Cisco Spanning Tree Protocol Spanning Tree Protocol

Root Switch
Priority 32769
■ Content Address aabb.cc00.1000

SW01
What is Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)? e0/0 e0/1
DP DP
1 Single Point of Failure

2 Preventing Layer 2 Loops Cost -100 Cost -100

3 STP and Redundancy

4 Change Root Switch From SW01 to SW02 e0/0 RP RP e0/1

DP segment DP
5 Confirm and Results SW02
e0/2 e0/2 SW03
Cost -100
Non-Root Switch Non-Root Switch
Priority 32769 Priority 32769
STP STP Basic Concept Address aabb.cc00.2000 Address aabb.cc00.3000
1 What is Single point of failure Spanning Tree Protocol

SW01
e0/0 e0/1

Single point of failure

e0/0 e0/1

SW03
SW02

I can’t use Oh!, Really,

the internet Let’s me
! Check!

Sale IT

1. You see that , we don’t have redundancy. If one of the network cable not working, we can’t use the internet.
2 Why should you use a redundant link? Spanning Tree Protocol

SW01
e0/0 e0/1

Now, we have redundancy

e0/0 e0/1

SW02
e0/2 e0/2 SW03

Now, it’s Ok, You're

Thank you! welcome!

Sale IT

We now have a redundant link. Even if one network cable fails, we can still use the internet thanks to this
redundancy
3 How do you know there's a Layer 2 loop issue? Spanning Tree Protocol

SW01
e0/0 e0/1

Broadcast Storms,
Multiple Frame Copies,
e0/0 MAC Database Instability e0/1

SW02 e0/2 SW03

e0/2
Hey IT, internet is Oh! Okay ,
very slow and my now we are
computer not checking this
smoot issue
Sale IT

3. We are facing a Layer 2 loop issue. Preventing these loops and broadcast storms is essential for
network redundancy. So, we need to create Layer 2 loop-free topology
 4 How to Prevent Layer 2 Loops in Redundant Links Spanning Tree Protocol

➢ Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 network protocol

1. STP = IEEE 802.1D / convergent time ( 50 seconds)

SW01
PVST+ = Cisco e0/0 e0/1
2. PSTP = 802.1w
Rapid PVST+ = Cisco
3. MST = 802.1s

We need to Know below session

1. Root switch Election e0/0 e0/1

2. Root Port SW03

SW02 e0/2 e0/2
3. Designated port

❖ STP Cost
Data Rate STP Cost
Sale IT

100 Mb/s 19

1GB 4

2GB 2

10GB 2
 4 Root Switch, Root Port , Designated Port and Block Port Spanning Tree Protocol

1. Root switch Election

1> BPDU ( Default = sent every 2 seconds )
induce Bridge Priority and MAC Address (Bridge Priority 32768 + VLAN ID )
2> Lowest Bridge ID and MAC Address becomes the Root Switch. SW01
e0/0 e0/1

e0/0 e0/1

SW02 e0/2 SW03

e0/2

Sale IT

Let’s go next page

 4 Root Switch, Root Port , Designated Port and Block Port Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Switch
SW01 Priority 32769
Address aabb.cc00.1000

Default is IEEE
SW01
e0/0 e0/1
❖ Root Switch Information

❖ Sw01 Switch Information

e0/0 e0/1

SW02 e0/2 e0/2 SW03

Non-Root Switch Non-Root Switch

Priority 32769 Priority 32769
Address aabb.cc00.2000 Address aabb.cc00.2000

❖ show spanning-tree
❖ show spanning-tree summary

❖ We have 3 Switch right , we don’t know which switch are Root Switch, check yourself. ☺
❖ Lowest Bridge ID and MAD Address will be Root Switch, this session SW01 is Root Switch because Priority are same and check the
MAC Address, SW01 MAC addresses lowers then SW02 and SW03, All the other switches are called non-root.
 4 Root Switch, Root Port , Designated Port and Block Port Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Switch
Priority 32769
2. Root Port Address aabb.cc00.1000

❖ Non-Root Switch has a Root Port, Non-root switches must find the shortest path to the root bridge
SW01
❖ show spanning-tree detail e0/0 e0/1
DP DP
❖ show spanning-tree
SW01

e0/0 RP RP e0/1
SW02 segment
DP DP
SW02
e0/2 e0/2 SW03
19
Non-Root Switch Non-Root Switch
Priority 32769 Priority 32769
Address aabb.cc00.2000 Address aabb.cc00.3000

3. Designated port
❖ Designated Port must be selected a segment have a DP. DP means the port with the fastest path for reach the Root Switch from a segment
❖ All interfaces on the Root Bridge are always in the forwarding state because the non-root switches will need to find the root bridge.

❖ show spanning-tree detail

❖ show spanning-tree
 4 Root Switch, Root Port , Designated Port and Block Port Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Switch
Priority 32769
4. Block Port Address aabb.cc00.1000

❖ SW03 Port e0/2 was block, not physically shutdown. Port blocks traffic is also called an alternate port.
SW01
e0/0 e0/1
DP DP
SW03

❖ show spanning-tree detail e0/0 RP RP e0/1

❖ show spanning-tree DP segment Non-DP
SW02 SW03
e0/2 19 e0/2
Non-Root Switch Non-Root Switch
Priority 32769 Priority 32769
Address aabb.cc00.2000 Address aabb.cc00.3000

❖ Now, STP is working well, if there is no change in the network , it will work normally. If a any changes, STP operation must be restarted.
 5 Changing the Root Switch Spanning Tree Protocol
Non-Root Switch
Priority 32769
❖ Previously slide, SW01 is Root Switch right so, We have changed SW02 to become the Root Switch
Address aabb.cc00.1000
SW02
spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 4096 SW01
e0/0 e0/1
*** bridge priority in increments of 4096 *** RP DP
***Priority 32769 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1)***

6 Confirm and Results

SW01

DP
e0/0 Non-DP e0/1
DP segment
SW02 RP
e0/2 SW03
19 e0/2
Root Switch Non-Root Switch
Priority 4097 Priority 32769
Address aabb.cc00.2000 Address aabb.cc00.3000
SW02

❖ Now SW02 is Root Switch

 7 STP Convergence Time Spanning Tree Protocol

❖ Receiving information only when a port is in the forwarding state, will be able to send. To reach the forwarding state, STP may take 50 seconds to converge, a
process known as convergence time

8 STP Port Transition

Blocking

Loss of BPDU Detected ( max age=20 sec)

Listening Blocking moves to listening after it Link comes up

decides it is a root port or designated port
Forward Delay = 15 sec

Learning

Forward Delay = 15 sec

Forwarding

❖ 50 Seconds
 9 Port Fast Spanning Tree Protocol

Trunk Port
SW02 SW02 SW03

interface Ethernet0/1
switchport mode access
Access Port Access Port
spanning-tree portfast
Port Fast Port Fast

PC PC

❖ if we didn't have to wait 50 seconds for the port to come up and we can configure the port to transition to the forwarding state immediately using Port Fast,
bypassing the usual 50-second wait time

Blocking

Forwarding ❖ Note : Do not use switch to switch and switch to router

 Spanning Tree Protocol

Continue

Multiple spanning tree mode

Per-Vlan rapid spanning tree mode
BPDU Guard
Root Guard
Uplink Fast
Backbone Fast
• Thank You for Reading

Thank you for taking the time to go through this guide on Cisco
Spanning Tree Protocol. I hope it provides valuable insights
and practical knowledge for your network configurations.

• If you have any questions, feedback, or would like to discuss

further, feel free to reach out. Let's connect and continue
learning together!

I'm still learning

Spanning Tree Protocol