Center for Maritime Economics and Logistics

Erasmus University Rotterdam

Erasmus University of Rotterdam

MSc in Maritime Economics and Logistics

2022/2023

Comparison Between Angolan Ports Regarding Imports

and Exports of Containers

A Case Study

by

Elenise Clara Carvalho dos Santos Pinto

Copyright © [Elenise Pinto]

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Acknowledgments

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have supported and guided me
throughout the journey of completing my master's thesis. MEL program was a real challenge in
my career, it has added knowledge and technical wisdom that will help me achieve my future
goals.
First and foremost, I extend my deepest appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Bart Kuipers, for
his valuable mentorship and continuous support. His expertise, patience, and dedication played
an instrumental role in shaping this research and my academic growth. I am truly fortunate to have
had the privilege of working under his guidance.
I am also grateful to the members of MEL office, Renee, Martha and Felicia, who provided me full
support throughout this journey, without whom we all could not complete this excited and
memorable experience.
My heartfelt thanks go to my Mom Sonia, Dad Victor, brothers Elaine e Enrique, aunt Mina, friends,
colleagues and professors for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this
academic endeavor. Your belief in me has been a constant source of motivation, and I am
profoundly grateful for your sacrifices and understanding during this challenging period.
I am profoundly grateful to the individuals who generously dedicated their time and expertise to
participate in the interviews that were crucial to the completion of this thesis. Their willingness to
share their insights and experiences has been invaluable. Each interviewee brought a unique
perspective to my research, shedding light on the intricate nuances of the subject matter. Their
candid responses, thoughtful reflections, and professional guidance were instrumental in shaping
the depth and breadth of this study.
I want to acknowledge the financial support I received in the form of scholarships and grants from
Sogester company that made it possible for me to pursue my master's degree and this thesis
research. Your investment in my education has been deeply appreciated.
To all those mentioned and to many others who may not be named here but have contributed in
various ways, I extend my heartfelt thanks. Your collective support and encouragement have been
pivotal in this academic endeavor. I am deeply grateful for the opportunities, guidance, and
inspiration you have provided me along this academic journey.

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Abstract

The ports of Angola serve as crucial conduits that facilitate the nation's commerce activities,
functioning as essential links that connect the country to the worldwide economic network. Gaining
a comprehensive understanding of the many dynamics and problems inherent at these ports is
crucial in order to effectively optimize import and export operations. This study report provides a
thorough analysis of the import and export efficiency of several ports in Angola, focusing
specifically on container operations. This research endeavors to explore the intricacies associated
with these ports, with the objective of providing insight into the challenges they encounter and the
potential advantages they provide. Furthermore, the objective is to build correlations with the
preexisting corpus of information within the realm of port management and trade dynamics.
In order to accomplish the study aims, a systematic technique was used. The process of data
collecting included the acquisition of pertinent information from many sources, such as port
authorities, trade statistics, academic publications, and interviews. A comparative study was
undertaken, with a specific emphasis on several prominent ports in Angola, including Luanda,
Cabinda, Lobito, Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim. The objective of this investigation was to
ascertain and investigate patterns, disparities, and shared characteristics across these ports,
therefore offering useful perspectives into their operational difficulties and advantages. The study
methodology also took into account several internal and external elements that have an impact
on port performance, such as trade volumes, infrastructure, and management practices.
The study's results provide a complete perspective on the problems and possibilities faced by
ports in Angola in relation to their import and export operations. Various challenges, including
congestion, inadequate infrastructure, administrative difficulties, and limited port depth, were seen
at many port locations. The identified issues were seen to exhibit interconnections with external
variables, such as trade quantities, as well as internal ones, like management practices. The
comparative research conducted revealed subtle distinctions in the operational challenges
encountered by each port, hence emphasizing the need for customized solutions.
Hence, this scholarly article offers significant contributions by shedding light on the intricate nature
of Angolan ports, with a particular focus on the need to tackle operational obstacles in order to
optimize the effectiveness of import and export processes. The pragmatic suggestions include
initiatives to enhance the efficiency of customs clearance, modernize infrastructure, cultivate
human capital, adopt technological advancements, and ensure financial resources, provide a
strategic trajectory for enhancing port performance and improve imports and exports activities in
the country. These recommendations may serve as a framework not just for ports in Angola but
also for ports in comparable developing contexts globally.
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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................... ii

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ ix

List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... ix

Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1: Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2: Relevance of the Topic ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.3: Personal Motivation ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.4: Research Questions (Main question and sub-questions) ...................................................................... 5

1.5: Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter Two: Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2: The Quality of Port Infrastructure and Trade Operations ....................................................................... 7

2.3 Overview of Angola's Import and Export Operations .............................................................................. 9

2.3.1 Angola's Economy and Trade Landscape ....................................................................................... 9

2.3.2 Role of Ports in Import and Export Activities .................................................................................. 10

2.3.3 Major Import and Export Commodities .......................................................................................... 11

2.3.3.1 Exports .................................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.3.2: Imports ................................................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Challenges Faced by Angolan Ports in Container Import and Export Operations ................................ 13

2.4.1 Inadequate Port Infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 13

2.4.2 Limited Capacity and Efficiency ..................................................................................................... 14

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2.4.3: Inefficient Customs Processes ...................................................................................................... 15

2.4.4: Regulatory Barriers ....................................................................................................................... 16

2.4.5 Lack of Diversification in the Economy .......................................................................................... 16

2.5 Trade Connectivity and Relationships of Angolan Ports ....................................................................... 17

2.5.1 Comparative Analysis of Ports in Angola ....................................................................................... 18

2.5.2 Trade Relationships with Neighboring Countries ........................................................................... 18

2.5.3 Regional Integration Initiatives ....................................................................................................... 20

2.6: Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 22

Chapter Three: Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 22

3.1: Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 23

3.2: Research Approach .............................................................................................................................. 23

3.3: Research Design .................................................................................................................................. 24

3.4: Data Collection Methods ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.5: Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 25

3.6: Analysis Techniques............................................................................................................................. 26

3.7: Limitations ............................................................................................................................................ 27

