SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear
contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology that
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY enhances my human ability of vision and makes it
better.”
SCIENCE - Mark Zuckerberg
> Comes from the latin word, ‘scientia’
(knowledge)
CHALLENGES AND DOWNSIDES OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
> a systematic and methodical
activity of building and organizing “We live in a society absolutely dependent on
knowledge about how the universe science and technology and yet have cleverly
behaves through either observation or arranged things so that almost no one
experimentation or both understands science and technology. That’s a
clear prescription for disaster.”
“Science is the best and only way to understand
how the world works, but there is no simple - popular American scientist Carl Sagan
way of describing the scientific method.” quoted in Tom Head’s (1994) book

- Lewis Wolpert (2004) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

> Wolpert believed that science, though not > traces its roots during the interwar period and
inherently dangerous, can be misused into the start of the Cold War
through its technological applications. He
stressed the importance of responsible > resulted from a recognition that many schools
application of scientific knowledge. today do not really prepare students to respond
critically, reflectively, and proactively to
“Modern science is a discovery as well the challenges of the contemporary world, in
as an invention.” this case S&T
- John Heilbron (2003, p.VII) > a result of questions about its dynamic
interaction with various aspects of society and
> John Heilbron is a famous American science
was thus viewed as a socially embedded
historian.
enterprise
TECHNOLOGY > seeks to bridge the gap between two
traditionally exclusive cultures
> the application of scientific knowledge, laws, of humanities (interpretive) and natural
and principles to produce services, materials, sciences (rational)
tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world
problems.  Lewis Wolpert’s (2005) The Medawar
Lecture
> comes from the Greek root word, technē (art, 1998 Is science dangerous?
skill or cunning of hand)
“In contrast to technology, reliable scientific knowledge
is value-free and has no moral or ethical value”

(p. 1254)

 Science ≠ Technology

‘Socially responsible science’ is more

“The distinction between science and technology, than ‘good science’ (Bird, 2014).
between knowledge and understanding on the one > accurate and reliable research
hand, and the application of that knowledge to
making something, or using it in some practical way, is > oppose misuse or abuse in the
fundamental. Science produces ideas about how the application of research findings
world works, whereas the ideas in technology result in
usable objects.” > attend to both the limitations and the
foreseeable impacts of their work
- Lewis Wolpert (2004)
> participate in discussions and decisions
“What defines a technological tool — one regarding the appropriate use of science
historical definition — is something that takes a in addressing societal issues and
human’s sense or ability and augments it and concerns

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> bring their specialized knowledge and proposing or laying out guidelines on the
expertise to activities and discussions usage of AI internationally.
that promote the education of students
and fellow citizens  Factors And Events That Led to The
Introduction of Ai Advancements In 2024
> enhance and facilitate informed decision
making and democracy > The COVID-19 Pandemic

> AI-Related Job opportunities

 Public understanding of science > New and Updated Language Models

South Korea’s Foreign Minister discusses the > Wearables and Extended Reality (XR) Devices
country’s successful strategy in handling the
 Ethical Dilemmas
COVID-19 outbreak, which includes openness,
transparency, and widespread testing. They > AI technology enhances everyday
emphasize the importance of early detection functionality
and quick treatment, resulting in a low fatality
rate. South Korea also monitors people through > Technological advancements aid in various
phone apps instead of implementing a tasks such as research and visualization
complete lockdown, in line with their
democratic values. > Despite benefits, AI poses threats due to
irresponsible use

> Ethical dilemmas arise including

overdependence, privacy and security
concerns, automation of tasks, questionable
 2020’s Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas morals in AI usage, and improper technology
and Policy Issues in S&T use
1. Pseudoscience of Skincare  Why is it important to question the moral
and ethical issues surrounding the
2. AI and Gamification in Hiring
assigned S&T?
3. Predatory Journals
> AI advancements such as ChatGPT have
4. The HARPA SAFEHOME Proposal significant potential

5. Class Dojo and Classroom Surveillance > Ethical examination necessary due to
potential biases in training data leading to
6. Grinch Bots discriminatory outputs

