4 
1 
= 20  0  10 
10 
 4  0  6 

 20   2 
1 
=  10  =  1
10
 10   1 

 x 2
 y  1
=   =  
 z   1 

∴ x = 2, y = −1, z = 1

(II) Method of Reduction:

Here we start by writing the given linear equations as the matrix equation AX = B. Then we
perform suitable row transformations on the matrix A. Using the row transformations, we reduce
matrix A into an upper triangular matrix or lower triangular matrix. The same row transformations
are performed simultaneously on matrix B.

77
 After this, we rewrite the equations in the form of a system of linear equations. Now they are
in such a form that they can be easily solved by elimination method. The required solution is
obtained in this way.

Solved Examples

1) Solve the equations 2x – y = −2 and 3x + 4y = 3 by the method of reduction.

Solution: The given equations can be write as
2x – y = −2
3x + 4y = 3
Hence the matrix equation is AX = B

 2 1  x   2 
3 4   y  =  3 
     
By R1 ↔ R2

3 4   x 3
 2 1
 y  =  2 
     

By R1↔ R1−R2

1 5   x  5
 
 2 1  y 

=  2 
   

By R2↔ R2 − 2R1

1 5   x   5 
    =  12 
0 11  y 

 
We write equations as

x + 5y = 5 --------------------------- (1)
−11y = −12 --------------------------- (2)
12
from (2), y = --------------------------- (3)
11
12
Put y = in equation (1) to get
11
 12 

x+5×   =5
 11 
60 55 - 60 -5
x=5−
= = 11
11 11
-5 12

∴ x = 11 , y =
11

78
2) Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of reduction
x – y + z = 1, 2x – y = 1, 3x + 3y – 4z = 2.
Solution: The given equations can be write as
x – y + z = 1
2x – y = 1
3x + 3y – 4z = 2
Hence the matrix equation is AX = B
1 1 1   x  1 
   y  
∴  2 1 0    = 1 
 3 3 4   z   2 

1 1 1   x 1
0 1 2   y  1
By R2 → R2 – 2R1     =  
 3 3 4   z   2 

1 1 1   x 1
0 1 2   y  1
By R3→ R3 – 3R1     =  
0 6 7   z   1

1 1 1   x  1
0 1 2     
By R3→ R3 – 6R2    y  =  1
0 0 5   z   5 
We write equations as
x – y + z = 1 --------------------------------- (1)
y – 2z = −1 ----------------------------------- (2)
5z = 5 ----------------------------------------- (3)
From (3), z = 1
Put z = 1 in equation (2) y – 2(1) = −1 ∴y=2–1=1
Put y = 1, z = 1 in equation (1) x – 1 + 1 = 1, ∴x=1
∴ x = 1, y = 1, z = 1

EXERCISE 2.6

1) Solve the following equations by method of inversion.

i) x + 2y = 2, 2x + 3y = 3
ii) 2x + y = 5, 3x + 5y = −3
iii) 2x – y + z = 1, x + 2y + 3z = 8 and 3x + y – 4z = 1
iv) x + y + z = 1, x – y + z = 2 and x + y – z = 3
79
2) Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by method of reduction.
i) x + 3y = 2, 3x + 5y = 4
ii) 3x – y = 1 , 4x + y = 6
iii) x + 2y + z = 8, 2x + 3y – z = 11 and 3x – y – 2z = 5
iv) x + y + z = 1, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 and x + y + 2z = 4
3) The total cost of 3 T.V. and 2 V.C.R. is Rs. 35000. The shopkeeper wants profit of Rs. 1000 per
T.V. and Rs. 500 per V.C.R. He sell 2 T.V. and 1 V.C.R. and he gets total revenue as Rs. 21500.
Find the cost and selling price of T.V and V.C.R.
4) The sum of the cost of one Economic book, one Co-operation book and one account book is Rs.
420. The total cost of an Economic book, 2 Co-operation books and an Account book is Rs. 480.
Also the total cost of an Economic book, 3 Co-operation book and 2 Account books is Rs. 600.
Find the cost of each book.