3.8: Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 27

Chapter Four: Analysis and Result .............................................................................................................. 29

4.1: Introduction to Qualitative Analysis ...................................................................................................... 29

4.2: Thematic Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 29

Steps Involved in Thematic Analysis ...................................................................................................... 30

4.3 Emergent Themes ................................................................................................................................. 32

Theme 1: Port Infrastructure and Connectivity Challenges .................................................................... 32

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Theme 2: Bureaucracy and Communication Issues ............................................................................... 32

Theme 3: Geographic Advantage and Trade Potential .......................................................................... 33

Theme 4: Efforts for Modernization and Efficiency Improvement ........................................................... 33

Theme 5: Future Development and Expansion Plans ............................................................................ 34

Theme 6: Diverse Professional Experience ............................................................................................ 34

Theme 7: Challenges Specific to Individual Ports ................................................................................... 35

Theme 8: Impact of Expertise on Port Development .............................................................................. 35

Theme 9: Focus on Export and Trade Management .............................................................................. 35

Theme 10: Human Resource and Resource Management Challenges ................................................. 36

4.4: Challenges in Import and Export Operations ....................................................................................... 36

4.4:1: Alignment with Research Objectives ............................................................................................ 38

4.5 Perspectives of Key Stakeholders ......................................................................................................... 39

4.6: Validity and Trustworthiness of Findings .............................................................................................. 40

4.6:1: Ensuring Credibility of Analysis Results ........................................................................................ 40

4.6:2: Researcher Involvement in Peer Debriefing and Discussions ...................................................... 40

4.6:3: Maintaining Validity Throughout the Analysis Process ................................................................. 41

4.7: Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................ 41

Chapter Five: Result Discussion ................................................................................................................. 43

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 43

5.2: Port-Specific Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 44

5.2:1: Port of Luanda ............................................................................................................................... 44

5.2:2: Port of Cabinda ............................................................................................................................. 44

5.2:3: Port of Lobito ................................................................................................................................. 45

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5.2:3: Other Ports: Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim ........................................................................... 45

5.3: Challenges and Opportunities .............................................................................................................. 46

5.3.1: Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 46

5.3.1.1: Infrastructure and Connectivity Challenges ........................................................................... 46

5.3.1.2: Bureaucracy and Documentation .......................................................................................... 47

5.3.1.3: Technology and Modernization ............................................................................................. 48

5.3.2: Opportunities ................................................................................................................................. 49

5.3.2.1: Strategic Positioning and Geographic Advantage ................................................................. 49

5.3.2.2: Diversification Efforts ............................................................................................................. 49

5.3.2.3: Historical Significance and Infrastructure Development ........................................................ 50

5.3.2.4: Hinterland Connectivity .......................................................................................................... 51

5.4: Comparative Analysis across Different Ports ....................................................................................... 52

5.4:1: Challenges Faced by Prominent and Lesser-Known Ports in Angola .......................................... 52

5.4:2: Similarities and Differences in Operational Difficulties ................................................................. 53

5.4:3: Potential Reasons Behind Variations in Challenges ..................................................................... 53

5.5: Overcoming Challenges for Import and Export .................................................................................... 54

5.5:1: Customs Clearance: Addressing Bureaucracy and Delays .......................................................... 54

5.5:2: Infrastructure Rehabilitation: Upgrading Ports for Enhanced Performance .................................. 54

5.5:3: Human Resource Management: Skills Development and Recruitment ........................................ 54

5.5:4: Technological Modernization: Integration of Digital Solutions ...................................................... 55

5.5:5: Investment Strategies: Funding for Port Improvement Initiatives ................................................. 55

5.6: Recommendations for Improvement .................................................................................................... 55

5.7: Implications for Future Research ......................................................................................................... 57

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5.7:1: Potential Avenues for Further Research ....................................................................................... 57

5.7:2: Emerged Topics or Dimensions During Analysis .......................................................................... 58

5.7:3: Contribution to Future Studies ...................................................................................................... 58

5.8: Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................ 59

Chapter Six: Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 61

6.1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 61

6.2 Reflection ............................................................................................................................................... 61

6.3: Implications for Future Research ......................................................................................................... 65

6.4: Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................ 67

References .................................................................................................................................................. 68

Appendixes .................................................................................................................................................. 74

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List of Figures

Figure 1. A map identifying Angola as one of the major exporters of Petroleum

Additionally, import and export operations are pivotal components of Angola's economic growth
and development.
Figure 2: The LPI ranking and score in Angola
Figure 3. Bar graph showing Angola's crude oil exports in billion US dollars over the years (Kamer,
2023)
List of Abbreviations

AI – Artificial Intelligence

BRI – Belt and Road Initiative

COMESA – Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

DRC – Democratic Republic of Congo

DWT – Deadweight Tonnage

EDI – Electronic Data Interchange

FIDI – Federation Internationale des Demenageurs Internationaux

ICGLR – International Conference on the Great Lakes Region

ICT – Information and Communication Technology

IMF – International Monetary Fund

IoT – Internet of Things

ITF – International Transport Forum

JUP – Janela Unica Portuária (Single Port Window)

LPI – Logistic Performance Index

PPP – Public-Private Partnerships

SACU – Southern African Customs Union

SADC – Southern African Development Community

TEU – Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit

UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

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Chapter One: Introduction

1.1: Background

Angola, which is located in the southwestern part of Africa, has historically been blessed
with enormous natural resources, the most notable of which are oil and diamonds, which
have been the primary drivers of its economy (Neto & Jamba, 2006). However, the nation
was engulfed in a protracted and bloody civil war from 1975 to 2002, which had a
significant negative influence on the country's infrastructure as well as its economic growth
(Rosie, 2020). Since the conclusion of the war, Angola has been making strenuous efforts
to achieve stability and rebuilding. The country's efforts have been concentrated on post-
war recovery, the attraction of international investment, and the diversification of its
economy outside the oil industry (Le Billon, 2001).
The natural resources of Angola will likely continue to be a significant factor in the
country's economic development. Even while the nation has made headway in diversifying
its economy, it still has to make more steps to sustainably tap into the potential of its
agricultural sector and other resources. Angola has the potential to create a more secure
and prosperous future that makes full use of the country's abundant natural resources if it
implements sound economic policies, encourages investment in essential sectors, and
fosters good governance. (Report by the World Bank, 2021).

