Survase Sir Physics

0.1 Introduction.
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes very easier to describe, understand and apply the physical
principles, if we have a good knowledge of mathematics.
For example : Newton’s law of gravitation states that every body in this universe attracts every other body with a
force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
m 1m 2 Gm 1 m 2
This law can be expressed by a single mathematical relationship F  2
or F 
r r2
The techniques of mathematics such as algebra, trigonometry, calculus, graph and logarithm can be used to make
predictions from the basic equation.
If we are poor at grammar and vocabulary, it would be difficult for us to communicate our feelings, similarly for
better understanding and expressing of physics the basic knowledge of mathematics is must.
In this introductory chapter we will learn some fundamental mathematics.
0.2 Algebra.
(1) Quadratic equation : An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation. Standard quadratic equation
ax  bx  c  0
2

Here a is called the coefficient of x2, b is called the coefficient of x and c is a constant term, x is the variable whose
value (roots of the equation) are to be determined
 b  b 2  4 ac
Roots of the equation are : x 
2a
This formula can be written as

 Coefficien t of x  (Coefficien t of x ) 2  4(Coefficien t of x 2 )  (Constant term)

x
2(Coefficien t of x 2 )

Note :  If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation then

b c
Sum of roots  +  = – and product of roots =
a a
Problem 1. Solve the equation 10 x 2  27 x  5  0
Solution : By comparing the given equation with standard equation a = 10, b = – 27, and c = 5

 b  b 2  4 ac  (27 )  (27 )2  4  10  5 27  23
x  
2a 2  10 20
27  23 5 27  23 1
 x1   and x 2  
20 2 20 5
5 1
 Roots of the equation are and .
2 5
(2) Binomial theorem : If n is any number positive, negative or fraction and x is any real number, such that x < 1
i.e. x lies between – 1 and + 1 then according to binomial theorem
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(1  x )n  1  nx  x  x  .....
2! 3!
Here 2 ! (Factorial 2) = 2  1, 3 ! (Factorial 3) = 3  2  1 and 4 ! (Factorial 4) = 4  3  2  1

Note :  If |x| << 1 then only the first two terms are significant. It is so because the values of second and the
higher order terms being very very small, can be neglected. So the expression can be written as
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx
(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx
 Survase Sir Physics
(1 – x)n = 1 – nx
(1 – x)–n = 1 + nx
Problem 2. Evaluate (1001)1/3 up to six places of decimal.
Solution : (1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 = 10(1 + 0.001)1/3
n(n  1) 2
By comparing the given equation with standard equation (1  x )n  1  nx  x  ......
2!
x = 0.001 and n = 1/3
 1 1  
  1   (.001 )
2
 
1 33   1 
 10 (1  0.001 )1 / 3  10 1  (0.001 )   ....   10 1  0.00033  (0.000001 )  .... 
 3 2!   9 
 
 
 10[1.0003301 ]  10 .003301 (Approx.)

gR 2
Problem 3. The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at a height h above the surface of earth is given by g'  . If
(R  h) 2
h  R then

 h  2h   h  2h 
(a) g'  g 1   (b) g'  g 1   (c) g'  g 1   (d) g'  g1  
 R   R   R   R 

2 2 2  2 
 R   1   h h (2)(3)  h 
Solution : (b) g'  g  = g  = 1    g 1  (2)     ....... 
 R  h   1  h / R   R   R 2!  R  

 2h  h
g'  g1   ( if h  R then by neglecting higher power of .)
 R  R

(3) Arithmetic progression : It is a sequence of numbers which are arranged in increasing order and having a
constant difference between them.
Example : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …… or 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …..
In general arithmetic progression can be written as a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 …….
(i) nth term of arithmetic progression an  a 0  (n  1)d
a0 = First term, n = Number of terms, d = Common difference = (a1 – a0) or (a2 – a1) or (a3 – a2)

(ii) Sum of arithmetic progression S n 

n
2a0  (n  1)d   n a0  an 
2 2
Problem 4. Find the sum of series 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25

