FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

M. Tech. (EVT) II Sem

EV Charging Systems

Unit-II
Charging infrastructure layout and planning for plug-
in electric vehicles
Contents

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Introduction to electric vehicles (EVs)
• Electric vehicles, commonly known as EVs, are automobiles that are
powered by electricity rather than traditional fossil fuels like petrol or
diesel.
• EVs utilize electric motors for propulsion, eliminating the need for
internal combustion engines.
• They come in various forms, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs),
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs).

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What are the needs for Charging
Infrastructure?
• As the world shifts towards sustainable transportation, the
adoption of EVs is increasing rapidly.
• However, for EVs to become mainstream, adequate charging
infrastructure is essential.
• Charging infrastructure refers to the network of charging
stations where EVs can recharge their batteries.

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What are the needs for Charging
Infrastructure?
• Lack of charging infrastructure can hinder the widespread
adoption of EVs by causing range anxiety among consumers.
• Building a robust charging infrastructure is crucial to support
the growing number of EVs on the roads and encourage
more people to switch to electric mobility.
• It also plays a vital role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, air pollution, and dependency on fossil fuels.

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Importance of planning and layout for
efficient charging network.
• Efficient planning and layout are crucial for developing a
reliable and accessible charging network for electric vehicles
(EVs) in our country.
• Proper planning helps in determining the optimal locations
for charging stations, ensuring they are strategically placed
for convenience and accessibility.
• A well-designed layout minimizes congestion and ensures
smooth traffic flow around charging stations, reducing the
likelihood of delays or bottlenecks.
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Importance of planning and layout for
efficient charging network
• Effective planning also considers factors such as population
density, traffic patterns, and proximity to major roads or
highways to maximize the utility of charging infrastructure.
• By carefully planning the placement of charging stations, we
can encourage widespread EV adoption by alleviating
concerns about range anxiety and ensuring drivers have
access to charging facilities whenever needed.

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Importance of planning and layout for
efficient charging network
• Additionally, efficient layout and planning contribute to the
overall sustainability of the transportation sector by
promoting the use of clean energy and reducing greenhouse
gas emissions.
• Ultimately, investing in the planning and layout of charging
networks is essential for facilitating the transition to electric
mobility and building a more sustainable transportation
ecosystem in India.

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Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
Technology
• EVSE refers to the equipment used to charge electric vehicles (EVs) by
supplying electricity from the power grid to the vehicle's battery.
• EVSE, or Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment, serves as the essential
intermediary between the power grid and electric vehicles (EVs). Its primary
function involves facilitating the safe and efficient transfer of electricity from
the grid to the vehicle's battery for charging. Through specialized components
such as charging cables, connectors, and control systems, EVSE ensures the
proper regulation of voltage and current flow during charging sessions. This
equipment plays a pivotal role in enabling the widespread adoption of EVs by
providing reliable charging infrastructure, thereby addressing concerns
related to range anxiety and supporting the transition towards sustainable
transportation solutions.

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Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)
Technology
• It acts as an intermediary between the power grid and the EV,
managing the flow of electricity safely and efficiently.
• EVSE, or Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment, serves as a vital intermediary
bridging the power grid and electric vehicles (EVs). Its primary function lies in
orchestrating the flow of electricity, ensuring a seamless and secure transfer
from the grid to the EV's battery. By regulating voltage and current, EVSE
guarantees safe charging operations, mitigating potential electrical hazards.
Moreover, it optimizes charging efficiency, enabling swift replenishment of EV
batteries while minimizing energy wastage. This pivotal role makes EVSE
instrumental in facilitating the widespread adoption of electric vehicles,
fostering a sustainable and environmentally conscious transportation
ecosystem.

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Types of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
(EVSE)
There are primarily three types of EVSE: Level 1, Level 2, and DC Fast
Charging.
• Level 1 EVSE operates on standard household AC power and provides
a slow charging rate, suitable for overnight charging at home.
• Level 2 EVSE operates on higher power than Level 1 and is commonly
found in public charging stations, offering faster charging for EVs.
• DC Fast Charging, also known as Level 3 charging, provides the fastest
charging rate and is typically used for rapid charging at public stations.