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Source: Author based on visual capitalist

Figure 1: A map identifying Angola as one of the major exporters of Petroleum

In addition, Angola's economic expansion and development are greatly facilitated by the
country's trade activities, both import and export. According to Trading Economics (2023),
the country places a significant amount of reliance on imports in order to satisfy the
demand for consumer goods and capital equipment. The country's primary exports consist
of oil, diamonds, minerals, agricultural products, and seafood. Angola's ports, such as
Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, and Soyo, are very important to the country's economy since
they serve as gateways for international commerce. This makes the flow of
commodities easier and connects Angola to foreign markets.
However, Angola's operations to import and export goods encounter substantial hurdles
that must be overcome. According to Hutson, 2023, the infrastructure of the nation's ports
is often insufficient and is in need of renovation in order to meet growing trade volumes.
Congestion and delays in the processing of goods might result from inadequate port
capacity, which would have an adverse effect on the efficiency of commerce. Trade
bottlenecks may also be caused by inefficient customs operations and legislative
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impediments (Alves, 2013). These factors might make it more difficult to clear products
through customs in a timely manner. In addition, Angola's economy is highly dependent
on oil exports, which makes it susceptible to shifts in the price of oil on the world market
(Wolf, 2017). Therefore, the country has to diversify its economy in order to lower the
likelihood of negative economic outcomes.
Taking action to overcome these obstacles is very necessary for Angola's economic
development. According to Milner et al. (2008), if a government makes investments in port
infrastructure development projects and expands capacity, it may increase the ease with
which it facilitates commerce and attracts further investments. Streamlining the
procedures involved in commerce and reducing the amount of time and money spent on
operations related to import and export are both possible outcomes of improvements
in customs procedures and regulations. Last but not least, according to Meyer and
Auriacombe (2019), diversifying the economy beyond oil may improve its resistance to
shocks and generate long-term development that is sustainable.
Therefore, Angola's ability to successfully import and export goods is essential to the
country's continued economic expansion and development. The nation has been taking
steps to tackle these issues, despite the fact that it faces hurdles in port infrastructure,
capacity limits, customs procedures, and economic diversification. Angola is working to
improve its trade competitiveness, boost economic growth, and establish deeper linkages
with the global economy and neighboring nations via a variety of infrastructure
development projects, trade facilitation measures, and regional integration initiatives.
1.2: Relevance of the Topic

The issue of activities involving import and export in Angola is of great interest because it
has the potential to have a dramatic influence on many different parts of the economic
landscape of the nation. Angola's total economic growth and development may be directly
attributed to the country's well-functioning import and export markets, which play a critical
part in the process. These activities may stimulate local businesses, generate job
opportunities, and attract foreign investments, all of which lead to a stronger and more
resilient economy (Pigato & Tang, 2015). This is accomplished by allowing the seamless
movement of products into and out of the nation.

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An import and export system that is well-managed may help facilitate trade diversification,
which in turn enables Angola to lessen its reliance on certain sectors of the economy or
certain types of goods. This diversity makes the nation more resistant to shifts in
international markets and reduces the potential hazards associated with an over
dependence on a narrow range of products (Sigam, 2012). Angola's position in the
international trade arena may be further strengthened by the country's adoption of a wider
variety of trade partners and goods. This can also help to stimulate innovation and
increase market competitiveness.
Thirdly, the establishment of solid infrastructure is very necessary in order to facilitate
commerce in an effective manner. According to Sakyi et al. (2017), updating and
upgrading port infrastructure, transportation networks, and logistics services may greatly
improve the processes of importing and exporting goods, resulting in a reduction in both
prices and the amount of time needed for delivery. These kinds of investments not only
boost Angola's ability to compete in international commerce, but they also help to the
country's general economic growth by making the climate more welcoming to companies
and investors.
In conclusion, putting an emphasis on import and export activities may be a significant
factor in the promotion of regional integration and the consolidation of trade links with
nations in the surrounding area. Angola is able to uncover new market prospects, develop
its export base, and boost collaboration on multiple economic fronts if it fosters
partnerships and trade agreements within the area (Tuluy, 2016). This partnership has
the potential to result in the creation of regional supply chains, which will further promote
economic development and stability.
It is possible to increase one's trade competitiveness, attract investment, drive economic
diversification, and create regional cooperation by gaining an understanding of the
obstacles encountered in import and export operations and finding solutions to such
issues. Angola is in a position to improve its standing in the global market, the quality of
its trade routes, and the rate at which its economy grows if it makes the most of the
prospects that have been uncovered. This study has the potential to influence policy
reforms, infrastructure investments, and trade facilitation measures, leading to a more

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favorable climate for business and benefitting many stakeholders engaged in import and
export activity. In addition, this research has the potential to inform policy changes.
1.3: Personal Motivation

The evident significance of ports in determining the general economic landscape of

countries is what prompted this line of inquiry to be undertaken in the first place. As
someone who is intensely interested in both international commerce and economic
development, investigating how well Angolan ports handle container traffic is a chance to
make a significant contribution to the body of information that underpins both fields. By
shedding light on the current state of these ports and their potential for improvement, this
research aims to assist policymakers and stakeholders in making informed decisions to
enhance trade efficiency.
1.4: Research Questions (Main question and sub-questions)

Main Question
What are the key challenges faced by Angolan Ports regarding container import and
export operations?
Sub Questions
1. How do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of their trade connectivity
and relationships with their trade partner countries?
2. How can Angola enhance its collaboration with neighboring countries to improve
import and export activities?
3. Which policies and regulatory reforms are necessary to create an enabling
environment for import and export operations in Angola?
4. What are some potential strategies and interventions that can be implemented to
overcome the challenges faced by Angola in import and export operations?
5. How can Angola improve its export capabilities to enhance economic diversification
and reduce dependency on imports?
6. To what extent have Angolan ports effectively responded to the growing demand
for imports and exports as an external factor for economic growth?