Solution : Sn 
n
a 0  an   7 7  25  = 112 [As n = 7; a0 = 7; an = a7 = 25]
2 2
(4) Geometric progression : It is a sequence of numbers in which every term is obtained by multiplying the
previous term by a constant quantity. This constant quantity is called the common ratio.
Example : 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 …… or 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …….
In general geometric progression can be written as a, ar, ar , ar3, ar4, …. 2

Here a = first term, r = common ratio

a(1  r n )
(i) Sum of ‘n’ terms of G.P. Sn  if r < 1
1r
a (r n  1)
Sn  if r > 1
r 1
a
(ii) Sum of infinite terms of G.P. S  if r < 1
1r
a
S  if r > 1
r 1
 Survase Sir Physics
q q q
Problem 5. Find the sum of series Q  2q     ......
3 9 27
 q q q 
Solution : Above equation can be written as Q  q  q     ...... 
 3 9 27 
 
 q  3 5
By using the formula of sum of infinite terms of G.P. Q  q   q q q
1
1   2 2
 3

(5) Some common formulae of algebra

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
(iii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(iv) (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
(v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(vi) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(vii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(viii) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
(ix) a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)

(x) a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)

a c ab cd
(6) Componendo and dividendo method : If  then 
b d ab c d

0.3 Trigonometry.
Arc AB S
Angle ( )    (formula true for radian only) B
Radius OA r S

unit of angle is radian or degree O A
r
relation between radian and degree :
2 radian = 360o; 1 radian = 57.3o
(1) Trigonometric ratio : In right angled triangle ABC, the largest side AC, which is opposite to the right angle is
called hypotenuse, and if angle considered is  , then side opposite to , AB, will be termed as perpendicular and BC is
called the base of the triangle.
Perpendicu lar AB Hypotenuse AC
sin    cosec    A
Hypotenuse AC Perpendicu lar AB
Base BC Hypotenuse AC
cos    sec   
Hypotenuse AC Base BC
90o 
Perpendicu lar AB Base BC
tan   cot  
B
  C
Base BC Perpendicu lar AB
(2) Value of trigonometric ratio of standard angles
Angle 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 120o 135o 150o 180o 270o 360o
sin 0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0
cos 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 – 1/2 – 1/2 – 3/2 –1 0 1
tan 0 1/3 1 3  – 3 –1 – 1/3 0  0
cot  3 1 1/3 0 -1/3 -1 -3  0 
sec 1 2/3 2 2  -2 -2 -2/3 -1  1
cosec  2 2 2/3 0 2/3 2 2  0 
 Survase Sir Physics
(3) Important points :
(i) Value of sin or cos lies between – 1 and +1, however tan and cot can have any real value.
(ii) Value of sec and cosec can not be numerically less than one.
(iii) (90o – ) will lie in first quadrant
(90o + ) will lie in second quadrant Second quadrant First quadrant
(Only sin and cosec are
(180o – ) will lie in second quadrant
(All T-ratio positive)
positive)
(180o + ) will lie in third quadrant
Third quadrant Fourth quadrant
(270o + ) and (0o – ) will lie in fourth quadrant.
(Only tan and cot are (Only cos and sec are
positive) positive)

(4) Fundamental trigonometrical relation

sin  1 1 1
(i) tan   (ii) cosec  (iii) sec   (iv) cot  
cos  sin  cos  tan 
(v) sin 2   cos 2   1 (vi) sec 2   tan 2   1 (vii) cosec 2  cot 2   1

(5) T-Ratios of allied angles : The angles whose sum or difference with angle  is zero or a multiple of 90° are
called angle allied to .