7. Project Nightingale > Concerns about misinformation and

manipulation due to AI's ability to mimic
8. Student Tracking Software human conversation
9. The Corruption of Tech Ethics > Questioning AI ethics aids in developing
safeguards to mitigate risks and ensure
10. Deep Fakes
ethical AI usage
THE SCIENCE EVENTS TO  In the face of this new S&T innovation,
WATCH FOR IN 2024 why is studying Science, Technology, and
Society important?
AI ADVANCES
> Ethical and Social Impacts - fosters a
 What is the S&T issue all about?
comprehensive understanding of the ethical
> The issue is all about the rapid principles that should guide Al development.
advancements of AI or more specifically
> Policies and Regulations - Shaping these
chat gpt with its new model being the GPT-5.
policies by providing a nuanced
The main concern surrounding this is that in
understanding of the complex interplay
the near future gpt would have the ability to
between technology and society.
construct models interacting between
proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules > Innovations - Sts directly enhances
with great precision. While the UN is innovation by having a deeper understanding

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

of how technological advancements interact > Promoting environmentally responsible

with societal needs and values. research practices.

> Long Term Societal Value - STS provides a > Minimizing the ecological footprint of large
framework for assessing the long-term observatories.
consequences of technological change,
considering factors such as economic > Societal Impact
disruption, environmental impact, and social
> Consequence of action
equity
 The Importance of Studying Science,
AIMING FOR THE STARS Technology, and Society (STS)
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory and Simons > Explore the complex scientific discoveries
Observatory
> Understand technological environment
> Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Set to begin
operations with an 8.4-meter telescope and a > STS benefit the people.
3,200-megapixel camera.
WEAPONIZED MOSQUITOS
> Simons Observatory: Located in the Atacama
Desert, equipped with 50,000 light-collecting The weapon against a mosquito is a mosquito
detectors.
> The World Mosquito Program initiated this
 Factors Leading to the Establishment of innovation
These Observatories:
> They utilized the mosquitoes’ innate capacity
> Technological Advancements to spread illnesses, weaponizing them entails
utilizing them to disseminate diseases or
> Scientific Goals
biological weapons as a kind of bioterrorism or
> Global Collaboration biological warfare.

 Ethical Dilemmas Posed by These > The scientific and technological issues of
Innovations the process:

> Light Pollution > pathogen selection

> Environmental Impact > genetic engineering

> Resource Allocation > efficient delivery systems

 The Importance of Addressing Ethical and > Aedes aegypti spreads arboviruses, including
Moral Questions dengue and yellow fever, which can severely
sicken or kill people. But these are special
"Concern for man himself and his fate must always Aedes aegyptis: They carry a type of bacteria
form the chief interest of all technical endeavors... in that can neutralize those deadly viruses.
order that the creations of our mind shall be a blessing
and not a curse to mankind. " > A female mosquito with Wolbachia passes it on
in her eggs to all of her offspring, who
- Albert Einstein eventually pass it on to the next generation.

> Scientific Integrity > Zika and Dengue

- Ensuring unbiased and accurate data > The trivial factors that led to the
collection at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory introduction of Weaponized Mosquitoes
and Simons Observatory. during 2023

- Maintaining public trust in scientific > These mosquitoes are infected with a
endeavors. bacteria that stops them from spreading
diseases like dengue and Zika.

> The ethical dilemmas that the Weaponized

Mosquitoes pose are the possible mutation
of mosquitoes and the total protection of
> Sustainability the humans to be tested does not have a
complete guaranteed effect.