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1.5: Thesis Structure

The thesis structure of the research paper is comprised of five different chapters. The
import and export activities of Angola are investigated in Chapter 2, which is a literature
study. The chapter focuses on the economy, main ports, and commodities that are
engaged. Methodology, which is covered in Chapter 3, provides an overview of the study
approach, data gathering methods, sampling strategy, and analysis techniques that were
used. The analysis and results are presented in Chapter 4 and chapter 5, which also
investigates potential avenues of cooperation with neighboring nations, as well as policy
and regulatory changes, tactics for overcoming obstacles, and ways to improve export
capacities. In addition to this, the chapters analyzes how Angolan ports have responded
to the rising demand for imports and exports. In the chapter 6, "Conclusion," a review of
the results, major recommendations, implications for economic development, and
proposals for further study are presented.

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Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1: Introduction

The purpose of the literature review section of this research paper is to provide as
comprehensive an analysis as possible of the import and export operations that take place
in the ports of Angola. In this chapter, relevant scholarly articles and studies will be
subjected to critical analysis in order to gain a better understanding of the current state of
Angola's trade landscape, the role of ports in facilitating import and export activities, the
primary commodities that are traded, and the challenges that Angolan ports face when it
comes to handling containerized goods. In addition, the evaluation will investigate the
ways in which Angolan ports engage with the economies and societies of their neighboring
countries, as well as the ways in which they participate in efforts to integrate their regions.
As a consequence of this, this part will be divided into four sections:
2.2 The Quality of Port Infrastructure and Trade Operations
2.3 Overview of Angola's Import and Export Operations
2.4 Challenges Faced by Angolan Ports in Container Import and Export
Operations
2.5 Trade Connectivity and Relationships of Angolan Ports
Therefore, with the assistance of this review, this research study will conduct a
comprehensive examination of the literature in order to offer an insightful analysis and a
deeper comprehension of the potential and difficulties faced by Angolan ports while
handling containerized products for both import and export activity. This will be
accomplished by conducting a thorough examination of the literature. The review will
serve as the jumping off point for the subsequent phases of the study, which will offer
empirical data and analysis to give a comprehensive comparison of the container import
and export activities at Angolan ports.
2.2: The Quality of Port Infrastructure and Trade Operations

The standard of a nation's port infrastructure is one of the most important factors
determining its level of economic competitiveness and its rate of GDP development. The
importance of the relationship between the quality of port infrastructure and business
operations has been the subject of a great number of studies. According to Arvis et al.

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(2023), for instance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is a critical indicator that
evaluates the effectiveness of a nation's trade logistics, and it mostly depends on the
quality of port facilities. This was found in the authors' research. In addition, according to
Humphreys, (2023), ports are essential nodes in the global supply chain because they
enable the movement of goods over national borders and continental boundaries. Ports
that are effective and well-maintained foster commercial links, reduce the costs of
transportation and increase overall commercial performance. Mlambo, (2021) found
evidence that confirmed the positive influence that port performance has on commerce
for a select set of African countries. This finding highlights the necessity of high-quality
port infrastructure in supporting the expansion of trade.
According to Munim and Schramm (2018), the quality of port infrastructure and logistics
performance has a significant influence on economic development owing to the mediating
role of seaborne commerce. This information is in support of the information that was
presented before. Countries that have efficient port systems see higher levels of trade
volume, which leads to improved opportunities for economic expansion. In addition,
Wagner et al. (2022) offered further evidence in support of this theory by demonstrating
that improving the quality of port infrastructure has a positive influence on shippers'
choices. This is due to the fact that efficient ports attract increased commerce and
investment.
According to Campos, (2023b), the infrastructure of Angola's port has a direct impact on
the degree to which the nation is able to compete within the Southern African
Development Community (SADC). It is possible that the country's increased port facilities
would be beneficial not only to the country's own economic activity but also to the country's
position as an important trade center within the SADC region. In addition, the United
States Department of Commerce, in its report from the year 2022, acknowledges the
significance of Angola's marine technology and sea ports, highlighting the potential for
expansion and development within the industry. Angola has the potential to improve its
trade connections, increase the amount of investments it receives, and propel regional
economic expansion if it makes investments in and upgrades to its port infrastructure. This
would not only be beneficial for Angola, but it would also have a positive effect on the
SADC countries that are nearby.

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2.3: Overview of Angola's Import and Export Operations

2.3.1: Angola's Economy and Trade Landscape

As stated previously, Angola is blessed with a rich supply of natural resources, such as
oil, diamonds, and other minerals. Historically, the oil sector has been the primary engine
of the nation's economy, which has helped to position it as one of the top oil exporters in
Africa. According to the International Monetary Fund (2023), in recent years, oil has
accounted for almost ninety percent of the country's total exports. The revenue that has
been generated from oil exports has been essential in maintaining the current level of
government spending and fostering economic growth. However, because of the
economy's significant reliance on oil, it is vulnerable to worldwide swings in the price of
crude oil, which makes it subject to external shocks and financial instability. This is
because of the economy's heavy dependence on oil.
Realizing the necessity for economic diversification, the Angolan government has been
actively campaigning for reforms and steps to promote non-oil businesses, such as
agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This is part of the government's effort to
strengthen the non-oil industry. In spite of these measures, diversification has proven to
be difficult in the nation, and sectors other than oil have not yet reached their full potential.
In line with this, the export of oil accounted for around 88% of Angola's total export income
in 2022 (IMF, 2023), whereas non-oil exports such as diamonds and other minerals
accounted for just 12% of Angola's total export revenues. Diversifying Angola's economy
away from its reliance on oil is essential if the country is to have a more robust economy
that is less susceptible to external shocks.
The trading environment in the nation is shaped by the export-oriented economy of the
country, which places a heavy emphasis on exports as a primary means of generating
profits in foreign currency. In this particular scenario, China, India, the United States of
America, and Spain are some of the most important export target markets for Angola. The
nation's trade balance is strongly in favor of exports because of its dependence on oil
exports. This creates a trade imbalance, which shows how important it is to grow non-oil
businesses and diversify the economy in order to reduce risks.