(i) sin( )   sin cos( )  cos tan( )   tan 

(ii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )  sin  tan(90 o   )  cot 

(iii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )   sin  tan(90 o   )   cot 

(iv) sin(180 o
  )  sin  cos(180 o
  )   cos  tan(180 o
  )   tan 

(v) sin(180 o
  )   sin  cos(180 o
  )   cos  tan(180 o
  )  tan 

(vi) sin(270 o
  )   cos  cos(270 o
  )   sin  tan(270 o
  )  cot 

(vii) sin(270 o
  )   cos  cos(270 o
  )  sin  tan(270 o
  )   cot 

(viii) sin(360 o
  )   sin  cos(360 o
  )  cos  tan(360 o
  )   tan 

(ix) sin(360 o
  )  sin  cos(360 o
  )  cos  tan(360 o
  )  tan 

Note :  Angle ( 2n   ) lies in first quadrant, if  in an acute angle. Similarly (2n   ) will lie in fourth
quadrant. Where n  0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 Angle ( ) is presumed always lie in fourth quadrant, whatever the value of  .
 If parent angle is 90° or 270° then sin  change to cos  , tan  change to cot  and sec  change to
cos ec  .
 If parent angle is 180° or 360° then no change in trigonometric function
Problem 6. Find the values of (i) cos(60 o ) (ii) tan 210 o (iii) sin 300 o (iv) cos120 o (v) sin(1485 o )
1
Solution : (i) cos(60 o )  cos 60 o 
2
1
(ii) tan(210 o )  tan(180 o
 30 o )  tan 30 o 
3
 3
(iii) sin(300 o )  sin(360 o
 60 o )   sin 60 o 
2
1
(iv) cos(120 o )  cos(90 o  30 o )   sin 30 o 
2
1
(v) sin(1485 o )   sin(3  360 o
 45 o )   sin 45 o  
2
(6) Addition formulae

Prof.T.A.Survase Mob.no.9420400502
 Survase Sir Physics
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
Putting B = A in these formulae, we get
(iv) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A
(v) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1
2 tan A
(vi) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
Problem 7. If A  60 o then value of sin 2 A will be
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2
3 1 3
Solution : (a) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A  2 sin 60 cos 60  2   
2 2 2
(7) Difference formulae
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
(8) Transformation formulae
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 sin A cos B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
0.4 Logarithm.
Logarithm of a number with respect to a given base is the power to which the base must be raised to represent that
number.
If a x  N then log a N  x
Here x is called the logarithm of N to the base a.
There are two system of logarithm : Logarithm to the base 10 are called common logarithms where as logarithms to
the base e are called natural logarithm. They are written as ln.
Conversion of natural log into common log : log e x  2.3026 log 10 x
Important formulae of logarithm :
(i) log a (mn )  log a m  log a n (Product formula)
m 
(ii) log a    log a m  log a n (Quotient formula)
n
(iii) log a m n  n log a m (Power formula)
(iv) log a m  log b m log a b (Base change formula)

Note :  Antilogarithm is the reverse process of logarithm i.e., the number whose logarithm is x is called
antilogarithm of x. If log n  x then n = antilog of x
0.5 Graphs.
A graph is a line, straight or curved which shows the variation of one quantity w.r.t. other, which are interrelated
with each other.
In a relation of two quantities, the quantity which is made to alter at will, is called the independent variable and the
other quantity which varies as a result of this change is called the dependent variable. Conventionally, in any graph, the
independent variable (i.e. cause) is represented along x-axis and dependent variable (i.e. effect) is represented along y-
axis.

For example, we want to depict V  IR graphically, in which R is a constant called resistance, V is the applied
voltage (cause) and I (effect) is the resulting current. We will represent voltage on x-axis and current on y-axis.

Some important graphs for various equations

Y Y


 y = mx C y = mx + c
X X
O O

m = tan = slope of line with x-axis c = Positive intercept on y-axis and positive slope

Y Y

y = mx – c C  y = – mx + c
X X
O O
C 

Negative intercept and positive slope Positive intercept and Negative slope
Y Y

y2 = kx y2 = – kx
X X
O O

Symmetric parabola about positive X-axis Symmetric parabola about negative X-axis
Y Y

x2 = ky x2 = – ky
O
X X
O

Symmetric parabola about positive Y-axis Symmetric parabola about negative Y-axis
Y
Y