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

 Importance of Questioning the Moral and SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM -lasted for 30 years
Ethical Issues surrounding Weaponized 2004’S CONSTELLATION PROGRAM - the return
Mosquitoes of lunar expeditions in 2020
2010’S NASA AUTHORIZATION ACT - Space
> Validating the possible advantages and Launch System (Orion Crew Capsule)
disadvantages are balanced for responsible 2017’S SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE 1
innovation
2019‘S ARTEMIS PROGRAM - Greek Goddess of
> Protecting people and ecosystems by assisting The Moon and Apollo’s Twin Sister
in identifying any unexpected repercussions or 2020’S THE ARTEMIS ACCORDS - duly signed by
dangers 23 countries

> Encouraging responsibility and openness in  What is allowed on the moon?

decision-making, enabling educated public
debate and moral considerations in technology > If life exist on the moon should we interfere
innovations. with them?
> If we can continue to do moon expeditions is it
 In the face of the weaponized mosquitoes justifiyable to keep humans there long term?
innovation, why is studying science, > If the moon contained valueble resourses
technology, and society important? should we allow the commercialization of the
moon?
> It can help to protect the people and the
society from danger.
 Importance of studying Science,
> Understanding its societal implications. Technology, and Society in the face of this
new S &T innovation
> For building a society that is well-equipped in
harnessing the benefits of scientific and > Lunar missions drive discoveries that can have
technological advancements, at the same time profound impacts on Earth, including as
addressing its challenges and ethical advances in materials science, robotics, and
implications communications.
> we may learn about who benefits and how the
natural environment is impacted. Furthermore,
maintaining diversified involvement in space
missions fosters equality and inspires future
generations.
> We can understand that effective policies are
essential for managing space exploration safely
and sustainably, preventing conflicts over
MOON MISSIONS space resources, and ensuring astronaut safety.
> Space missions inspire future generations , and
NASA’s Revolutionary Move sparks interest in STEM areas or fields
Towards Scientific Discovery
ILLUMINATING DARK MATTER
 What is the S&T issue all about?
> Resurgence in space exploration, focusing on “Scientists are trying to determine what dark matter is
lunar and planetary missions made of, but our current understanding has many
> Key missions: NASA’s Artemis, China’s gaps.” (Dark Matter - NASA Science, n.d.)
Chang’e-6, NASA’s Clipper to Europa, Japan’s
MMX to Mars’s moons  What is the S&T issue all about?
> Goals: Technological innovation, scientific
discovery, sustainable human exploration, > A solar telescope in search of dark matter
international collaboration
> Reflects growing ambitions and capabilities of What is dark matter? Why is it important to
space agencies, expanding human presence in study dark matter?
space.
> Significant changes in the search for dark
matter
THE EMERGENCE OF MOON
MISSIONS > Increased efforts and expanded theoretical
possibilities by researchers
JULY 20, 1969 (APOLLO 11) - Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin
1972 (APOLLO 17)

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> Need for a variety of experiments and > Anticipated discovery of "ghost-particle"
astrophysical probes to determine dark neutrinos in 2024
matter's nature
> Potential to illuminate our galaxy and the
> Probes must cover a wide range of masses and universe, aiding in understanding mysterious
particle characteristics dark matter

> Dark matter, which does not emit light, > Puzzle of more matter than antimatter in the
outweighs visible matter by over six to one Universe prompts research

> Constitutes approximately 26.8% of the > Equal quantities of matter and antimatter
universe would annihilate each other, leaving only
photons and dark matter

> Maximum mass of neutrinos demonstrated as

0.8 electron volts by the Karlsruhe Tritium
Neutrino experiment in 2022
Why is Axion related to dark matter?
> Further understanding of neutrinos expected by
> Ongoing research in axion dark matter,
2024, aiding in precise measurement
exploring a largely unexplored observational
region

> Axions are elementary particles believed to be  What is the S&T issue all about?
part of dark matter
> The combination of technological
> Axions can potentially convert to photons and advancements, cumulative research, prior
vice versa under specific conditions experimental results, international
collaboration, appropriate facilities,
If we can't observe it with our naked eyes or a
strategic timelines, and an intensified focus
regular telescope, how can we detect dark
on dark matter and neutrino research has
matter?
led to these significant experiments in
> Solar telescope with a 10-meter-long magnet 2024.
and noise-free X-ray detectors needed to
 What ethical dilemmas does the
observe the Sun's center for 12 hours daily
introduction of the S&T assigned to your
> Aim: Record conversion of axions into photons group pose?
as dark matter is invisible to the human eye
> Introduction of dark matter poses ethical
> BabylAXO experiment at the German Electron dilemmas
Synchrotron in Hamburg focuses on this
> Funding for research could divert resources
research
from urgent social issues like poverty and
> Scientists study dark matter's effects on visible healthcare
objects, believing it explains unexplained
> Raises questions about best use of public and
motions of stars within galaxies
private funds
> Dark matter data crucial for creating predictive
> Benefits may primarily favor developed
models of galaxy behavior
countries, widening gap between wealthy and
developing nations

