Lecture 26 and Lecture 27 act 4 and Oct 14, zorr Ex. We Knao thet for a prime b, w= {4 42, > pt} ma fidd. Let Mit Zp) be the ring ra the 2x2 matnieen with entrin Axon Zp. Shao thet | Urata} =(P-1) (=P). Lt Rhea ring. non-yero element ER m said % bea “heb Jere Avis if i a nm-yro sdemert geR Ad. xY=0, Simélondy, we Apne reaght yo Avian. A yro uisoe 22 or element 4 R hd wm beh a eff uro divisor and a pbght yro hiviAor.Ex: 4, Z,. both 2 and 3 ave yuo Livinors, ex: A ring R he no Jere divinora 4 and only af He ruight ard Lebt cameelltio Lan Cunda muilbphutio) Aalda dn R, thot in, 4er a, b CER oth a #0 ancl ab= ac or ba=ca > bec, Debnition: A commutetive v4 R_wrth hadi avd orthié ong ye avian m old Integral Domain, Pxampl” O Every field Jn am amegral comom. © (+, wan trdeqrod alomain ‘el. wn nok 2 Field.®@ (Zp,t1) m om integral alomain & nin prime, Theacem: Ever 4 fink inhegrad domain wn a fiad. Res: lt Rbe e finte tnd egral alo naw. Since Rom commibetve vith jbothy Cbeirg om IB) A0 b prove that Rm a tied, th wm enough he prove th wed atom Oo uvk im R. Let ER and x +0. Gwridn tre shemerdy- XK, x x? yore 4 = Since R im Lint, 40 J]>i Auch thak ats rt > xtla2tt Dro.Since Roman ID and X40, Ao x" fo, x40 ...., x"to,-- Thus, at (acs =0 z att, =o C: x‘ #o anda Rm 4a-é j-a-4 an ID DPD xX =1 57x x =1 (jot a D le the cnverne Ax. ji-ry a) xéE UR) The proves that Run @ field. Znd prot Ut AER amd a Fo. # We Ahne £:ROR by f(x) = ax. LA 4(2%) = f(y) Then, ax =4y | alx-Y=o. Sine a+4to 542. on integral dno, AO Ly =o DxX=yHence, 4 mn ort-to-ont. Since Rin finite, do f im ove, AER D ALER At flo) =1 S ab=4 oe Qmna unit. The proven that Rm a Field, x Remark: fer 0%2, (Zn, +,0) wo am ID & nm oa prime & (Zot) m « He.Debinition (Charneterinte ihn of a ming): Let R bea ring The Lark posikve intega rn (ib exint) Ande that na =o SA ER te called the charscterithe FR , . AR ‘a yr. Noth: We wxite CrarlR) denole characterishe —§ K, Sx: . char (Z) =6 » than (@) = Chan (CR) =0 « than (Z,) =6 Chan CZ,) = 7.Theorem: Let R bea ring cot U dand hy 1p. Y the additive ocda ea 1g Ao inkintle, then char(R\co. Otherwine, cha (R) inthe adbikve ordn ff Proof : Lek Of) = 3 (w,x.t- +) 4, Lt Op be the additive idenbily. Thaw W149 # O% for alk nN >O. Hence, chan(RI=O. lek oC4k) = M. Then, m wm the synallnk +ve integer auch thet mip =O. Lat SER Tim mx = m (44%) = 1px t tpt +452 = Upgt- + t)-2¢ = (Mp). = OF =O. Thu, m w the Amallot positive integer” 2 Chan CR) =m. al. mx=0 VoceR Trin cernplel, the prosf. -Gxavtte Ze deans Bawdery 1. Ane, o(1) = orm 2 Hew, ches (Z) = 0. merot 2 The otditve odey of 1 wm, art Aimee Chas( Zm) =m. -Tam: jet R be an Inkege al Ao raw. Thur, Chas (R) sn eithy 0 oF @ prime. Proof: Yo Chae (2) 0, Aheve Mn mating 42 prove Suppose that chon (R) =n. we net t prove that nm a prime number, Comdex 0 Frctoryak on & 1, ont, N= mR. Tee, 7450 D> mk1 =0 DX (m1)-(k1) =O Gra Rin om iwhagrak domain, Ao rithyr m1 =0 X% RA=0Since 1 m the husk +ve inka yk thot 1.129 ana 45m kon, Mw wtHtar man R= n. Thi prover Ahek nN wea prime mune & Notation LzA R be are, ond dt T bea Arba & Ro fr a eR, Mfve al=fax: x Tp Dedinion (iD): Yet Q pe a ping Pe ={t*2! LETS oA Tbe a Mork of RT in tabled a bLyitl 42 Mi) Im a mbring f QR li) F2ET veeR, verSioclenda, Tm ut a pi ht ifel ay Towne pibdivg of R xr eT WxreT ot Ver eR A Aubst Ik QR art wm both «LY reel ard a dight Adel Am called ax (Lend. of RK. Ci) Tm a mbting we eT, WreEeR ci) xv, ve EL“Theevem: Let I be a Aubnet Ff « ring R. Tw Im an gdeol fR AO a-béT Va bel (eeratortiy, (r, #) dna auberr-t ) 0 ya €I ard avéI vw aél and? Ps XO The ‘dials of @ +9 ave A the teem nZ for Ame @ ut M62) be the relng, of aH the 2x2 maticn ee dndeger endrin Gn Ma 42), find a bet herd ashich to not a night ddeal Mie, tind a right jeeod abich in not o Left doleal. #pet Tbe om ihe f RK. (E+) iso agry 4 (R,4) Stree (R, +) m abelian, AO (r,+) ma nor Arbon 4 BA) I ) Joe Ts v6 RY We Aefne © mnbtiphodin s 0 t dw yz ar plows: (rT) (941) = AFT, AERWe prove thet, A Tm am idtal, thin the relttiphi cation of cosds nv wall Abined. Lt vil= ati Coun: vA¢I = @b+ T. and A+I= 6+1l, vy 4abeER Y4Tsoat+I > V-2 EL A+sI = b+T 3» A-b ET. Nw, ~wa- ab = vA—Ybt+xb—ab = ¥(A-v) + &-a)b M Aine A-b E Tonk La om relent, Ao y¥(A-W eI Ll E “) YA-a2b ELT > vA+I = abet.Hence, qirm om ident TR, ue have the fellncing operehions mM RA ={vr41| veRt. Addin: (x+ 1) + @+t) = &4a+t. Moldipkakm: (+I). (4+I) = w+ Theorem RA =4verl YE Ry nwa ning W.% 4. the above two binant operations. . 5 ing undu (@tnZ)+lb+nZ) = G+ 4¢nZ Sx: Zz fre ving (atnZ).(btn2) < abe nz. Cheon, (%z ; +7) To Cammetadive with ‘dertita 44 yoSx: Ly = {ez, AtGZ, 2467, 346Z, 446, S+ZP (2+ez) + (Geez) = 54 ez @ (Zz) (3+4éz) = C+EZ =62Z, the pro ot Ye f