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10 views4 pages

Dad

Uploaded by

nanunk155
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics

Newton's Laws of Motion:

First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays
in motion unless acted upon by a net force.

𝐹
Second Law:

𝑚
=

𝑎
F=ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:

𝑣
Velocity: The rate of change of position; can be average (

𝑥
Δ

𝑡
Δ

v=
Δt
Δx

) or instantaneous.

𝑎
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity (

𝑣
Δ

𝑡
Δ

a=
Δt
Δv

).

𝑣
Equations of Motion (for constant acceleration):

𝑢
=

𝑎
+

𝑠
v=u+at

𝑢
=

𝑡
+
1

𝑎
2

𝑡
2
s=ut+
2
1
at
2

𝑣
2

𝑢
=

2
+

𝑎
2

𝑠
v
2
=u
2
+2as
Energy

𝑊
Work:

𝐹
=

𝑑
cos
⁡

𝜃
(

)
W=Fdcos(θ) (work done is the product of force and displacement in the direction of
the force).

𝐾
Kinetic Energy:

𝐸
=
1

𝑚
2

𝑣
2
KE=
2
1

mv
2
(energy of motion).

𝑃
Potential Energy:

𝑚
=

𝑔
ℎ
PE=mgh (energy due to position, e.g., gravitational potential energy).
Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics:
First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (
Δ
𝑈

𝑄
=

𝑊
−

ΔU=Q−W).
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot
spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
Heat Transfer:
Conduction: Transfer of heat through direct contact.
Convection: Transfer of heat through fluids (liquids and gases).
Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.
Waves
Types of Waves:
Transverse Waves: Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of travel (e.g.,
light waves).
Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel (e.g.,
sound waves).
Wave Properties:

𝜆
Wavelength (

𝑓
λ), frequency (

𝑣
f), and speed (

𝑣
v) are related by

𝑓
=

𝜆
v=fλ.
Sound: Travels as longitudinal waves; speed varies with medium and temperature.
Electricity and Magnetism

𝑉
Ohm's Law:

𝐼
=

𝑅
V=IR (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Circuit Components:
Resistors: Limit current flow.
Capacitors: Store electrical energy.
Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field.
Magnetic Fields: Created by moving charges; represented by field lines.
Modern Physics
Theory of Relativity:
Special Relativity: Time and space are interconnected; time dilation occurs at high
speeds.
General Relativity: Gravity is the curvature of spacetime caused by mass.
Quantum Mechanics: Describes behavior of particles at atomic and subatomic levels;
involves concepts like wave-particle duality and uncertainty principle.
Optics
Reflection and Refraction:
Reflection: Bouncing of light off a surface.
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, described by

𝑛
Snell's Law (

1
sin
⁡

𝜃
(

1
)

𝑛
=

2
sin
⁡

𝜃
(

2
)
n
1

sin(θ
1

)=n
2

sin(θ
2

)).
Lenses: Convex lenses converge light; concave lenses diverge light.

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