Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

Signals and Systems

Subject Code: ECE203
Credits: 3+0

Unit-3 Systems

By
Dr. Narendra Yadava
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Syllabus
 Books
Suggested Text / Reference Books:
1. AV Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S. Hamid Nawab, ‘Signals and
Systems’, Pearson Education.
2. R.F. Ziemer, W.H. Tranter and D.R. Fannin, "Signals and Systems -
Continuous and Discrete," 4th edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.
3. TK Rawat, “Signals and Systems”, Oxford University Press.
4. BP Lathi, “Principals of Linear Systems and Signals”, Oxford University
Press.
5. P. Ramakrishna Rao, ‘Signal and System’, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi.
6. Kishore S. Trivedi, “Probability & Statistics with Reliability Queuing and
Computer Science Applications”, Wiley Publication.
7. Douglas K. Lindner, "Introduction to Signals and Systems," McGraw Hill
International Edition: 1999.
8. Simon Haykin, Barry van Veen, "Signals and Systems," John Wiley and
Sons (Asia) Private Limited, 1998.
9. V. Krishnaveni, A. Rajeswari, “"Signals and Systems," Wiley India
Private Limited, 2012.
10. Robert A. Gabel, Richard A. Roberts, "Signals and Linear Systems," John
Wiley and Sons, 1995.
 UNIT-3
Systems:
1. Classification
2. Linearity, time-invariance and causality
3. Impulse response
4. Characterization of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems,
5. Unit sample response
6. Convolution summation
7. Step response of discrete time systems
8. Stability
9. Convolution integral
10. Co-relations, signal energy and energy spectral density, signal power and power
spectral density, properties of power spectral density
1.5 What is a System ?
 A system can be viewed as an interconnection of operation that transfer an input
signal into an output signal with properties different from those of the input signal.

 y(t) is the impulse response of the continuous-time system and y[n] is the impulse
response of the discrete-time system.
Cont’d…
 Real life example of system;
(i) In automatic speaker recognition system; the system is to extract
the information from an incoming speech signal for the purpose of
recognizing and identifying the speaker.
(ii) In communication system; the system will transport the the
information contained in the message over a communication
channel and deliver that information to the destination.

Figure 1.30: Elements of a communication system.

Figure 1.31: Block diagram representation of a system.

Cont’d…
 By definition, a system is an entity that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.
 A physical process or a mathematical model of the physical process that relates a set of
input signals to yield another set of output signal.
 Process input signals to produce output signals
 System representation of the systems.
 1.6 Properties of Systems.
 The properties of a system describe the characteristics of the
operator H representing the system.
 Basic properties of the system;
1.6.1 Stability.
1.6.2 Memory.
1.6.3 Causality.
1.6.4 Inevertibility.
1.6.5 Time Invariance.
1.6.6 Linearity.
 1.6.1 Stability.
 A system is said to be bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO)
stable if and only if all bounded inputs result in bounded
outputs. The output of the system does not diverge if the input
does not diverge.

 For the resistor, if i(t) is bounded then so is v(t), but for the
capacitance this is not true. Consider i(t) = u(t) then v(t) =
tu(t) which is unbounded.
1.6.2 Memory.
 A system is said to possess memory if its output signal depend on
pass or future values of the input signal.

 Note that v(t) depends not just on i(t) at one point in time t.
Therefore, the system that relates v to i exhibits memory.
 The system is said to be memoryless if its output signal depends
only on the present value of the input signal.
 Example: The resistive divider network

 Therefore, vo(to) depends upon the value of vi(to) and not on vi(t)
for t = to.
Example 1.6: Memory and Memoryless System.
Below is the moving-average system described by the input-output
relation. Does it has memory or not?
(a)
yn = (xn + xn − 1 + xn − 2)
1
3

yn = x 2 n
(b)

Solution:
(a)It has memory, the value of the output signal y[n] at time n
depends on the present and two pass values of x[n].

(b)It is memoryless, because the value of the output signal y[n]

depends only on the present value of the input signal x[n].
 .
 1.6.3 Causality.
Causal.
 A system is said to be casual if the present value of the output
signal depends only on the present or the past values of the
input signal. The system cannot anticipate the input.

Noncausal.
 In contrast, the output signal of a noncausal system depends on
one or more future values of the input signal.
Example 1.7: Causal and Noncausal.

y (n ) = (xn + 1 + xn  + xn − 1)

1
Causal or noncausal? 3
Solution:
Noncausal; the output signal y[n] depends on a future value of the input
signal, x[n+1]

(xn + 1 + xn + xn − 1)

y (n ) =
1
Causality is required
3 for a system to be capable of operating in real time.
 .
1.6.4 Inevitability.
 A system is said to be invertible if the input of the system can be recovered from the
output.

H inv y (t ) = H inv H x(t )

= H inv H x(t )

Figure 1.32: The notion of system inevitability. The second operator Hinv is the inverse
of the first operator H. Hence, the input x(t) is passed through the cascade
correction of H and H-1 completely unchanged.
1.6.5 Time Invariance.
 A system is said to be time invariant if the time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads to an identical time shift in
the output signal.
 The Time invariance system responds identically no mater
when the input signal is applied.

HS t0 = S t0 H

Figure 1.33: (a) Time-shift operator St0 preceding operator H. (b) Time-shift operator St0
following operator H. These two situations are equivalent, provided that H is time
invariant
1.6.6 Linearity.
 A system is said to be linear in term of the system input (excitation) x(t) and the system
output (response) y(t) if it satisfies the following two properties.

1. Superposition
 The system is initially at rest. The input is x(t)=x1(t), the output y(t)=y1(t). So
x(t)=x1(t)+x2(t) the corresponding output y(t)=y1(t)+y2(t).

2. Homogeneity/Scaling
 The system is initially at rest. Input x(t) result in y(t). The system exhibit the
property of homogeneity if x(t) scaled by constant factor a result in output y(t) is
scaled by exact constant a.
Cont’d…

Figure 1.34: The linearity property of a system. (a) The combined operation of
amplitude scaling and summation precedes the operator H for multiple inputs.
(b) The operator H precedes amplitude scaling for each input; the resulting
outputs are summed to produce the overall output y(t). If these two
configurations produce the same output y(t), the operator H is linear.

 If the system violates either of the properties the system is said

to be nonlinear.
Cont’d…
Example 1.8: Linearity.
Cont’d…
Solution:
Cont’d…
 End
ECE303
Unit-3
Part-1