y = ax + bx2 y = ax – bx2
X
O
X
O

Asymmetric parabola Asymmetric parabola

Y Y

xy = constant x2 + y2 = a2
X
O a
X
O

Rectangular hyperbola
Circle of radius 'a'
 Survase Sir Physics

Y Y
2 2
x y
b  2 1
a 2
b y = e–kx
X
O a
X
O

Ellipse of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b. Exponential curve

y = cos
+1
+1 180o 360o
180o 450o 90o

270o
0
 0 450o
–1
o o o o
90 270 360 540
–1 y = sin

sine curve cosine curve

0.6 Differential Calculus.

The differential coefficient or derivative of variable y with respect to variable x is defined as the instantaneous rate of
dy
change of y w.r.t. x. It is denoted by
dx
Geometrically the differential coefficient of y  f (x ) with respect to x at any point is
equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve representing y  f (x ) at that point Y y = f (x)

dy
i.e.  tan  . 
dx
dy
Note :  Actually is a rate measurer. X
dx
dy
 If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and vice-versa.
dx
dy
 For small change x we use y  . x
dx
ds
Example: (1) Instantaneous speed v =
dt
dv d 2 x
(2) Instantaneous acceleration a  =
dt dt 2
dp
(3) Force F 
dt
d
(4) Angular velocity  
dt
d
(5) Angular acceleration  
dt
dW
(6) Power P 
dt
dL
(7) Torque  
dt
(1) Fundamental formulae of differentiation :
Function Differentiation
If c is some constant d
(c)  0
dx
If y  c x where c is a constant dy d dx
 (c x )  c c
dx dx dx
 Survase Sir Physics
If y  c u where c is a constant and u is a function of x dy d du
 (c u)  c
dx dx dx
If y = xn where n is a real number dy
 nx n 1
dx
If y = un where n is a real number and u is a function of x dy du
 nu n 1
dx dx
If y = u + v where u and v are the functions of x dy du dv
 
dx dx dx
If y = uv where u and v are functions of x (product formula) dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
u du dv
If y  where u and v are the functions of x (quotient formula) v u
v dy d u  dx dx
  
dx dx  v  v2
If y = f (u) and u = f (x) dy dy du
 
dx du dx
If y = (ax + b)n dy d
 n (ax  b)n 1  (ax  b)
dx dx
If y = sin x dy d
 (sin x )  cos x
dx dx

If y = cos x dy d
 (cos x )   sin x
dx dx
If y = tan x dy d
 (tan x )  sec 2 x
dx dx
If y = cot x dy d
 (cot x )  cosec 2 x
dx dx
If y = sec x dy d
 (sec x )  tan x sec x
dx dx
If y = cosec x dy d
 (cosec x )   cot x cosec x
dx dx
If y = sin u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (sin u)  cos u
dx dx dx
If y = cos u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cos u)   sin u
dx dx dx
If y = tan u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (tan u)  sec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = cot u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cot u)  cosec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = sec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (sec u)  sec u tan u
dx dx dx
If y = cosec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cosec u)   cosec u cot u
dx dx dx

If y  log a x dy 1
 log a e
dx x

Problem 8. Differentiate the following w.r.t x

(i) x 3 (ii) x (iii) ax 2  bx  c (iv) 2 x 3  e x (v) 6 log e x  x  7
d
Solution : (i) (x 3 )  3 x 2
dx
 Survase Sir
1
d 1 1 1 1
(ii) (x )1 / 2  (x ) 2  (x )1 / 2 
dx 2 2 2 x
d d 2 d d
(iii) (ax 2  bx  c)  a (x )  b (x )  (c) = 2ax  b
dx dx dx dx
d d d x
(iv) (2 x 3  e x )  2 (x 3 )  (e )  6 x 2  e x
dx dx dx
d d d 1/2 d 6 1
(v) (6 log e x  x  7)  6 (log e x )  (x )  (7)  
dx dx dx dx x 2 x
Problem 9. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
(i) sin x  cos x (ii) sin x  e x
d d d
Solution : (i) (sin x  cos x )  (sin x )  (cos x )  cos x  sin x
dx dx dx
d d d x
(ii) (sin x  e x )  (sin x )  (e )  cos x  e x
dx dx dx
Problem 10. Differentiate the following w.r.t. t
(i) sin t 2 (ii) e sin t (iii) sin(t   )
d d
Solution : (i) (sin t 2 )  cos t 2 (t 2 )  2t cos t 2
dt dt
d sin t d
(ii) (e )  e sin t (sin t)  e sin t .cos t
dt dt
d d
(iii) [sin(t   )]  cos(t   ). (t   )  cos(t   ). 
dt dt
x2 ex
Problem 11. Differentiate w.r.t. x
log x  20
x2 ex
Solution : Let y  .
log x  20
dy d  x 2  e x 

