University Of Zakho

College Of Engineering
Mechanic Department

Effect of Radiation on
Temperature Measurement

Subject: Mechanical Lab

Stage: 3
Group: A

Prepared by:
Arshad Riadh Idrees

Supervisor by:
Mrs.Tara Mohammed

Date of Exp: 5/11/2023

Date of Sub: 16/11/2023
Contents
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Purpose: ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Theory : ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 5
Results and Calculations: ........................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Reference: .................................................................................................................................................. 11

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Introduction:
When temperature controlled enclosures are used in the temperature range above
room temperature, the temperature of the walls of many models can be
significantly different to that of the air. Due to heat transfer through radiation, the
air temperature can differ considerably to that of a thermometer or test object in the
enclosure. According to the law of radiation, the influence of this effect increases
at higher temperatures. Depending on the operating principle of the enclosure,
differences of several Kelvin are possible above 150 °C. This radiation effect shall
be included in estimating the measurement uncertainty for the calibration

Purpose:
To demonstrate how temperature measurements can be affected by radiative heat
transfer to
a sensor from its surroundings and to show:
a) The effect of temperature difference between the sensor and its surroundings
b) The effect of air velocity
c) The effect of sensor size
d) The effect of sensor emissivity on the measurement error.
Apparatus:The HT16C Radiation Errors in Temperature Measurement
Accessory consists of:
a. Electrical Heater.
b. Electrical motor with centrifugal fan.
c. Axial Fan inside the cylinder.
d. Anemometer to measure air velocity and
flow.
e. Thermocouples to measure temperatures.
f. Cylindrical envelope to contain the above.
g. Shields.
h. HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.

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Theory :
If a temperature sensor is used to measure the local temperature of a stream of gas
then the sensor must stabilize at the same temperature as the gas if it is to provide an
accurate measurement of the gas temperature. Under ideal conditions heat will be
lost or gained by the sensor through convection to the gas until the sensor has
stabilized at the same temperature as the gas. However, if a source of radiation is
present, which is visible by the sensor, then the sensor may not stabilize at the same
temperature as the gas resulting in an error in the temperature measurement.
If the radiating surface is hotter than the sensor then heat will be gained by the sensor
giving an elevated reading. Conversely, if the radiating surface is cooler than the
sensor then heat will be lost by the sensor giving a depressed reading.
The magnitude of the measurement error will depend on many factors such as:
 The difference in temperature between the sensor and the radiating surface
 The velocity of the gas passing the sensor
 The size of the sensor
 The emissivity of the sensor
 Other effects such as conductivity along the sensor connecting lead, water
vapour in the gas etc.
In this demonstration three different thermocouple beads are used to measure the
temperature of ambient air at the center of a vertical duct. The section of duct wall
adjacent to the thermocouples can be elevated in temperature by a heating element
which is clamped to the outside of the wall. The velocity of the air flowing past the
thermocouples can be varied to investigate the variation of the radiation error at
different air stream velocities. Thermocouple T6 is installed in the duct wall below
the test section to measure the temperature of the air as it passes through the test
section. Thermocouple T7 is a normal thermocouple bead 1.0 mm diameter with the
leads and bead polished to minimize the effect of radiation.
Thermocouple T8 is the same construction as T7 but the leads and bead are coated
with black heat resistant paint to increase the emissivity of the surface.
Thermocouple T9 is a large thermocouple bead 3mm diameter with the leads
insulated and the bead coated with the same heat resistant paint as T8.
The effect of emissivity and bead size can be shown by comparing the measurements
obtained from the three test thermocouples with the measurement of the upstream
air temperature.
Note: The effects of conduction have minimised by using fine thermocouple leads
and running the leads from the bead isothermally up the centre of the duct before
exiting through the wall of the duct. Although not required in these demonstrations,
the actual power supplied to the heated wall can be determined from:

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼 (𝑊)

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This exercise is intended as a demonstration of the parameters which can affect the
accuracy of temperature measurement when a source of radiation is present. More
advanced students may be requested to analyze the magnitude of the errors by
applying radiation and convection theory to the application.

Experimental Procedure
a. Preparation:-
1. We have the devise for experiment (HT16C) (Radiation Errors in
Temperature Measurement)
2. And we have HT10XC for read the reading T And change the voltage
3. We have thermocouple for measuring temperature
4. Fan for change velocity
5. Heater for heating the fluid
6. Anemometer for measuring the velocity
7. Pump for move the fluid to up

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b. Experimental procedure:-
we turned on the two devises (HT16C) Radiation Errors in Temperature
Measurement and (HT10XC) unit service head transfer. and we connected by 5
thermocouple and we change the MANUAL to measure by HT10XC.
Thermocouple used to measure the temperature. And anemometer for measuring
the velocity of air because the velocity change more in the experimental. we
measured temperature by thermocouple. First, we change the and the velocity is
constant we reading the temperature and after that we change the velocity and the
volt is no change.