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Types of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
(EVSE)

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Components of EVSE
• EVSE consists of various components
including charging cables, connectors,
charging stations, and control systems.
• The charging cable connects the EV to the
charging station, transferring electricity
from the station to the vehicle.
• Connectors vary based on the type of EV
and charging standard, ensuring
compatibility between the EV and the
charging station.

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Components of EVSE
• Connectors vary based on the type of EV
and charging standard, ensuring
compatibility between the EV and the
charging station.
• Charging stations house the electrical
components required for charging and often
include features such as display screens and
payment systems.
• Control systems manage the flow of
electricity, monitor charging sessions, and
ensure safety protocols are followed.

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Introduction to PEV Battery Systems
• PEV Battery Systems are the heart of electric vehicles, storing
electrical energy for propulsion.
• These batteries differentiate plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) from
traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.

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Types of PEV Batteries
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the most common type used in PEVs
due to their high energy density, lightweight, and long life.
• They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good
high-temperature performance, long life, and low self-discharge. Most
components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled, but the cost of material
recovery remains a challenge for the industry.
• Other types include Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries, which
are less common but still used in some hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
• The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost,
high self-discharge rate, heat generation at high temperatures, and the need
to control hydrogen loss.

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Introduction to Charging Process
• Charging process refers to the method of replenishing the energy
stored in electric vehicle (EV) batteries.
• It is a crucial aspect of EV ownership, determining factors such as
charging time, range, and convenience.

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Different Charging Modes
AC Charging:
• Alternating Current (AC) charging is the most common method used
for charging electric vehicles at home, workplaces, and public
charging stations.
• AC charging involves converting alternating current from the power
grid into direct current to charge the vehicle's battery.
• This mode typically uses lower power levels, ranging from 3.7 kW to
22 kW, making it suitable for overnight charging or extended parking
durations.

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Different Charging Modes
DC Fast Charging:
• Direct Current (DC) fast charging is a rapid charging method primarily
used for charging EVs on-the-go, especially during long-distance
travel.
• DC fast chargers supply high-voltage direct current directly to the
vehicle's battery, bypassing the onboard charger.
• This mode delivers significantly higher power levels, ranging from 50
kW to 350 kW, allowing for much faster charging times compared to
AC charging.

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Different Charging Modes

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Battery Aggregation
• The limited power capability of individual EVs prevents the direct
participation of individual EVs in electricity markets. The integration
of DER units using aggregation under the Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
concept enables their visibility to the System Operator (SO) and so
supports their market participation.

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 Classification of different VPP realizations
The control approach used in VPPs may be direct,
hierarchical, or distributed.
• The direct approach is based on a centralized
control and decision-making concept.
• In the distributed control, on the other hand, the
decisions for control of the VPP are made in a
fully decentralized way.
• The hierarchical approach is the intermediate
between direct and distributed control with
some level of decision making capability
distributed in the VPP.

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 Classification of different VPP realizations
In each VPP control approach, two subcategories of
VPPs can be identified depending on the portfolio of
the constituting resources.
Contrary to single-resource-type VPPs, mixed-
resource-type VPPs incorporate of a variety of
resources.

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 Direct Control
In the direct control approach, the VPP Control Center is responsible for deciding and directly
communicating the control requests with the individual VPP units or entities representing
them.
Within their limitations and based on preferences set by their owners, the resources will
respond to the control requests received from the VPP Control Center

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 Hierarchical Control
In a hierarchical control approach, intermediate
aggregation functions are introduced for the
VPP and aggregation takes place in different
hierarchical layers.
The EV Management Module (EVMM) is the
module of the VPP which is responsible for the
management of EVs under the VPP domain.

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 Distributed Control
In a distributed control approach, a VPP Control
Center does not have direct access to the DERs’
operation but it can affect their behavior
through price incentives.
The VPP Control Center may follow different
pricing strategies for consumption and
generation. The core of the distributed concept
is based on the ability of individual VPP entities
to decide their optimal operational state. This
requires that VPP entities have the adequate
computational intelligence to obtain their
private goals.

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 EV Chargers
Based on the definition of the SAE standard, the EV charger is an
electric device that converts the AC to a regulated DC energy to
charge the battery pack of the EVs.
The EV chargers can be categorized as follows:
• Based on the location of the charging unit, the EV charger can be
(i) on-board or (ii) off-board.
• Based on the power flow, the EV chargers can be
(i) unidirectional or (ii) bidirectional.