Let's Remember

• Scalar Multiplication of a matrix:

If A = [aij]m×n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA = [kaij].
• Addition of two matrices:
Matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to conformable for addition if orders of A and B are same.
Then A + B = [aij + bij]. The order of A + B is the same as the order of A and B.
• Multiplication of two matrices:
A and B are said to be conformable for multiplication if the number of columns of A is equal to
the number of rows of B.
That is, if A = [aik]m×p and B = [bkj]p×n, then AB is defined and AB = [cij]m×n,
p

where cij = a
k 1
ik bkj i = 1, 2, ....., m
j = 1, 2, ....., n.
• If A = [aij]m×n is any matrix, then the transpose of A is denoted by AT = B = [bij]n×m and bij = aji
• If A is a square matrix, then
i) A + AT is a symmetric matrix ii) A − AT is a skew-symmetric matrix.
• Every square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix as
1 1
A = [A + AT] + [A − AT]
2 2
• Elementary Transformations:
a) Interchange of any two rows or any two columns
b) Multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero scalar
c) Adding the scalar multiples of all the elements of any row (column) to the corresponding
elements of any other row (column).

80
• If A and B are two square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA = I, then A and B are
inverses of each other. A is denoted by B−1 and B is denoted by A−1.
• For finding the inverse of A, if row transformation are to be used then we consider AA−1 = I and
if column transformation are to be used then we consider A−1A = I.
• For finding the inverse of any nonsingular square matrix, two methods can be used
i) Elementary transformation method. ii) Adjoint Method.
• A system of linear equations can be solved using matrices. The two methods are
i) Method of inversion. ii) Method of reduction (Row transformations).

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2

I. Choose the correct alternative.

 1 2  1
1) If AX = B, where A =   ,B= 1 then X = .......
 2 1 

3 7
5 3 1 1 
a)   b)   c)   d)  
3 5 1 2
 7   3 

8 0 0 
2) The matrix 0 8 0  is ………
 
0 0 8 

a) Identity Matrix b) scalar matrix c) null matrix d) diagonal matrix

0 0 0 
3) The matrix   is ………
 0 0 0 
a) Identity matrix b) diagonal matrix c) scalar matrix d) null matrix

a 0 0 
4) If A =  0 a 0  , then |adj.A| = .............
 0 0 a 
a) a12 b) a9 c) a6 d) a−3

 2 3
5) Adjoint of   is ……….
 4 6 

 6 3   6 3  6 3  6 3 
a)   b)   c)   d)  
 4 2   4 2  4 2  4 2 
81
6) If A = diag. [d1,d2,d3,…….,dn], where di ≠ 0, for i = 1,2,3,……,n then A−1 = ……….
a) diag.[1/d1,1/d2,1/d3,……,1/dn] b) D c) I d) O

7) If A2 + mA +nI = O & n ≠ 0, |A| ≠ 0, then A−1 = ……….

1 1 1
a)  A  nI  b)  A  mI  c)  I  mA d) (A + mnI)
m n n

8) If a 3×3 matirx B has its inverse equal to B, then B2 = ……………

0 1 1  1 1 1 1 0 1  1 0 0 
a) 0 1 0  b) 1 1 1 c) 0 1 0  d) 0 1 0 
 
1 0 1  1 0 1 0 0 0  0 0 1 

 4 
9) If A =   & |A3| = 729 then α = ……….
4 
a) ± 3 b) ± 4 c) ± 5 d) ± 6

10) If A and B square matrices of order n×n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B)(A + B), then which of the
following will be always true ?
a) AB = BA b) either of A or B is a zero matrix
c) either of A and B is an identity matrix d) A = B

 2 5
11) If A =   then A−1 = ………………
 1 3 

3 5   3 5  3 5
c) 
3 5
a) 1 2  b)    d)  
   1 2   1 2  1 2 

5 0 
12) If A is a 2×2 matrix such that A(adj.A) =   , then |A| = ………………
0 5 
a) 0 b) 5 c) 10 d) 25

13) If A is a non singular matrix, then det (A−1) = ………..

a) 1 b) 0 c) det(A) d) 1/det(A)

1 2  1 0 
14) If A =   B =  1 5  then AB =
 3 1  
1 10   1 10  1 10   1 10 
a)  b)  c)   d) 
1 20 
 
 1 20  1 20   1  20 

15) If x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + 4y + 9z = 6, then (y, z) = ……….

a) (−1,0) b) (1,0) c) (1,−1) d) (−1,1)

82
II. Fill in the blanks.

 3
1) A =   is ……………… matrix.
1
 2 1 1
2) Order of matrix   is …………………
 5 1 8
4 x 
3) If A =   is a singular matrix then x is ……………….
6 3
0 3 1
 
4) Matrix B =  3 0 4  is skew symmetric then value of p is ……………….
 p 4 0 
5) If A = [aij]2×3 and B = [bij]m×1 and AB is defined then m = …………….