Then 
dx dx  log x  20 

d d
(log x  20 ) (x 2  e x )  (x 2  e x ) (log x  20 )
 dx dx
(log x  20 ) 2
1 
(log x  20 )(2 x  e x )  (x 2  e x )  0 
x 

(log x  20 ) 2

(2) Maxima and minima : If a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in figure. It becomes
maximum at x1 and minimum at x2.
Y
At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to X-axis and hence its slope is
dy
tan   0. But the slope of the curve equals the rate of change . Thus, at a
dx
dy
maximum or minimum 0 X
dx O x1 x2
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and
dy dy
just after the maximum it is negative. Thus decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is negative at
dx dx
d  dy 
a maximum. i.e.,    0 at a maximum.
dx  dx 
dy d 2y
Hence the condition of maxima :  0 and 0 (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
 Survase Sir Physics
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at such a point and hence
d  dy 
 0
dx  dx 

dy d 2y
Hence the condition of minima :  0 and 0. (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
1 2
Problem 12. The height reached in time t by a particle thrown upward with a speed u is given by h  ut  gt . Find the time
2
taken in reaching the maximum height.
dh d 1 2 gt u
Solution : For maximum height 0 [ut  gt 2 ]  u   0 t 
dt dt 2 2 g

Problem 13. A metal ring is being heated so that at any instant of time t in second, its area is given by
t
A  3t 2   2 m2.
3
What will be the rate of increase of area at t  10 sec .
dA d t 1
Solution : Rate of increase of area  (3 t 2   2)  6 t 
dt dt 3 3

 dA  1 181 m 2
   6  10   .
 dt t 10 sec 3 3 sec

1
Problem 14. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm / sec . Determine the rate of increase in its volume when
2
the radius is 1 cm.
4
Solution : Volume of the spherical bubble V  R 3
3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time
dV d  4 3  4 dR dR
  R    .3 R 2 .  4R 2
dt dt  3  3 dt dt
dV 1 dR 1
at R  1cm ,  4  (1) 2   2 cm 3 / sec . [Given  cm / sec ]
dt 2 dt 2
0.7 Integral Calculus.
The process of integration is just the reverse of differentiation. The symbol ∫ is used to denote integration.
If f (x ) is the differential coefficient of function F(x ) with respect to x, then by integrating f (x ) we can get F(x ) again.
(1) Fundamental formulae of integration :

x n 1
 sec x dx  tan x
2

 x n dx 
n 1
, provided n  – 1

x 0 1
 cos ec x dx   cot x
2

 dx   x 0 dx 
0 1
x

 (u  v) dx   u dx   v dx  sec x tan x dx  sec x

 cu dx  c u dx  cosec x cot x dx  cosec x
where c is a constant and u is a function of x.

x n 1 (ax  b)n 1 (ax  b)n 1

 cx n dx  c
n 1  (ax  b )n dx 
d
(n  1) (ax  b)

a(n  1)
dx
 Survase Sir Physics
a log e ax  b 
x x  (ax  b) dx 
1 dx a
dx   log e x  log e (ax  b)
d
(ax  b)
dx

e dx  e x e ax  b e ax  b
x
 e ax  b dx 
d
(ax  b )

a
dx

ax a cx  d a cx  d
 a x dx 
log e a  a cx  d dx 
log e a
d
(cx  d )

