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15 views

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

Aruzhan Erkinbek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of

Language Theory

Yevgeniy Yurievich Puzikov


Teaching Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics
and Translation Studies, Candidate of Philological Sciences
e-mail: y [email protected]
01
What is
phonetics?

What is
phonology?
02
International
Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)
03

Organs of Speech
TERMINOLOGY

Respiratory (Power)
Phonetics
Mechanism
Phoneme
Larynx
Phonology
Glottis
Allophone
Supraglottal Cavities
Sound
Soft Palate
Sonorant
Uvula
Articulatory Phonetics Hard Palate
Auditory Phonetics
Acoustic Phonetics
01
What is
phonetics?

What is
phonology?
PHONETICS

Deals with the Deals with the


sounds as units of physical description
oral speech of the actual sounds
used in human
languages

Mukhamedzhan
K. Issayev
PHONOLOGY

Studies the linguistic


function of consonant and How the speech sounds are
vowel sounds, syllabic organized into systems in
structure, word accent each individual language, i.e.
and prosodic features, how the sounds can be
such as pitch, stress and combined, the relations
tempo between them and how they
affect each other
/t/ /d/

tick
stick
pit
dot
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY

surface abstract system


manifestation organizing the
(representation) of surface sounds into
spoken language systems
HUMAN SPEECH

Psychological stage Cognitive psychology

Physiological stage Anatomy / physiology


Audiology
Physical or acoustic
transmission Acoustics

Linguistic Cognitive psychology


interpretation
International
02 Phonetic
Alphabet

1996

/ /
VOWELS

monophthongs diphthongs
/ɪ/ bit /ʊ/ put /eɪ/ day
/e/ bet /ɜ:/ earn /aɪ/ die
/ǝ/ about /ʌ/ cut /ɛǝ/ air
/i:/ eat /ɔ:/ paw /ʊǝ/ poor
/a:/ palm /u:/ two /ɔɪ/ boy
/ɒ/ cot /æ/ bat /ɪǝ/ fear
/ǝʊ/ no
/aʊ/ now
CONSONANTS SONORANTS
/k/ kin /s/ sing /m/ more
/b/ bin /g/ girl /n/ no
/d/ din /h/ how /ŋ/ ding
/v/ van
/p/ pin /w/ we
/z/ zoo
/f/ fin /j/ yes
/ʤ/ gin
/ʃ/ shoe /tʃ/ chin /l/ love
/t/ tin /ð/ this /r/ right
/θ/ thing /ʒ/ measure
PHONEMES

book /bʊk/
ALLOPHONES

[bʊk]
03
Organs of Speech

(Vocal Mechanism)
1 Lips
2 Teeth
3 Alveolar Ridge
4 Hard Palate
5 Soft Palate (Velum)
6 Uvula
7 Tip of the Tongue
8 Blade of the Tongue
9 Front of the Tongue
10 Back of the Tongue
11 Nasal Cavity
12 Oral Cavity
13 Pharynx
14 Larynx
RESPIRATORY OR
POWER MECHANISM

bronchi
wind-pipe
(the air passage from the throat
to the lungs; the trachea)

lungs
Picture from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_tract#/
media/File:Illu_conducting_passages.svg
RESPIRATORY OR
POWER MECHANISM

Syllabic pulses

dynamic stress

'bet-ter
book /bʊk/
LARYNX
(VOCAL CORDS)

VIBRATOR

PRODUCTION OF VOICE

FREQUENCY OF
VIBRATIONS (PITCH)

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module
06_head_neck/unit02_sec08_anatomy.html
GLOTTIS
(opening
between VCs)

Picture from: Henry Gray.


Anatomy of the Human Body (1918)
230 TIMES PER
SECOND
female voice 130 TIMES PER
vc between SECOND
1.25 cm and male voice
1.75 cm VC between
1.75 cm and
2.5 cm
SUPRAGLOTTAL CAVITIES

NASAL
CAVITY
HARD PALATE
SOFT PALATE WITH
UVULA
MOUTH
CAVITY
SOFT PALATE (VELUM)

velic closure velar closure


(nasal cavity) (mouth cavity)

/k/, /g/ /ŋ/

a velic only velar closure


and a velar closure
TONGUE dorsum
(whole upper surface)
raised against upper teeth ridge against the back slope of the teeth
(apical position) ridge
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, (cacuminal position)
/ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/, /tʃ/, /ʤ/, /n/, /l/ /r/

Pictures: mobile application “Sounds of Speech”


developed by the University of Iowa
SOFT PALATE HARD PALATE

lowered movement of the


/m, n, ŋ/ tongue, /j/
LIPS

rounded
/w/
close to the upper
teeth
/f, v/ closed to block the
air stream
/p, b, m/
TEETH

alveolar
/t/, /d/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /n/
interdental
/ð/, /θ/ labiodental /v/
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
VOWELS /CONSONANTS/SONORANTS

1 Presence / 2 Concentrated / 3 Force of


absence of an diffused exhalation
articulatory character of
obstruction to the muscular
air stream in the tension
larynx
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
CONSONANTS

1 Articulatory 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force


obstruction + tension is is rather strong
concentrated in
(complete, the place of
incomplete, the obstruction
combination of the
two /tʃ, ʤ/,
intermittent)
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
VOWELS

2 Concentrated / 3 Exhaling force


1 Articulatory
diffused is rather weak
obstruction -
character of
muscular
tension
ARTICULATORY DIFFERENCES
SONORANTS

1 Obstruction is 2 Muscular 3 Exhaling force


complete, or tension is is rather weak
incomplete but not concentrated in
narrow enough to the place of
produce noise obstruction

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