Aitisam Anwar MEEN211101026

Lab Session No. 01

Objective:
Introduction to the basic concepts of internal combustion engines and study of the conventional
engine model classifications

Heat Engine:
A heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical or electrical energy. It operates
in a cyclic manner and has a thermodynamic efficiency that is less than one. The Carnot engine is
the most efficient form of heat engine.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE):

Internal combustion engine is a type of heat engine. An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC
engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in
a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal
combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied
to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet
engine). This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into
kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to.

Figure 1.1: Internal Combustion Engine

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Types of Ignitions:
➢ Spark Ignition: Used for petrol
➢ Compression Ignition: Used for Diesel

Types of Physical Motion

➢ Rotary Engine:
The rotary engine is an early type of internal combustion engine, usually designed with an
odd number of cylinders per row in a radial configuration.
➢ Reciprocating Engine:
A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that
uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into
a rotating motion.

Engine Cycle:
1. Four Stroke Cycle:

In a four-stroke internal combustion (IC) engine, four strokes of the piston complete one cycle of
operation of the engine. The four strokes of the four-stroke engine are:

• Suction • Expansion or power

• Compression • Exhaust stroke

During these four strokes, two revolutions of the crankshaft and one power stroke is produced. The
four-stroke petrol engine is an IC engine that works on a petrol cycle and completes a single power
cycle within four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft.

Figure 1.2: Four Stroke Cycle

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2. Two Stroke Cycle:

The two-stroke cycle engine completes all the four events i.e., suction, compression, power or
expansion and exhaust in two strokes (up stroke & down stroke) of piston or one revolution of
crankshaft. During each stroke of the piston, two events take place.

Figure 1.3: Two Stroke Cycle

Difference Between Two & Four Stroke Engines:

Two Stroke Engine Four Stroke Engine

1. Light weight Heavier weight

2. Operates in many positions Operates in limited position

3. Higher power to weight ratio Lower power to weight ratio

4. Engine oil-fuel mixture Engine oil in a reservoir

5. Louder operation Quieter operation

6. Higher engine speed Slower engine speeds

7. More Vibration Smoother operation

8. Rough idling operation Smoother idling operation

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Advantages of Internal Combustion Engine:

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) have been a cornerstone of transportation and various
industrial applications for many years. Here are some advantages associated with internal
combustion engines:

1. Versatility: Internal combustion engines can be designed to run on various fuels, including
gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and biofuels. This flexibility allows them to be used in a wide
range of applications, from cars and trucks to generators and power plants.
2. High Energy Density: Internal combustion engines have a high energy density, meaning they
can produce a significant amount of power relative to their size and weight. This makes them
suitable for applications where space and weight are critical factors, such as in vehicles.
3. Quick Start-Up: Internal combustion engines can start quickly and provide immediate power,
making them well-suited for applications where rapid response is essential, such as in vehicles
and emergency generators.
4. Efficiency in Mobile Applications: In transportation, internal combustion engines have
shown good efficiency, especially in certain conditions like highway driving. Advancements
in technologies like turbocharging and direct injection have further improved fuel efficiency.
5. Infrastructure Availability: The infrastructure for internal combustion engines, including
fueling stations for gasoline and diesel, is well-established in many parts of the world. This
existing infrastructure makes it easier for these engines to be deployed and operated.
6. Cost-Effectiveness: Internal combustion engines are often less expensive to manufacture and
maintain compared to some alternative technologies, like electric motors. This cost-
effectiveness has contributed to their widespread adoption in various applications.
7. Continuous Power Generation: Internal combustion engines can provide a continuous and
reliable source of power for extended periods, making them suitable for applications like
electricity generation in power plants or as backup generators.
8. Maturation and Optimization: Internal combustion engine technology has been continually
refined and optimized over many decades. This long history of development has resulted in
highly reliable and efficient engines.
9. Adaptability to Hybrid Systems: Internal combustion engines can be integrated into hybrid
systems, combining the benefits of electric propulsion with the range and efficiency of
traditional engines. This adaptability is crucial in the transition to more sustainable
transportation options.
10. Performance in Extreme Conditions: Internal combustion engines can operate in a wide
range of environmental conditions, from extreme cold to high temperatures, making them
suitable for diverse applications and geographic locations.
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Disadvantages of Internal Combustion Engine:

Internal combustion engines, while widely used and efficient in many applications, also have
several disadvantages. Here are some of the main drawbacks associated with internal combustion
engines:

1. Environmental Impact:
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Internal combustion engines release carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming and climate change.
• Air Pollution: Combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines produces pollutants
such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter, and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), contributing to air pollution.

