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Summary/ Reviewer in Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter
Proton
Definition: A proton is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Location: Inside the nucleus (the central part of the atom).
Neutron
Definition: A neutron is a neutral particle (no charge) also located in the nucleus of an atom.
Location: Inside the nucleus, alongside protons.
Electron
Definition: An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits around the nucleus of an atom.
Location: In various energy levels (or shells) surrounding the nucleus.
Protons and Neutrons: Both are located in the nucleus and are where most of the atom's mass is
concentrated.
Electrons: Located in the space surrounding the nucleus, they have a negligible contribution to the
overall mass of the atom.
The Classical Atomic Model

The Plum Pudding Model
 J.J. Thomson (1856-1940): Discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model,
where electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere.
The Nuclear Model
 Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937): Conducted the gold foil experiment, which led to the discovery
of the nucleus, a small, dense, positively charged center in the atom. This nucleus contains
protons and neutrons.
The Bohr Model
 Niels Bohr (1885-1962): Proposed the Bohr model, where electrons orbit the nucleus in specific
energy levels or shells. This model was based on Planck's quantum theory.
The Uncertainty Principle and Quantum Mechanical Model
 Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976): Formulated the uncertainty principle, which states that it is
impossible to simultaneously determine the exact position and momentum of a particle.
 Erwin Schrödinger proposed the probability that an electron will be found in certain regions
around the nucleus of an atom. His Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that
describes the wave-like behavior of electrons in atoms. The solutions to this equation provide the
probability density of finding an electron at a particular point in space. This concept is central to
the quantum mechanical model of the atom. The quantum mechanical model is the most widely
accepted model of the atom used by scientists today.
Flame Test
 is a qualitative test that can be used to identify metal ions in a solution.
Table 1. Color of Flame of the Metal Salts.
Metal Salt Tested Element Producing Color Color of the Flame
Boric Acid Boron Green

Sodium Chloride Sodium Orange-red
Potassium Chloride Potassium Light purple
Copper Sulfate Copper Blue-green
Zinc Chloride Zinc Bluish-green
 when heated in the flame, the electrons absorb energy and transition to higher energy level
(excited state).
 the electrons don't stay in the excited state forever - the electrons emit energy and transition back
from higher energy level to the lower energy level.
 Prisms effectively separate light into its component colors through the processes of refraction
and dispersion, allowing us to observe the spectrum of visible light.
Electron Configuration
 is the term used to describe the distribution of electrons in energy levels, sublevels, and orbitals
around the nucleus of an atom. It shows how many electrons are present in each orbital and
sublevel.
 these configurations are based on the ground state or neutral state of the element, where the
electrons are in their lowest energy arrangement.
Table 2. Values of the Four (4) Quantum Numbers.
ℓ= 0 s
ℓ= 1 p
ℓ= 2 d
ℓ= 3 f
 n: Principal quantum number, determines the energy level of the electron. The lowest possible
value of n is 1.
 l: Azimuthal quantum number, determines the shape of the orbital. The possible values of l
range from 0 to n-1.
 ml: Magnetic quantum number, determines the orientation of the orbital in space. The possible
values of ml range from -l to +l.
 ms: Spin quantum number, describes the rotations or the spins on how the electrons move on
their own axis as they move around the nucleus.. The possible values of ms are +1/2 or -1/2.
 The Aufbau Principle requires that the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy level before
filling up the next.
 Hund’s Rule requires that the electrons fill the orbitals in a sub-level, one by one, before pairing
the electrons in an orbitals spin in opposite direction.
 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum
number; the spin quantum number limits the number of electrons in an orbital to a maximum of
two.
 Orbitals are the regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found. These
orbitals describe the way electrons move around the nucleus.
 Valence electrons are the electrons located in the highest or outermost energy level (also known
as the valence shell) of an atom.
 Noble gases are characterized by having a complete outer shell of electrons, which typically
consists of 8 valence electrons. This configuration contributes to their stability and low reactivity.

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Summary/ Reviewer in Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter

The Classical Atomic Model

Metal Salt Tested Element Producing Color Color of the Flame

Boric Acid Boron Green

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