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2.3.2: Role of Ports in Import and Export Activities

Considering it has such a long coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, Angola has the potential
to play a large role in the global economy. The ports of the country are vital to the
functioning of the country's import and export industries. They serve as key access points
for international commerce and connect Angola to more consumer markets. As a result,
the ports of Luanda, Lobito, and Namibe, which are all significant marine hubs, are
responsible for the majority of the containerized cargo and other commodities that are
handled (UNCTAD, 2018).
These ports provide a crucial function as logistical centers, allowing for a continuous flow
of both imports and exports of goods. The overall economic growth of the nation as well
as the viability of its commercial sector are both dependent on the efficiency and
comprehensiveness of the nation's port infrastructure. However, there are problems with
both efficiency and capacity associated with its port infrastructure. According to the World
Bank's Logistics Performance Index (LPI), Angola rated 126th place out of 160 countries
in 2016, indicating that there is room for improvement in trade facilitation and port
efficiency. Since 2016, Angola's position on the LPI has dropped from 126 to 134, as seen
in Figure 2, according to a study that was provided by Arvis et al., (2023).

Source: Author based on World Bank

Figure 2: The LPI ranking and score in Angola

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2.3.3: Major Import and Export Commodities

2.3.3.1: Exports

Angola's export profile is predominantly dominated by the oil sector, with crude oil acting
as the primary commodity exported from the country. As a result of this, the nation has
been one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and a prominent oil
exporter all over the globe. Therefore, as a consequence of the nation's oil resources,
particularly its offshore reserves in the Atlantic Ocean, there has been a huge rise in the
amount of investment coming from outside the oil industry. Because of this, the
importance of oil exports to the economy of Angola cannot be overstated under any
circumstances. According to Garcia-Rodriguez et al. (2015), the money from oil has been
one of the key sources of foreign currency gains for the nation, which accounts for a
considerable portion of the government budget. As a direct consequence of this, the
revenues from oil exports have been of critical importance in terms of supporting the
financing of significant development initiatives, social programs, and infrastructure
projects.
Graph: Angola's Crude Oil Exports Over the Years (2010 to 2021)

Source: Author based on Statista

Figure 3: Bar graph showing Angola's crude oil exports in billion US dollars over the years (Kamer, 2023)

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The historical trend of Angola's crude oil exports between the years 2010 and 2021 is
shown in the figure above labeled "Figure 3." The graph in the image illustrates an
unpredictable pattern in oil exports, which are influenced by the fluctuations in the price
of oil and production levels around the globe. These factors can be shown to have an
effect. For example, the amount of oil exported by Angola reached an all-time high in
2012, reaching around $68.9 billion in total value. Since that time, it has been erratic and
has been following a declining trend in terms of exports as a consequence of shifts in oil
prices and production capacity.
Despite this, diamonds and a variety of other minerals are key exports for Angola in
addition to oil. Diamonds are an exceptionally valuable natural resource for the country,
and the mining industry's ability to profit from their exports has been critical to the sector's
continued growth. Angola is one of the leading producers of diamonds in the world
because of the extensive diamond mining operations that take place inside the country.
According to statistics from across the globe, the nation was the sixth-greatest producer
of diamonds in the world in 2022, and its production had grown by 6% from the previous
year (kgi-admin, 2023). In conclusion, the variety of Angola's exports comprises not only
gold but also other commodities like iron ore and other metals. Iron ore in particular has
become increasingly well-known in recent years as a result of the establishment of new
mining operations. As a result of this, the immense geological endowment of Angola is
reflected in the country's exports of minerals, which provides opportunities for the mining
sector to continue growing and improving.
2.3.3.2: Imports

The nation imports a diverse range of goods, which is reflective of the nation's growing
economy as well as the increase in the demand for goods produced inside the nation.
Commodities such as machinery, equipment, vehicles, electronic products, consumer
goods, and food items are among the most common types of goods imported. The nation
imports the most machinery and other types of equipment out of all of these different types
of goods. According to Kamer (2023), the growing industrial and infrastructure sectors of
the nation need the importation of a wide variety of different types of equipment. Importing
equipment is absolutely necessary if one hopes to boost productivity, advance
industrialization, and contribute to efforts to diversify the economy.
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As a last point of interest, a large portion of Angola's imports are also made up of vehicles,
such as automobiles and trucks. According to Kamer (2023), the demand for vehicles is
being driven by factors like as population growth, increasing urbanization, and the want
for more efficient transportation infrastructure. As a last point of interest, consumer goods,
food, and electronic goods make up a significant portion of Angola's overall imports. The
increasing consumer demand for a range of products is being fueled by rising income
levels and evolving customer preferences, both of which are contributing factors to the
increase in the importation of consumer goods and technology. This desire is a reflection
of the growing consumer demand for a variety of items. Importing food is important not
just to meet the requirements of local consumption but also to increase agricultural
production in the area (Kamer, 2023).
2.4: Challenges Faced by Angolan Ports in Container Import and Export
Operations

The ports of Angola are strategically significant entrances for international commerce and
play a critical part in the facilitation of container import and export operations. However,
there are a number of challenges that prevent them from being as successful as they may
be and preventing them from meeting the ever-increasing trade needs. This section goes
into further depth on the most significant challenges that Angolan ports confront when it
comes to the processes of importing and exporting containers.