 3 5
6) If A =   then cofactor of a12 is ……………..
2 5 
1
7) If A = [aij]m×m is non-singular matrix then A−1 = adj(A)
....
8) (AT)T = …………..
 2 1  1 1
9) If A =   and A =
−1
 x 2  then x = ……………..
1 1  
... ...  x  ...
10) If a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2, then matrix form is    y =  
... ...   ...

III. State whether each of the following is True or False.

1) Single element matrix is row as well as column matrix.
2) Every scalar matrix is unit matrix.
 4 5
3) A=   is non singular matrix.
6 1
4) If A is symmetric then A = −AT
5) If AB and BA both are exist then AB = BA
6) If A and B are square matrices of same order then (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2
7) If A and B are conformable for the product AB then (AB)T = ATBT
8) Singleton matrix is only row matrix.
 2 1
9) A=   is invertible matrix.
10 5
10) A(adj.A) = |A|I, where I is the unit matrix.

83
IV. Solve the following.

7 3 
1) Find k, if   is singular matrix.
5 k 
 2 x 5
2) Find x,y,z if  3 1 z  is symmetric matrix.
 y 5 8 

 1 5  2 4  2 3 
   1 5  1 5
3) If A = 7 8 , B =   C=   then show that (A+B) + C = A + (B+C)
9 5  8 6   7 8 

2 5  1 7
4) If A =   ,B=  3 0  Find matrix A – 4B + 7I where I is the unit matrix of order 2.
3 7  
 2 3
   3 4 1 
5) If A =  3 2  , B =  Verify
 2 1 3
 1 4 

i) (A + 2BT)T = AT + 2B ii) (3A − 5BT)T = 3AT − 5B

1 2 3  1 1 1 
   3 2 1
6) If A =  2 4 6  , B =   then show that AB and BA are both singular matrices.
1 2 3  2 1 0 

3 1  1 2 
7) If A =  , B = 5 2  , verify |AB| = |A| |B|
1 5  

 2 1
8) If A =   then show that A2 – 4A + 3I = 0
 1 2 
 3 2  1 a 
9) If A =   ,B= b 0  and ( A + B )( A – B ) = A2 – B2, find a and b.
 2 4  

 1 2
10) If A =   , then find A3
 1 3 

 0 1   2 1    x  1
      2  
11) Find x, y, z if 5 1 0    3 2       y  1
 1 1  1 3   1   2z 
      

 2 4 
   1 1 2 
12) If A =  3 2  , B =  2 1 0  then show that (AB) = B A
T T T

 0 1   

84
 1 0 0
 
13) If A =  2 1 0  then reduce it to unit matrix by row transformation.
 3 3 1 

14) Two farmers Shantaram and Kantaram cultivate three crops rice, wheat and groundnut. The sale
(in Rupees.) of these crops by both the farmers for the month of April and May 2016 is given
below,
April 2016 (In Rs.)
Rice Wheat Groundnut
Shantaram 15000 13000 12000
Kantaram 18000 15000 8000
May 2016 (In Rs.)
Rice Wheat Groundnut
Shantaram 18000 15000 12000
Kantaram 21000 16500 16000
Find i) The total sale in rupees for two months of each farmer for each crop.
ii)the increase in sale from April to May for every crop of each farmer.
15) Check whether following matrices are invertible or not.

3 4 3  1 2 3
1 0  1 1  
i)   ii)   iii) 1 1 0  iv)  2 4 5 
0 1  1 1  2 4 6 
1 4 5 
16) Find inverse of the following matrices (if they exist) by elementary transformation.