> Highlights tension between pursuing scientific

knowledge and addressing practical concerns

> Discoveries could challenge existing

worldviews, leading to philosophical debates

> Requires balancing pursuit of knowledge with

ethical responsibility towards society and
culture
What role do neutrinos play in relation to dark
matter?

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

 Why is it important to question the moral > Confidence and Public Trust
and ethical issues surrounding the
assigned S&T?  Why is it important to question the moral
and ethical issues surrounding the S&T?
> Ethical questioning of dark matter research is
crucial > Safety: Ensures new vaccines and medical
technologies are safe and effective.
> Balances financial investments with social
needs > Accessibility: Guarantees equitable access to
all segments of society.
> Promotes global equity and maintains trust
> Global Cooperation: Ethical factors ensure
> Prepares for cultural impacts of discoveries fair international collaborations by addressing
disparities in healthcare and resources.
> Informed decision-making ensures benefits for
all > Public Trust: Builds and maintains confidence
in health interventions through transparency
 In the face of this new S&T innovation,
why is studying Science, Technology, and CONSCIOUSNESS DEBATE
Society important? This year could bring insights into the neural basis of
consciousness. A project that is testing two theories of
> STS study is vital for understanding broader
implications of dark matter research consciousness through a series of adversarial
experiments is expected to release the results of its
> Evaluates how scientific discoveries intersect second stage by the end of the year.
with social, cultural, and political contexts
In the first round, neither theory aligned completely
> Encourages critical thinking about ethical, with observed brain-imaging data, settling a 25-year
economic, and environmental impacts bet in favour of philosophy over neuroscience.
> Ensures alignment of scientific progress with The second round could move neuroscience closer to
societal values and needs deciphering the secrets of the subjective experience.
> Leads to more informed decisions and
promotes responsible innovation SUPERFAST SUPERCOMPUTERS
 What is the S&T issue all about?
BEYOND THE PANDEMIC
 What is the S&T issue all about? Data Privacy and Security
> Advanced vaccines address the pressing need > Ethical issues regarding the widespread use of
for strong immune responses and lasting data.
protection against COVID-19 variants, crucial in
combating infectious diseases. > Concerns over the security of user information.

 What factors or events led to the Job Displacement

introduction of this S&T during that year? > Potential replacement of many job
> Since the COVID-19 pandemic has shown how opportunities by supercomputers and artificial
crucial science and technology are for the intelligence.
health and welfare of people worldwide. > Risk of job losses and economic displacement.
> Progress in these areas is vital not just for Energy Consumption
recovering from the crisis but also for tackling
other major global issues like poverty, > Supercomputers require significant energy
inequality, and climate change and importantly resources.
the prevention of it.
> Environmental impacts due to high energy
 Ethical Dilemmas consumption.

> Evidences Of Vaccine  What factors or events led to the

introduction of this S&T during that year?
> Safety & Efficacy
Technological Advancements
> Compulsory Vaccination

> Conduction ff Clinical & Vaccine Trials

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> Parallel computing, semiconductors, > Understanding Impact - Helps us grasp how
processors. fast-paced technological changes affect our
lives.
> Improved memory, storage, high-speed
networking. > Addressing Global Challenges - Facilitates
the use of supercomputers in solving issues like
Rising Computing Needs climate change and disease outbreaks.
> Industrial: drug discovery, financial analysis. > Mitigating Risks - Prevents potential misuse
such as privacy breaches and digital divide.
> Scientific: climate modeling.
> Promoting Collaboration - Encourages
Institutional and Governmental Influence
interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize
> National programs, academic partnerships. supercomputer use.