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EV Chargers
The EV on-board chargers are embedded inside the EVs
for Levels 1 and 2 charging, and the off-board chargers
are outside the EV, which provides the energy
conversion.
Due to the limitations of weight, space, and power
rating, high-power DC chargers cannot be used in the
vehicle as on-board chargers.

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 EV Chargers
In addition to the main charger, other charging components
may be utilized for AC charging, including the EVSE with its
connector.
For Level 2 charging using an EVSE, the AC power is
transferred from the grid side to EVs through the AC lines of
the connector, and the control pilot of the connector
exchanges information between the EVSE and EV.

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 EV Chargers
Unlike the on-board chargers, the off-board chargers can
provide high-charging/discharging power that can exceed
100 kW and it is possible to directly charge or discharge the
EVs through the off-board chargers without the restriction
of size and weight.
The off-board chargers, such as DC fast charging, are mostly
used for charging with a higher rating.

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 EV Chargers
• As indicated before, the V2G technologies require
bidirectional power flow and consequently bidirectional
battery chargers are required.
• Despite the requirement of bidirectional chargers, at
present most of the charging equipment, including the on-
board chargers in the EVs, can only provide unidirectional
power flow, which means that it is only possible to charge
EVs from the grid and not possible to send the power back
to the grid.
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 EV Chargers
Other classifications have been also considered based on
the topology of the converters in the battery chargers,
consequently EV chargers can be categorized as below:
• two-stage or single-stage chargers,
• isolated or non-isolated chargers.

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PEVs Charging Approaches
• There three different charging approaches are
assumed to be the most promising in the near
future.
• Non Controlled Charging (Dumb Charging)
• Multiple Tariff Charging
• Controlled Charging (Smart Charging)
• Vehicle-to-Grid

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 Non Controlled Charging (Dumb Charging)
• In this mode no restrictions or incentives are there for PEVs
to modulate their charging. Therefore, PEVs are regarded as
normal loads.
• It is then assumed that PEV owners are completely free to
connect and charge their EV whenever they want.
• The charging starts automatically when PEVs plug-in and
lasts until its battery is fully charged or charge is interrupted
by the PEV owner.

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 Non Controlled Charging (Dumb Charging)
• Electricity price for such user is assumed to be constant
along the day, means no economic incentives are provided
in order to encourage them to charge during valley hours.
• For large PV deployment, this approach will provoke
technical problems in the generation system and on the
grid.
• To tackle the foreseen problems provoked by PEV is then to
reinforce the existing generation system and grid
infrastructure.
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 Multiple Tariff Policy
• PEV owners have freedom to charge whenever they choose.
• Electricity prices vary throughout the day, with lower costs during
valley hours.
• Success of this policy relies on PEV owners' willingness to take
advantage of cheaper rates.
• Only a portion of PEV charging load is expected to shift to valley
hours.
• Economic signals from this policy could have unintended
consequences.
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 Multiple Tariff Policy
• High integration of PEVs may lead to many connecting
simultaneously during cheaper periods.
• This simultaneous connection could strain the grid, reaching
technical limits.
• Careful consideration is needed to avoid negative impacts on grid
stability.
• In case of high integration level of PEVs, it might happen that a
large number of PEVs connects simultaneously in the beginning of
the cheaper electricity periods, making the grid reach its technical
limits.

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 Controlled Charging (Smart Charging)
• Uncontrolled PEV charging strategies have negative impacts on
network operations and electricity retailer profits.
• Lack of control over PEV charging restricts flexibility in shifting
load to lower demand periods, affecting profit from energy
prices.
• Distribution System Operators (DSOs) may need to invest heavily
in network reinforcements due to technical violations.
• Smart charging, an alternative approach, involves controlled
slow charging schemes.
• It offers benefits to both PEV suppliers/aggregators (PEVS/A) and
DSOs through active management.
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 Controlled Charging (Smart Charging)
• PEV S/A can exploit PEV flexibility, shifting loads from peak to
off-peak hours, improving network conditions and reducing
losses.
• PEVS/A manages PEVs exclusively during normal grid conditions,
grouping them based on market opportunities.
• During emergencies, DSOs can override PEVS/A signals for
efficient grid operation.
• Smart charging allows flexible load management, balancing
PEVS/A purposes and network needs.
• However, flexibility is constrained by PEV owners' requests,
emphasizing the need to flatten load diagrams.
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 Vehicle-to-Grid
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) extends smart charging by allowing PEVS/A
to control power injection into the grid.
• V2G utilizes PEVs' load controllability and storage capabilities.
• It helps manage grid overloading and voltage issues, while offering
regulation services like frequency control.
• However, there are concerns about battery degradation due to
frequent charge/discharge cycles.
• V2G may lead to aggressive battery usage, requiring higher
economic incentives for PEV owners.
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 Vehicle-to-Grid
• Economic incentives must cover potential battery damages caused
by extensive V2G use.
• Despite drawbacks, V2G offers significant benefits to grid
management and stability.
• PEV S/A plays a crucial role in coordinating V2G operations and
ensuring grid reliability.
• V2G has the potential to revolutionize the relationship between
electric vehicles and the grid.
• Careful planning and incentives are necessary to maximize the
benefits of V2G while mitigating its drawbacks.
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Maximum allowable PEV integration in to LV network