c log e a
dx

tan(ax  b) tan  ax  b)
 sin x dx   cos x  sec
2
(ax  b) dx 
d

a
(ax  b)
dx
 cos nx  cot (ax  b)  cot (ax  v)
 sin nx dx   cosec (ax  b) dx  
2
n d a
(ax  b)
dx
sec (ax  b) sec (ax  b)
 cos x dx  sin x  sec (ax  b) tan (ax  b) dx  d

a
(ax  b)
dx
cosec (ax  b) cosec (ax  b)
 cos nx dx 
sin nx
n  cosec (ax  b)cot (ax  b) dx  d
(ax  b)

a
dx

(2) Method of integration : Sometimes, we come across some functions which cannot be integrated directly by
using the standard integrals. In such cases, the integral of a function can be obtained by using one or more of the
following methods.
(i) Integration by substitution : Those functions which cannot be integrated directly can be reduced to standard
integrand by making a suitable substitution and then can be integrated by using the standard integrals. To understand the
method, we take the few examples.
(ii) Integration by parts : This method of integration is based on the following rule :
Integral of a product of two functions = first function  integral of second function – integral of (differential
coefficient of first function  integral of second function).
 du 
Thus, if u and v are the functions of x, then  uv dx  u  v dx    dx   v dx  dx
Problem 16. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1
(i) x1/2 (ii) cot 2 x (iii)
1  sin x

x 1 / 2 1 2 3 / 2
Solution : (i)  x 1 / 2 dx 
1
1
 (x )
3
2

 cot x dx   (cosec x  1)dx   cosec x dx   dx   cot x  x

2 2 2
(ii)

 1  sin x  1  sin x
 1  sin x dx    1  sin x  1  sin x  . dx    cos
1 1 1 sin x
(iii) dx   dx
1  sin 2 x 2
x cos 2 x


= (sec 2 x  tan x sec x )dx  tan x  sec x .

(3) Definite integrals : When a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is called definite integral. For
example,
 Survase Sir Physics
b b
 a
f ( x ) dx is definite integral of f (x ) between the limits a and b and is written as  a
f (x ) dx | F(x )| ba  F(b)  F(a)

Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration.
b
Geometrically  a
f ( x ) dx equals to area of curve F(x ) between the limits a and b.

6
 (2 x  3 x  5)dx
2
Problem 17. Evaluate
0

6 6
 2x 3  3x 2 
  5 x 0  144  54  30 = 228.
6 6 6 6
 (2 x 2  3 x  5)dx   2 x 2 dx   3 x dx   5 dx    
6
Solution :
0 0 0 0  3  0  2  0

Problem 18. Integrate the following

2  /2 r2 Kq 1 q 2  /4
   
1
(i) dx (ii) cos x dx (iii) .dr (iv) tan 2 x dx
0 0 2 0
x r1 r
2
 x1/2 
 
2
2
 
1 1 / 2 2
Solution : (i) dx  x dx     2x
1/2
0 2 2
0
x 0  1 / 2  0

 /2

(ii)  cos x dx  sin x 0 / 2  sin 1
2
0

r2 r2
1 1 1 1
r
q1 q 2  1 2
 
1
(iii) k dx  k q 1 q 2 dx = kq 1 q 2     kq1 q 2     kq1 q 2   
r2  r  r1
2
r1 r1
r  r2 r1   r1 r2 

 /4  /4

(iv)  tan 2 x dx   (sec
2
x  1)dx  tan x  0 / 4  [ x ] 0 / 4  1 
4
0 o

0.8 General Formulae for Area and Volume.

1. Area of square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length  breadth
1
3. Area of triangle   base  height
2
4. Area enclosed by a circle   r 2 ; where r is radius

5. Surface area of sphere  4 r 2

6. Surface area of cube  6 L2 ; where L is a side of cube

7. Surface area of cuboid  2L  b  b  h  h  L  ; where L= length, b = breadth, h = height
8. Area of curved surface of cylinder  2 rl ; where r = radius, l = length of cylinder

9. Volume of cube  L3
10. Volume of cuboid  L  b  h
4
11. Volume of sphere   r3
3
12. Volume of cylinder   r 2 l
1
13. Volume of cone   r2h
2