> Aim to break computational records (e.g., > Ensuring Sustainability and Safety -
exaflop barrier). Ensures that technological - advancements
contribute to a sustainable and secure future.
Key Events

> Introduction of new supercomputers.

> Strategic alliances.

Example

> IBM Summit (2018)

> Advances in GPU technology, AI research

demand, funding support.

 Ethical Dilemmas

Potential Benefits

> Medical Research: Could lead to life-saving

discoveries by understanding the human heart
and brain.

> Climate Modeling: Enhanced insights into

Earth's climate could aid in mitigating climate
change effects.

Ethical Concerns

> Nuclear Weapons Simulations: Risk of

misuse for destructive purposes.

> Data Privacy and Security: Handling vast

amounts of sensitive data responsibly.

> Economic Impact: Job displacement due to

automation and AI capabilities.

Responsibility and Regulation

> Ensuring ethical application to benefit

humanity.

> Balancing technological advancement with

societal and environmental considerations.

 In the face of this new S&T innovation,

why is studying Science, Technology, and
Society important?

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

EUGENICS

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

 The Eugenics Crusade

 Ann Cooper Hewitt - Heiress to one of the

largest fortunes in the United States

 Francis Galton - A pioneering statistician

who coined “Eugenics”.

 Charles Benedict Davenport - Influential

American biologist.

 Eugenics

> proposed as the scientific solution for

social problems.

> Comes from the Greek words meaning

“well” and “born”.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Sumerian Wheel – invented out of an accident where

the potters would fall into the ground.
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
> Understanding the history of science
reveals that it involves fallible individuals,
which can demystify the field and make it
more accessible to students. This
approach challenges the notion that only
geniuses can contribute significantly to
science, potentially encouraging more Potter’s Wheel
people to pursue scientific careers.
 Paper
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT
> can be understood as a precursor of a
thing

> an antecedent of a something unfolded

or existed before it

> historical antecedents in S&T can be

understood as the previous state of
science and technology or previous
scientific or technological tools that Rush Plant – prevalent in Nile river
paved the way for more advanced and
sophisticated S&T to arise

> antecedent of the current science and

technology

ANCIENT PERIOD
> The rise of ancient civilizations paved the
way for advances in S&T. The advances in
S&T during the ancient period allowed
civilizations to flourish by finding better ways Papyrus - scrolls
of living, communication, transportation, and
self-organization.  Antikythera Mechanism - a device that
was found in a second ship near antiquities.
Through this device, early people can do
calendar. It is a precursor of the computer.

 Ancient Wheel
A fragment of the Antikythera mechanism

MIDDLE AGES
> Major advances in scientific and technological
development

> steady increase of new inventions

> introduction of innovations in traditional

production

> emergence of scientific thinking and method.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> Many medieval universities at the time stirred

scientific thinking and provided infrastructure
for scientific communities to flourish.

> Some of humanity’s most important, present-

day technologies could be traced back to
historical antecedents in the Middle Ages.

 Heavy Plough

“The heavy plough turned European agriculture and A medieval mechanical clock found
economy on its head. Suddenly the fields with the
heavy, fatty and moist clay soils became those that in Prague, Czech Republic
gave the greatest yields.”
MODERN AGE
- University of Southern Denmark professor
Thomas Bernebeck Andersen > World population steadily increased.

> People of the modern age realized the utmost

importance of increasing the efficiency of
transportation, communication, and
production.

> Industrialization took place.

> But greater risks in human health, food

safety, and environment rose.

> These had to be simultaneously addressed as

scientific and technological progress unfolded
An impression of the heavy plough
at an unimaginable speed.

 Compound Microscope
 Paper Money
> Changed how we understand
> changed how we trade diseases. Prior to the microscope,
diseases are believed to come from
> prior to the paper money, we follow a evil spirits.
barter system. You must bring the
material with you in the market, > Enabled to identify organisms too
exchange it into something else. small to be seen with the naked eye,
and some of them are responsible for
> Have evolved into virtual currencies diseases.