2. Limited Efficiency:
• Energy Loss: Internal combustion engines are not highly efficient in converting fuel energy
into mechanical work. A significant portion of the energy from the fuel is lost as heat during
combustion and through other forms of mechanical inefficiency.

3. Dependence on Fossil Fuels:

• Resource Depletion: Internal combustion engines primarily rely on fossil fuels, such as
gasoline and diesel, which are finite resources. This dependence raises concerns about
resource depletion and energy security.

4. Noise and Vibrations:

• Noise Pollution: Internal combustion engines can be noisy, especially in applications like
automobiles and small engine-powered devices, contributing to noise pollution.
• Vibrations: The combustion process and mechanical components can generate vibrations,
leading to discomfort and potential wear and tear on the engine.

5. Maintenance and Complexity:

• Mechanical Complexity: Internal combustion engines consist of many moving parts,
increasing the likelihood of mechanical failures and the need for regular maintenance.
• Fluids and Lubricants: Engines require various fluids and lubricants for proper operation,
and their maintenance can be time-consuming and costly.
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6. Weight and Size:

• Bulk and Weight: Internal combustion engines can be relatively heavy and bulky, especially
in certain applications where space and weight are critical factors.

7. Limited Fuel Options:

• Limited Fuel Compatibility: Most internal combustion engines are designed to run on
specific types of fuel (gasoline, diesel, natural gas, etc.), limiting flexibility in fuel choices.

8. Slow Response Time:

• Thermal Inertia: Internal combustion engines may have a slower response time compared
to electric motors due to the thermal inertia of the engine components.

9. Efficiency Variability:
• Operating Efficiency: The efficiency of internal combustion engines can vary depending on
factors such as load, speed, and temperature, making it challenging to maintain optimal
efficiency in all operating conditions.

10. Complex Emissions Control Systems:

• Emission Control Devices: To meet environmental regulations, internal combustion engines
require complex emission control systems, adding to the overall complexity and cost of the
engine.

Figure 1.4: Advantage and Disadvantage

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Conventional Engine Model Classifications:

Conventional engine models can be classified based on various criteria, such as the type of fuel
they use, the number of strokes in a combustion cycle, and the arrangement of cylinders. Here are
some common classifications:

1. Based on Fuel Type:

Gasoline Engines (Petrol Engines): These engines use gasoline as their primary fuel source.

Diesel Engines: These engines use diesel fuel, which is a heavier and less refined product
compared to gasoline.

2. Based on Number of Strokes:

Four-Stroke Engines: These engines complete a combustion cycle in four distinct strokes—intake,
compression, power, and exhaust.

Two-Stroke Engines: These engines complete a combustion cycle in two strokes—

compression/exhaust and intake/power.

3. Based on Cooling Method:

Air-Cooled Engines: These engines rely on air circulation for cooling.

Liquid-Cooled Engines: These engines use a liquid coolant (usually water and antifreeze)
circulated through a cooling system.

4. Based on Valve Placement:

Overhead Valve (OHV) Engines: Valves are located in the cylinder head.

Overhead Camshaft (OHC) Engines: Camshaft is located in the cylinder head.

5. Based on Ignition System:

Spark-Ignition Engines: Ignition is initiated by a spark plug.

Compression-Ignition Engines: Ignition is achieved through the heat of compressed air (typical of
diesel engines).

6. Based on Aspiration:

Naturally Aspirated Engines: Air is drawn into the engine without the use of forced induction.
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Forced Induction Engines: Air is forced into the combustion chamber using techniques like
supercharging or turbocharging.

7. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles:

Hybrid Engines: Combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor.

Electric Vehicles (EVs): Rely solely on electric power for propulsion.

8. Based on Cylinder Arrangement:

Inline Engines: Cylinders are arranged in a line.

V Engines: Cylinders are arranged in a V shape.

Flat Engines (Boxer Engines): Cylinders are horizontally opposed.

Radial Engines: Cylinders are arranged in a circular pattern around the crankshaft.

Figure 1.5: Engine Classification by Cylinder Arrangement. (a) Single Cylinder. (b) In-line or straight (c) V-Engine. (d) Opposed
Cylinder. (e) W-Engine. (f) Opposed Piston (g) Radial.