2.4.1: Inadequate Port Infrastructure

One of the most significant challenges that Angolan ports need to overcome is the lack of
suitable infrastructure inside the ports. Even though there have been efforts to modernize
and expand port infrastructure, the rise in trade volume has outpaced the development of
port infrastructure. As a direct consequence of this, there is a chance that the existing
infrastructure won't be able to keep up with the growing demand for containerized freight.
The Port of Luanda, which serves as the primary entry point for imports and exports into
Angola, has run into challenges with congestion and capacity as a consequence of its
aging infrastructure. This has caused the port to become more congested. Inadequate
container handling equipment, such as cranes and handling machines, makes the already

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challenging task of properly managing containerized commodities much more problematic

(Africa Ports, 2020). Inadequate container storage may also lead to bottlenecks in the
processing of goods, which contributes to further delays and increases operational
expenditures.
According to a study published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD) in 2018, the expansion of Angola's port infrastructure has not
sufficiently kept pace with the country's growing trade volumes. According to UNCTAD,
(2018), it was stressed that increased investment in port infrastructure is essential in order
to successfully meet the expanding trade volumes. This was stated as a need.
To address this difficulty in an efficient manner, large expenditures are required to improve
and expand port infrastructure. This incorporates the adoption of modern procedures at
container ports, the improvement of cargo handling equipment, and the expansion of
storage capabilities, among other things. The expansion of port infrastructure in Angola
has the potential to improve operating efficiency, reduce the likelihood of delays, and
successfully meet the growing demands of international commerce.
2.4.2: Limited Capacity and Efficiency

The restricted capacity of the ports in Angola and the inefficiency of their operations are
both contributing factors to the enormous issues that they are now facing. It is possible
that congestion and delays in vessel berthing and cargo handling will occur as a
consequence of the growing amount of containerized cargo combined with the limited
capacity of port infrastructure. This tendency might result in longer times needed for ships
to complete their turnarounds and higher demurrage costs for businesses that import and
export goods. According to the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), Angola's level of
logistics efficiency placed it at the 126th position out of a total of 160 nations (World Bank,
2021). The LPI evaluated how efficient the customs clearance processes were, as well as
the quality of the infrastructure, the ease with which shipments could be coordinated, and
the level of expertise provided by the logistics services. This lower ranking shows that
improvements in both the capacity and efficiency of Angola's ports are required in order
to meet the demands of the country's growing economy.
The Port of Lobito, another significant port in Angola, has also run into issues due to its
limited capacity in the same way that other ports in the country have. According to
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UNCTAD (2018), despite the fact that the port has seen an increase in the number of
containers passing through it over the course of time, its capacity has not yet caught up
to the level of demand that is now being met. It is very necessary to participate in strategic
planning and to allot expenditures toward the growth of port infrastructure in order to
improve the capacity as well as the efficiency of the port. In order to increase the total
capacity of Angolan ports, it is important to adopt specific steps such as expanding the
number of docks, increasing the amount of area dedicated to container yards, and
modernizing the equipment used for processing cargo. In addition, improving port
operations by promoting increased communication among different port stakeholders,
such as terminal operators and customs officials, has the potential to improve operational
efficiency and decrease the amount of time it takes for vessels to complete their
turnarounds.
2.4.3: Inefficient Customs Processes

Container import and export activities in Angola face significant challenges on account of
the existence of cumbersome bureaucratic procedures and ineffective customs
processes. Delays that occur during the process of customs clearance may result in
increased demurrage charges for importers and exporters alike, in addition to extended
transit times for the item. According to the findings of the FIDI Customs Guide, the typical
amount of time needed to pass customs at Angolan ports is around 15 days (ANGOLA
Import – FIDI Customs Guide.Pdf, 2023.). This information was discovered. The lengthy
customs clearance process reduces the efficiency of commercial transactions and adds
to the costs of doing business in Angola.
In order to meet the demands of this obstacle, it may be possible to generate major
improvements in the expediency and effectiveness of customs operations via the use of
electronic customs clearing systems and the upgrading of existing customs processes.
Customs authorities now have the ability, thanks to the introduction of modern customs
technologies like electronic data interchange (EDI) and single-window systems, to
increase the efficiency of the procedures involved in the clearing of cargo and to reduce
the administrative complications that are encountered by merchants. In addition,
increasing the level of cooperation and coordination between customs agencies in

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neighboring countries has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of both
international commerce and the transit of commodities over international boundaries.
2.4.4: Regulatory Barriers

Container import and export operations in Angola may encounter obstacles in the form of
regulatory barriers, which encompass intricate trade regulations and burdensome
administrative procedures. The presence of regulations that are inconsistent or
ambiguous can give rise to uncertainties for traders and logistics providers, thereby
impacting their investment decisions and trade flows.
According to the World Bank Ease of Doing Business Report for 2020, Angola's Ease of
Doing Business Index indicates the existence of areas that could benefit from
enhancements in order to establish a more favorable business environment. The
attraction of increased foreign investment and promotion of international trade in container
import and export operations within a country can be facilitated through the reduction of
regulatory barriers and the enhancement of transparency in the regulatory framework
(World bank, 2020).
In order to tackle this challenge, it is recommended that the Angolan government
implements regulatory reforms aimed at streamlining trade procedures, minimizing
administrative complexities, and improving transparency and predictability within the
regulatory framework. By cultivating an environment that is conducive to business
activities, Angola has the potential to attract greater levels of investment and enhance its
trade competitiveness. This, in turn, can have a positive impact on the efficiency of
container import and export operations within the country.
2.4.5: Lack of Diversification in the Economy

The lack of economic diversification in Angola is one of the persistent problems that has
a considerable influence on the way container operations are carried out in that country's
import and export trade. Because of the nation's overwhelming reliance on oil exports,
which makes it vulnerable to shifts in the price of oil on the world market, the economy of
the country is sensitive to shocks from the outside and economic instability. Oil exports
accounted for nearly 88% of Angola's overall export profits in 2022. These revenues made
up the bulk of Angola's total export earnings. In contrast, non-oil exports, which include