Jansen’s compound microscope

The Chinese are credited for the
 Telescope
invention of paper money

 Mechanical Clock - it is a device whose

antecedent is still the wheel.

One of Galileo’s first telescopes

 Engine-Powered Airplane

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> Prior to airplanes, we were travelling by land > Even during the ancient period, our Filipino
and water. ancestors developed scientific and
technological innovations focused on
> Enabled travelling in the atmosphere navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles,
food processing, indigenous arts and
techniques, and even cultural inventions.

 E-jeepney

The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a recent

The flight of the Flying Machine of development in the Philippines that provides a
sustainable, clean form of public transportation.
Orville and Wilbur Wright

 Television

> Changed how we perceive what is  Erythromycin

true because the television allows us
Abelardo Aguilar, is a Scientist from the Philippines
to see use through videos and
who discovered the Erythromycin in 1949.
images.
Dr. Abelardo was testing samples of soils from his
> Prior to the TV, news is only in the
backyard and isolated micro-organisms – a bacteria
form of print material, or those that is
that lead to the development of the Antibiotic called
being heard on radio.
Erythromycin.
> It enabled see actual images, and we
> One of the first antibiotics
perceive what is true if it's shown on
TV. That explains why many > Its story shows the importance of filing or
companies know are willing to spend applying for a patent because the patent of
millions of vessels or dollars just to Erythromycin was not given to Abelardo
make sure that their products are Aguilar, but to the company where he works.
shown on TV.
> He died fighting for the patent.

Baird’s television
Abelardo Aguilar and his Erythromycin
INVENTIONS OF FILIPINO SCIENTISTS  Medical Incubator
> The Philippines boasts of its own history and Dr. Fe Del Mundo designed a prize-winning low-cost
tradition of scientific and technological incubator made of bamboo. It is cheap and easy to
innovation. make since bamboo is found in barrio. This simple
incubator has saved many lives.
> Filipino scientists have long been known for
their ingenuity. As with all other inventions, > She placed a smaller basket inside a bigger
necessity has always been the mother of basket creating a gap between the two. On
Philippine inventions. those gaps, she filled it with bottles with
warm water.
> Most Filipino inventions appealed to the
unique social and cultural context of the
archipelagic nation.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY
> One of the key interests of Science,
Technology, and Society as an academic field

> focuses on how S&T changed across time and

the impacts of scientific and technological
innovation on prevailing social, cultural,
political, and economic contexts across time
 Mole Remover > pays attention to the contextual
circumstances that shaped S&T

> interests lie in historical antecedents of

scientific and technological innovation

> allows us to reflect on how Science was, is,

and should be in the face of present and
emerging societal issues.

LESSON 3
 The Big History of Modern Science
(Summary)

> We live in a universe that is both very big

and very small, and while we have made
great progress in understanding the big and
the small, the world in between, the world
Rolando dela Cruz’s commercial product – a mole we live in, is becoming increasingly
remover formula made of cashew nut extracts complex.
 Banana Ketsup > This complexity poses challenges, but also
opportunities for finding solutions to our
Orosa’s formula for Banana Ketsup is brownish-yellow biggest problems.
in color.
> Key Insights
> An answer to the scarcity of tomato ketchup
during the American regime. Since tomato is 🌌 The universe’s vastness and complexity can be
seasonal and bananas are available all understood through advancements in astronomy
throughout the year, she created a formula and physics, revealing new galaxies and the
that resembles the texture and taste of origins of stars.
tomato ketchup.
⚛️The discovery of atoms and the subsequent
> However, it was not a hit due to its color. development of quantum mechanics have shown
After a while they have placed in food color to that the small is far more complex than initially
make it red. believed. This complexity has implications for
fields like medicine and energy.

