Assertion and Reason Questions

Instructions:

 Each question consists of an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R).

 Choose the correct answer from the following options:

o a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

o b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

o c) A is true, but R is false.

o d) A is false, but R is true.

Chapter: Microorganisms – Friends or Foes

1. Assertion (A): Bacteria are used in the production of curd.

Reason (R): Lactobacillus bacteria convert milk into curd by producing lactic acid.

2. Assertion (A): Viruses can only reproduce inside the host organism.
Reason (R): Viruses cannot survive outside a host for a long time.

3. Assertion (A): Fermentation is used in baking industries.

Reason (R): Yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide, causing the dough to rise.

4. Assertion (A): Microorganisms are always harmful.

Reason (R): Microorganisms cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

5. Assertion (A): Protozoa are responsible for causing malaria.

Reason (R): Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is a type of protozoa.

6. Assertion (A): Antibiotics are effective in treating viral infections.

Reason (R): Antibiotics only target bacterial cells and have no effect on viruses.

7. Assertion (A): Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help in enriching the soil with nitrogen.
Reason (R): These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia.

8. Assertion (A): Fungi are used in the production of antibiotics.

Reason (R): Penicillin, an antibiotic, is derived from a fungus.

9. Assertion (A): Vaccination helps in developing immunity against diseases.

Reason (R): Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies.

10. Assertion (A): Viruses can be classified as living organisms.

Reason (R): Viruses can reproduce but only inside a living host.

11. Assertion (A): Yeast undergoes asexual reproduction by budding.

Reason (R): Budding is a type of vegetative propagation found in yeast.

12. Assertion (A): Microorganisms are used in sewage treatment.

Reason (R): Certain microorganisms decompose organic waste in sewage.
 13. Assertion (A): Fungi can grow on bread in the form of mold.
Reason (R): Fungi reproduce by producing spores that are spread in the air.

14. Assertion (A): Microorganisms help in the decomposition of dead plants and animals.
Reason (R): Decomposition by microorganisms releases nutrients back into the soil.

15. Assertion (A): Food preservation methods kill or inhibit the growth of harmful
microorganisms.
Reason (R): Heat, salt, and refrigeration are commonly used to prevent microbial growth.

16. Assertion (A): Bacteria can cause diseases like cholera and tuberculosis.
Reason (R): Bacterial infections are transmitted through contaminated food and water.

17. Assertion (A): Algae play a role in producing oxygen.

Reason (R): Algae carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen as a byproduct.

18. Assertion (A): Protozoa have a well-defined nucleus.

Reason (R): Protozoa belong to the eukaryotic group of microorganisms.

19. Assertion (A): Antibiotics should be used without a doctor's prescription.

Reason (R): Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance.

20. Assertion (A): Microorganisms are used in making bread, cheese, and yogurt.
Reason (R): Fermentation by microorganisms helps in the production of these foods.

Chapter: Conservation of Plants and Animals

21. Assertion (A): Deforestation leads to soil erosion.

Reason (R): Trees help in binding the soil with their roots.

22. Assertion (A): National parks and wildlife sanctuaries are important for conserving
biodiversity.
Reason (R): They provide protection to endangered species of plants and animals.

23. Assertion (A): Cutting down forests for agriculture contributes to deforestation.
Reason (R): Forests are cleared to make way for agricultural land.

24. Assertion (A): Endangered species are those that are at risk of extinction.
Reason (R): Loss of habitat and poaching are major causes of endangerment.

25. Assertion (A): Afforestation helps in reducing global warming.

Reason (R): Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

26. Assertion (A): Project Tiger was initiated to protect the tiger population in India.
Reason (R): Tigers are endangered due to habitat loss and poaching.

27. Assertion (A): Reforestation can help in reversing the effects of deforestation.
Reason (R): Reforestation involves planting trees in deforested areas.

28. Assertion (A): Poaching is illegal hunting of animals for their body parts.
Reason (R): Animals like tigers and elephants are poached for their skin and tusks.

29. Assertion (A): Biosphere reserves aim to conserve biodiversity.

Reason (R): Biosphere reserves provide a safe habitat for endangered species.
 30. Assertion (A): Conservation of biodiversity is important for maintaining ecological balance.
Reason (R): Biodiversity loss can lead to ecosystem instability.

31. Assertion (A): Wildlife sanctuaries allow human activities like farming and logging.
Reason (R): Human activities can disturb the natural habitats of animals.

32. Assertion (A): Overgrazing by animals leads to soil erosion.

Reason (R): Continuous grazing removes vegetation, leaving the soil exposed.

33. Assertion (A): The Red Data Book lists species that are extinct.
Reason (R): The Red Data Book keeps records of endangered and vulnerable species.

34. Assertion (A): Deforestation contributes to climate change.

Reason (R): Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

35. Assertion (A): Conservation of plants is necessary for preventing soil erosion.
Reason (R): Plants bind soil particles together with their roots.

36. Assertion (A): Migratory birds travel long distances to avoid harsh climatic conditions.
Reason (R): Migration ensures better food availability and breeding conditions.

37. Assertion (A): Habitat destruction is the main reason for the extinction of species.
Reason (R): Urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization destroy natural habitats.

38. Assertion (A): Protected areas like national parks prevent habitat loss.
Reason (R): National parks restrict human activities and promote biodiversity conservation.

39. Assertion (A): Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation.

Reason (R): Zoos provide a safe environment for endangered species and help in breeding
programs.

40. Assertion (A): The Chipko movement was initiated to protect forests in India.
Reason (R): The movement involved hugging trees to prevent them from being cut.

Case-Based Questions

Case 1: Microorganisms and Food Preservation

Read the following case and answer the questions:

Suman’s mother noticed that the bread she bought had mold growing on it. She threw it away, saying
it was spoiled. Suman was curious and asked her science teacher about the mold. Her teacher
explained that mold is a type of fungus that grows on food when it is exposed to air and moisture.
The teacher also explained the different ways food can be preserved to prevent spoilage.

Questions:

41. What kind of microorganism was growing on the bread?

42. Name two methods to prevent the growth of mold on food.

43. What is the role of salt in preserving food?

44. How does refrigeration prevent food spoilage?

 45. Why should spoiled food not be consumed?

Case 2: Conservation of Forests and Wildlife

Read the following case and answer the questions:

Ravi went on a trip to a wildlife sanctuary with his family. He saw many animals in their natural
habitat. He was surprised to learn from the guide that the sanctuary was protecting several
endangered species. The guide explained how human activities like deforestation and poaching are
threatening the survival of these animals and how protected areas like sanctuaries help conserve
biodiversity.

Questions:

46. What is the main purpose of wildlife sanctuaries?

47. How do human activities endanger wildlife?

48. What measures can be taken to prevent poaching?

49. How does deforestation affect wildlife?

50. Why is it important to conserve endangered species?