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diamonds and other minerals, took up a relatively modest amount of around 12% of total
exports (IMF, 2023). Angola's economy is very vulnerable due to its heavy reliance on oil
income, which highlights the urgent need for the country to diversify its economy in order
to lessen its dependency on oil and strengthen its economic resilience.
To encourage container import and export operations in a way that is more ecologically
and economically sustainable, the promotion of economic diversification will permit the
emergence of new chances for trade and investment in areas other than oil. This will allow
for the formation of fresh trade and investment opportunities. Not only would the
diversification of sectors, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services, contribute to
an increased variety of items that are exportable, but it will also help to function as a
means to reduce the nation's dependency on commodities that are imported.
It is vital that the government of Angola establish policies that permit investment and
develop innovation within industries other than oil in order to promote economic
diversification. This will allow Angola to move beyond its reliance on oil as its primary
source of revenue. This includes the execution of a variety of policies such as providing
incentives to local companies, dedicating resources towards education and the upgrading
of skills, and encouraging trade and investment in industries that are not tied to oil.
Angola's economic diversification would not only lessen the country's vulnerability to
shocks from the outside world, but it will also improve the trade competitiveness of the
country's ports, making it easier to process a larger variety of goods and contributing to
the nation's overall economic growth and development.
2.5 Trade Connectivity and Relationships of Angolan Ports

The connectedness of trade routes and the existence of effective port infrastructure are
two factors that have a considerable impact on the ease with which international
commerce and economic growth may be accomplished. The importance of Angola's ports
in enabling trade links at both the regional and global levels becomes more remarkable
when seen in the perspective of the country of Angola, which is endowed with a wealth of
natural resources and is now undergoing economic expansion. A comparative study, trade
linkages with neighboring countries, and involvement in regional integration initiatives are
some of the topics that will be covered in this portion of the literature review, which aims
to investigate the connectivity and relationships involving Angolan port commerce.

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2.5.1: Comparative Analysis of Ports in Angola

Angola has a significant expanse of coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in the
establishment of several seaports. The aforementioned ports all play an important part as
significant entrance sites for the nation's incoming and outgoing goods, and as such, they
are an integral component of the nation's growing economy and its participation in
international trade operations. The enhancement of these ports' efficiency as well as their
capacity is very necessary if one wants to achieve the goal of a continuous and effective
flow of products. Within the framework of the SADC, the purpose of the research that was
carried out by Campos, (2023) was to investigate the infrastructure and competitiveness
of the ports in the country of Angola. The author highlights the relevance of port
infrastructure in connection to trade facilitation and regional integration, stating that its
quality and capacity directly impact these characteristics (Campos, 2023a). This assertion
is made in response to the author's belief that the quality and capacity of port infrastructure
directly influence these elements. The research indicates possible areas of improvement,
such as the modernization of port infrastructure and the use of cutting-edge technology to
raise the level of operational efficacy. This indicates that, despite the potential that already
exists, there is the opportunity for further development and improvement of Angolan ports
in order to more efficiently serve the commerce needs of the area. This is the case even
though the potential already exists.
In addition, Carine (2015) highlights the relevance of operating efficiency in container
ports located in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing especially on certain ports in the country of
Angola. According to the results of the study conducted, increasing operational efficiency
has been found to result in a reduction in the expenses associated with trade as well as
an increase in the volume of trade. This highlights the need to promote resources toward
the upgrading of port management and infrastructure in order to support economic growth
and encourage increasing commerce.
2.5.2: Trade Relationships with Neighboring Countries

Due to its strategic geographical location and abundant natural resources, Angola
assumes a pivotal role in shaping regional trade dynamics. The establishment and
maintenance of robust trade relationships with neighboring countries are imperative for

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the promotion of mutual economic development and the preservation of regional stability.
Furthermore, the strategic positioning of Angolan ports can function as crucial transit hubs
for landlocked neighboring nations, affording them the opportunity to connect with global
markets.
In his study, Habiyaremye, (2013) investigates the trade agreements between Angola and
other African nations, analyzing their impact on the emergence of African lion economies.
This study highlights the significance of advocating for intra-African trade as a means to
stimulate economic growth and diminish reliance on foreign markets. Angola has forged
substantial trade partnerships with various neighboring nations. An example of growing
trade can be observed between Angola and Namibia, as both nations are participants in
the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and SADC (Bösl et al., 2014). The
establishment of this regional trade partnership has effectively facilitated the exchange of
goods and services across borders, thereby making a significant contribution to the overall
economic growth observed within the region.
Moreover, Kiala, (2010) conducted a research that examines the diplomatic connections
between Angola and Zimbabwe, emphasizing the pursuit of regional alliances. The
available research suggests that the augmentation of trade relations between Angola and
Zimbabwe has the potential to yield reciprocal advantages, including expanded market
accessibility and enhanced economic diversification. Angola and Zimbabwe have
engaged in collaborative efforts pertaining to trade and economic endeavors,
encompassing bilateral accords and involvement in regional economic alliances such as
the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) (Ndlovu-Gatsheni,
2012). The trade relationship between these two nations has significantly contributed to
the advancement of economic integration and development.
Lastly, besides Namibia and Zimbabwe, Angola has also enhanced its trade partnerships
with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The two nations possess a substantial
border and have actively participated in cross-border commerce and economic
collaboration, which has been facilitated by their membership in regional entities such as
the SADC and the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) (Ndlovu-
Gatsheni, 2012). The trade relationship between the two countries has proven to be
mutually advantageous, fostering economic expansion and advancement in both nations.

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2.5.3: Regional Integration Initiatives