Results and Calculations:

6
Discussion:
With out shield (Radiation) : here we have two table
1- change velocity and constant voltage. (forced)
Run 1 2 3
𝑽 12 12 12
𝑰 4.47 4.47 4.47
𝑼𝒂 1.5 2.5 3.5
𝑻𝟔 31.6 30.6 29.8
𝑻𝟕 32.7 31.4 30.5
𝑻𝟖 33.2 31.8 30.9
𝑻𝟗 33.7 32.1 31.1
𝑻𝟏𝟎 107 94 82
Discussion for table 1:
Here the heat transfer its happens by using an external force like fun ,when we
increases the velocity the temperature of each runs are decreases , because velocity
of fluid is high and for temperature 𝑇9 has higher radiation than 𝑇8 because
emissivity black body and diameter is higher than 𝑇8 , radiation dependent of
emissivity. temperature in 𝑇8 is higher than 𝑇7 because the diameter of 𝑇7 is less
than 𝑇8 .
2-change voltage and constant velocity. (natural)

Run 1 2 3
𝑽 8 12 16
𝑰 3.01 4.46 5.93
𝑼𝒂 0 0 0
𝑻𝟔 35.1 37.1 38.1
𝑻𝟕 46.4 57.7 80
𝑻𝟖 47.4 58.2 81.1
𝑻𝟗 47.3 58.6 82
𝑻𝟏𝟎 89 122 178
Discussion for table 2:
Here heat transfer is happens by natural it mean we don’t need any external force ,
when we increase the voltage the temperature will increase , T6 is temperature of
air lower than each temperature, because this thermocouple is far the heater. The
temperature 𝑇7 is near the heater more than the 𝑇6 and lower than the𝑇8 because the
𝑇8 have the emissivity black body and near the heater the temperature larger than
𝑇7 , And the temperature of 𝑇9 is higher than the𝑇8 each of the𝑇8 and
𝑇9 have same the emissivity but the diameter of 𝑇9 larger than 𝑇8 . And 𝑇10 the
temperature of the heater.
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With shield (No Radiation) : here we have two table
1- change velocity and constant voltage. (forced)
Run 1 2 3
𝑽 12 12 12
𝑰 4.47 4.47 4.47
𝑼𝒂 1.5 2.5 3.5
𝑻𝟔 30.2 29.7 28.8
𝑻𝟕 30.2 29.8 29
𝑻𝟖 30.4 29.9 29.2
𝑻𝟗 30.4 29.9 29.2
𝑻𝟏𝟎 95 89 81
Discussion for table 1:
Here shown that we don’t have any effect of radiation because the shield is on
down and when we increase the velocity the temperature of each runs are increase
and the temperatures are increase by small range for example look at 𝑇6 and 𝑇7
For first run it is the same temperature so it mean when we the shield it on down
the velocity does not effect on temperature as a wide range for 𝑇8 and 𝑇9 are the
same , And 𝑇10 the temperature of the heater and it is always higher than other .
2-change voltage and constant velocity. (natural)

Run 1 2 3
𝑽 8 12 16
𝑰 3.02 4.47 5.94
𝑼𝒂 0 0 0
𝑻𝟔 32.1 34 36.1
𝑻𝟕 38.5 44.8 69.5
𝑻𝟖 38.8 44.7 72.3
𝑻𝟗 38 44.5 71.3
𝑻𝟏𝟎 87 105 179
Discussion for table 2:
Here shown that we don’t have any effect of radiation because the shield is on
down , when we increase the voltage the temperature will increase , T6 is
temperature of air lower than each temperature, because this thermocouple is far
the heater. The temperature 𝑇7 is near the heater more than the 𝑇6 and lower than
the𝑇8 because the 𝑇8 have the emissivity black body and near the heater the
temperature larger than 𝑇7 , And the temperature of 𝑇9 is higher than the𝑇8 each of
the𝑇8 and 𝑇9 have same the emissivity but the diameter of 𝑇9 larger than 𝑇8 . And
𝑇10 the temperature of the heater and it is higher than other.

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Graph With out shield (Radiation):
1- between air velocity and temperature.

34

33.5

33
T7,T8 and T9 (c)

32.5

32 T7
T8
31.5
T9
31

30.5

30
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Ua (m/s)

2- between voltage and temperature.

90

80

70

60
T7,T8 and T9 (c)

50
T7
40
T8
30 T9

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
voltage (V)

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Graph With shield (No Radiation):
1- between air velocity and temperature.
30.6

30.4

30.2

30
T7,T8 and T9 (c)

29.8
T7
29.6
T8
29.4 T9

29.2

29

28.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Ua (m/s)

2- between voltage and temperature.

80

70

60
T7,T8 and T9 (C)

50
T7
40 T8

30 T9

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Voltage (V)

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Reference:

https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A36527/datastream/PDF/Falsetti-2021-
Thermal_radiation%2C_its_effect_on-%28published_version%29.pdf

https://www.inab.ie/inab-documents/notifications/determination-of-the-radiation-effect-in-the-
temperature-mapping-of-temperature-controlled-enclosures.pdf

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