 2 3 3   2 0 1
1 1 2 1  
i)   ii)   iii)  2 2 3  iv)  5 1 0 
2 3  7 4 
 3 2 2   0 1 3 
 3 1 5
 
17) Find the inverse of  2 7 8 by adjoint method.
1 2 5
18) Solve the following equations by method of inversion.
i) 4x – 3y – 2 = 0 , 3x – 4y + 6 = 0
ii) x + y – z = 2 , x – 2y + z = 3 and 2x – y – 3z = −1
iii) x – y + z = 4 , 2x + y – 3z = 0 and x + y + z = 2
19) Solve the following equation by method of reduction.
i) 2x + y = 5 , 3x + 5y = −3
ii) x + 2y – z = 3 , 3x – y + 2z = 1 and 2x – 3y + 3z = 2
iii) x – 3y + z = 2 , 3x + y + z = 1 and 5x + y + 3z = 3
85
20) The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add it the second number
we get 11. By the adding first and third number we get a number which is double the second
number. Use this information and find a system of linear equations. Find the three number using
matrices.
Activities
(i  j ) 2
1) Construct a matrix of order 2×2 where the (ij)th element given by aij 
2i
 a11 a12 
Solution: Let A =  be the required matrix.
 a21 a22  22

i  j  .......
2
.......
2 2
4 9
Given that aij = , a11 = = , a12 = = = .......
2i ....  1 3 ....... 3

(2 + 1) 2 ....... (.......)2 .......

a21 = = , a22 = = ....... = 4
2+2 4 2+2
4 
 3 ...
∴ A =  
 ... 4 
 ... 

1 5  2 3
2) If A =   ,B=  4 8  , Find AB – 2I, where I is unit matrix of order 2.
6 7   
1 5  2 3
Solution: Given A =   , B = 4 8 
6 7   
1 5  2 3 ... ...
Consider AB − 2I =   4 8  − 2  
6 7    ... ...
 ....... 3  40  ... 0   ... 43 ... 0 
∴ AB − 2I =   −   =   −  
12  28 .......   0 ...  40 ...   0 ...
 ... 43
∴ AB − 2I =  
 40 ... 

1 1
3) If A =   then find A−1 by the adjoint method.
2 3 
1 1
Solution: Given A =  
2 3 
1 1
|A| =   = ............ = ............... ≠ 0
2 3 
∴ A−1 is exist

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 M11= …….., ∴ A11= (−1)1+1M11 = ….. = ……
M12 = …….., ∴ A12 = (−1)1+2M12 = ….. = ……
M21 = …….., ∴ A21 = (−1)2+1M21 = …… = ……..
M22= ………, ∴ A22 = (−1)2+2M22 = …… = ………
... ...
∴ [Aij]2×2 =  
... ...
... ...
Adj (A) = [Aij]T =  
... ...
1
A−1 = A Adj(A)

1 ... ...
A−1 =
.... ... ...

4) Solve the following equations by inversion method.

x + 2y = 1
2x – 3y = 4
... ...  x ...
Solution: A =   , X =  y , B = 4 ,
... ...    
Given equations can be written as AX = B
Pre-multiplying by A−1, we get
A−1(AX) = A−1B
……. = A−1B
IX = A−1B
X = A−1B
First we find the inverse of A by row transformation
We write AA−1 = I

1 2  −1  1 0 
Using R2 → R2 – 2R1 0 ... A = ... 1 
   

1 0
 1  1 2  −1 
Using   R2 0 ... A =  ... 1 
 7     ... ... 
 ... ... 
1 0  −1  ... ... 
Using R1 → R1 – 2R2 0 1  A =  
   ... 1 
 ... ... 

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  3
1 1
A−1 = 2
....  
3 1
-1 1 ... ... 1 
X = AB=
.... ... ...  4 

1 ... ... 1 ... ... ... ...

=   =   =  
.... ... ... .... ... ... ... ...
 x ...
 y  = ...
   
11 -2
∴ x = , y =
7 7
11 -2
Hence the solution of given linear equation is x = , y =
7 7

5) Express the following equations in matrix form and solve them by the method of reduction
x + 3y + 3z = 12, x + 4y + 4z = 15, x + 3y + 4z = 13.
Solution: The given equations can be write as
x + 3y + 3z = 12, x + 4y + 4z = 15, x + 3y + 4z = 13.
Hence the matrix equation is AX = B
... ... ...  x ...
   y  
... ... ...   = ... (i.e. AX = B)
... ... ...  z  ...
1 3 3  x 12 
   y  ... 
By R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1 ... ... ...   =  
... ... ...  z   ... 
We write equation as
x + 3y + 3z = 12 ----------------------- (1)
y + z = …….. -------------------------- (2)
z = ……… ----------------------------- (3)
from (3) , z =1
Put z = 1 in equation (2) y + ……. =…….. y = ……….
Put y = ……… , z = 1 in equation (1) x + …… + …….. = ………. , x = …….
∴ x = ………. , y = ……….. , z = 1

v v v
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