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 Wireless charging
• Wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is an innovative
technology that eliminates the need for physical cables and
plugs, making the charging process more convenient and user-
friendly.
Principle of Operation:
- Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, operates
on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
- It involves transferring electrical energy from a charging pad (or
ground-based transmitter) to a receiver coil installed in the EV,
without the need for direct physical contact between the two.
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Components:
- The wireless charging system consists of two main
components: a charging pad (or transmitter) and a receiver
coil installed in the EV.
- The charging pad is typically installed on the ground, in a
parking spot or designated charging area, while the receiver
coil is integrated into the underside of the EV.

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Future Developments:
- Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on
improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless charging
technology.
- Advancements in wireless power transfer efficiency,
charging speed, and interoperability will continue to drive
the adoption of wireless charging for electric vehicles in
the future.
- Overall, wireless charging offers a convenient and user-
friendly solution for EV owners, contributing to the
widespread adoption of electric transportation and the
transition to a sustainable energy future.
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EVSE signalling and communications
• Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) plays a
crucial role in facilitating the charging process for
electric vehicles (EVs).
• Effective signalling and communication between EVSE
and EVs are essential for ensuring safe, efficient, and
convenient charging experiences.

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 EVSE signalling and communications
1. Safety Assurance:
EVSE signalling verifies proper connection between the
charging cable and the vehicle before initiating the charging
process, ensuring safety for both the vehicle and the
charging infrastructure.
2. Protocol Standardization:
Various communication protocols such as CHAdeMO, CCS
(Combined Charging System), and Type 2 are standardized to
enable interoperability between different EVs and charging
stations, promoting widespread adoption.
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 EVSE signalling and communications
3. Charging Status Updates:
EVSE communicates real-time charging status updates to the
EV owner, including information on charging progress,
estimated time to full charge, and any potential issues that
may arise during the charging process.
4. Dynamic Power Adjustment:
Through communication with the EV, EVSE can dynamically
adjust the power delivery rate based on factors such as
battery state of charge, available grid capacity, and user
preferences, optimizing charging efficiency.
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 EVSE signalling and communications
5. Authentication and Authorization:
Communication protocols enable EVSE to authenticate the
EV and authorize charging sessions, ensuring that only
authorized users can access the charging infrastructure and
preventing unauthorized usage.
6. Payment Integration:
EVSE signalling facilitates secure payment processing and
billing between the EV owner and the charging station
operator, supporting various payment methods such as RFID
cards, mobile apps, and credit cards.
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 EVSE signalling and communications
7. Grid Interaction:
Smart EVSE systems can communicate with utility providers
and grid operators to coordinate charging schedules,
minimize grid congestion during peak demand periods, and
support renewable energy integration through demand
response programs.
8. Remote Monitoring and Control:
EVSE communication capabilities enable remote monitoring
of charging sessions and remote control of charging
parameters, allowing EV owners to monitor their vehicle's
charging status and adjust charging settings remotely.
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 EVSE signalling and communications
9. Diagnostic Reporting:
EVSE communicates diagnostic information to the EV and
charging station operator, identifying any issues or faults that
may occur during the charging process and enabling timely
maintenance and repairs.
10. Future Developments:
Ongoing advancements in EVSE signalling and
communication technology, such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
integration and bidirectional power flow capabilities, hold
the potential to further enhance the flexibility, efficiency, and
resilience of electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
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