💻 Transistors and the rise of computing have

allowed us to build increasingly complex systems,
but this complexity can lead to fragility and
cascading failures. However, computers also

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

enable us to analyze and understand this > He developed his theory after a five-year
complexity, opening up possibilities for problem- expedition on the HMS Beagle, where he
solving. observed fossils and unique characteristics
of species.
🧬 Our understanding of cells and DNA has
evolved, revealing their immense complexity. This > Darwin’s theory explained how variations in
complexity poses challenges in fields like cancer traits lead to the survival and reproduction
research, but also opportunities for breakthroughs of certain individuals, eventually giving rise
in understanding and treatment. to new species. His work challenged the
belief in divine creation and had a profound
🌍 Tackling complex problems like climate change impact on science and society.
and disease requires interdisciplinary
collaboration and the merging of human-built > Highlights
systems with natural systems.
🧐 Darwin’s journey on the HMS Beagle and
 Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution observations of fossils and unique species led to
- Past is Present (Summary) his theory of evolution.
> The video script discusses the scientific
revolution and the role of giants like 📚 Thomas Robert Malthus’s ideas on population
Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton in reshaping growth and survival influenced Darwin’s
our understanding of the universe. It explores understanding of natural selection.
how their theories challenged traditional
beliefs and led to scientific advancements.
🧩 Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently
The script also mentions the Webb Space
reached the same conclusion on evolution through
Telescope and its potential to reveal the
natural selection.
secrets of the universe.

> Key Insights 💥 Darwin’s book, “On the Origin of Species,”

caused significant controversy and challenged the
🌍 Copernicus’s heliocentric model of the belief in divine creation.
solar system challenged the geocentric belief
held by the church and set the stage for a new era
of scientific exploration. 🦋 Darwin’s theory of evolution put human beings
on the same level as all other creatures, causing a
🌌 The Webb Space Telescope’s ability to look paradigm shift in Victorian Britain.
back nearly 14 billion years will will give
astronomers a glimpse into the early universe. By 🔬 Scientific advances have confirmed and
studying distant galaxies and celestial objects,
scientists hope to unravel the mysteries of supported Darwin’s theory of evolution.
creation and deepen our understanding of our
place in the cosmos. The Catholic Church eventually accepted that
evolution is compatible with faith.
🌠Galileo’s observations using the telescope, such
as the discovery of moons orbiting Jupiter,
provided evidence for Copernicus's heliocentric  PSYCHOTHERAPY - Sigmund Freud
theory, challenging church teachings and sparking (Summary)
a clash between science and religion.
> Sigmund Freud, the father of
psychoanalysis, offers insights into the
🔭 Newton’s groundbreaking discoveries about
complexities of human suffering. Despite
gravity and motion revolutionized our
his own struggles, he made significant
understanding of the physical world. His laws of
strides in understanding unhappiness and
motion and universal gravitation laid the
neuroses. Freud emphasized the interplay
foundation for modern physics, explaining the
between the pleasure principle and reality
movements of celestial bodies. Newton’s work
principle in shaping behavior.
showcased the power of mathematical analysis in
unlocking the mysteries of the universe. > He delved into childhood origins of
neuroses, highlighting stages like the oral,
 Theory of Evolution: How did Darwin
anal, and phallic phases. Freud argued that
come up with it? - BBC News (Summary)
societal constraints contribute to neurotic
> Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution tendencies, and his psychoanalytic
by natural selection revolutionized approach aimed to unearth and address
biology and our understanding of the origin these underlying psychological roots.
of human beings.

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 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
AR - 1 | 4th Term 2023-2024 | Soriano, Ricaela Rainne M.

> Highlights

🧠 Freud’s insights into human unhappiness and

neuroses shed light on the complexities of our
lives.

💡Freud proposed the pleasure principle and the

reality principle as driving forces in our behavior.

🧒 Childhood experiences in the oral, anal, and

phallic phases can shape our neuroses later in life.

👪 Freud introduced the Oedipus complex, which

explores our relationships with our parents and its
impact on our ideas of love.

💔 Difficulties in intimate relationships can be

traced back to the conflicted patterns we learn
from our parents.

🌍 Society imposes restrictions and demands on

us, leading to neurotic tendencies.

Freud’s psychoanalytic approach aimed to

uncover and address the root causes of our
psychological issues.

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