As African nations realize the potential benefits of economic cooperation and growth via
collaborative regional partnerships, the relevance of regional integration projects in Africa
has experienced a considerable rise, and this has contributed to an increase in the
initiatives' overall significance. Because of its advantageous geographical location and
plentiful availability of natural resources, Angola has actively participated in several
regional integration projects. These activities seek to boost trade connections and develop
new avenues for economic progress. Angola's favorable geographical position and ample
availability of natural resources are two of the reasons for this.
Angola's participation in regional integration was motivated by the country's awareness
that collaborative efforts and reciprocal collaboration had the ability to generate common
prosperity and growth. This understanding led to Angola's decision to participate in
regional integration. According to Tuluy (2016), regional economic integration helps to
enable the growth of trade flows, the improvement of infrastructure, and the development
of member states' access to markets. As a direct result of this, this helps to contribute to
the continued progress of economic growth and stability within the area.
Angola's membership in the SADC is indicative of its prominent position within the regional
bloc. SADC efforts enable improved cooperation among its member states, which in turn
mitigates poverty, promotes economic progress, and facilitates regional integration
(Meyer & Auriacombe, 2019). Angola's participation in the SADC has provided the country
with the opportunity to build economic linkages within the region and strengthen its
existing commercial relationships with the governments that are immediately next to it. A
key effect of the regional economic cooperation provided by the SADC has been the
encouragement of cross-border trade and investment, which has helped to economic
development in member countries (Bosl et al., 2014).
In addition, it is important to point out that Angola is an active member of the COMESA,
which is an initiative for regional integration that aims to establish a single market that is
characterized by decreased trade hurdles and more economic cooperation (Ndlovu-
Gatsheni, 2012). Because Angola is a member of COMESA, the country is able to make
use of a larger market for the sale of its products and services. As a result, the country's
chances of engaging in commerce and investment with other member states are
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significantly improved. The measures done by COMESA to coordinate trade policies and
reduce non-tariff barriers play a vital role in building an environment that is conducive to
trade and supporting economic growth within the region. COMESA's actions were taken
in order to eliminate non-tariff obstacles.
In addition, Angola plays an active role in the International Conference on the Great Lakes
Region (ICGLR), which is a regional organization that places a premium on economic
cooperation, peace and security among its member states (Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 2012). The
participation of Angola in ICGLR aims to deepen the country's resolve to support
economic growth and maintain stability across the region. The efforts that the organization
is making to promote peace and security in the Great Lakes area create an environment
that is suitable for commerce and investment, which in turn stimulates economic
integration and development.
Angola has the ability to actively engage in policy dialogues and decision-making
processes that impact regional trade and economic development if it takes part in
integration projects that are being pursued at the regional level. Angola has the potential
to advocate for its interests and play a role in establishing regional policies that have a
beneficial influence on its economy and enhance trade connectivity by actively engaging
in these organizations (Tuluy, 2016). This opportunity is afforded to Angola since it actively
participates in these organizations.
It is necessary to accept that regional integration projects also provide obstacles, such as
the need to overcome differences in economic growth among member countries, achieve
harmonization of trade rules, and guarantee the fair distribution of benefits (Tuluy, 2016).
It is also vital to note that it is imperative to acknowledge that regional integration initiatives
also face challenges. Despite this, Angola has the ability to position itself as an important
player in the trade dynamics of the area if it takes an active role in the initiatives being
discussed and makes concerted efforts with others to find solutions to the problems being
raised. This would not only contribute to the promotion of economic development and
prosperity inside the borders of Angola, but it would also contribute to the promotion of
such growth and prosperity throughout the whole of the African continent.

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2.6: Conclusion

In conclusion, container import and export activities in Angolan ports are critical in
influencing the country's trading environment and economic growth. The importance of
ports like as Luanda, Lobito, and Namibe as logistics centers cannot be overstated, since
they assist Angola's integration into worldwide markets. However, these ports confront a
number of obstacles that limit their efficacy. Congestion, delays, and increasing
operational expenses have come from insufficient port infrastructure, restricted capacity,
inadequate customs procedures, regulatory impediments, and a lack of economic
diversification.
To overcome these limitations and improve Angolan ports' competitiveness the pot calls
for a strategic investment. Improving port infrastructure, extending container terminals,
and upgrading cargo handling equipment can all help to increase capacity and operating
efficiency. Also, implementing electronic technologies and encouraging regional
collaboration to improve customs operations can result in speedier cargo clearance and
fewer delays. Lastly, regulatory measures aimed at fostering a favorable business climate
can also attract foreign investment and boost trade competitiveness.
On the other hand, since the Angola's economy is heavily reliant on oil exports, it is
vulnerable to variations in oil prices. Diversification measures have been launched to
encourage non-oil businesses in order to strengthen economic resilience. However, more
major progress is required to reduce dependency on oil earnings and promote economic
stability. Furthermore, Angola's strategic geographical location and abundant resources
afford it a crucial role in shaping regional trade dynamics. Strengthening trade
relationships with neighboring countries, such as Namibia, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic
Republic of Congo, is vital for economic expansion within the region. Lastly, engaging
actively in regional integration initiatives like the SADC, the COMESA, and the ICGLR
presents opportunities for Angola to enhance its trade alliances and assert its interests
within the regional context. By addressing port-related challenges and taking steps
towards economic diversification and regional trade collaboration, Angola can bolster its
trade environment and foster sustained economic growth.
Chapter Three: Methodology

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3.1: Methodology

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the research approach, design, data
collection methods, sampling strategy, analysis techniques, and limitations employed in
the study. The study's objective is to investigate the primary challenges encountered by
Angolan ports in relation to container import and export operations. The predominant
research methodology employed in this study is qualitative in nature, wherein interviews
are conducted with key stakeholders who are actively engaged in the Angolan port
industry. Therefore, methodology enables the acquisition of significant insights and a
comprehensive comprehension of the topic at hand. Lastly, the stakeholders regarding
this research will be selected by using the criteria of the employees working directly in the
Ports of Angola, partners that work with the ports and people from the Sogester’s
container terminal. These stakeholders will allow me conduct at least 15 interviews which
will provided the relevant data for analysis in this research.
3.2: Research Approach

The chosen research methodology for this study is qualitative, as it is deemed appropriate
for investigating intricate matters pertaining to import and export activities within Angolan
ports. Qualitative research facilitates an in-depth exploration of the experiences,
perceptions, and perspectives of individuals who are directly engaged in the port industry,
thereby offering a comprehensive comprehension of the difficulties they face (Tenny et
al., 2023). The utilization of open-ended questions during interviews is intended to acquire
comprehensive and thorough responses that can provide insights into multiple facets of
import and export procedures.
Qualitative research enables the comprehensive examination of the intricacies and
contextual elements that potentially impact import and export operations within Angolan
ports. This encompasses the comprehension of the cultural, economic, and regulatory
factors that influence the functioning and trade dynamics within the port sector (Busetto
et al., 2020). Furthermore, the chosen research methodology promotes a dynamic and
iterative approach to gathering data, enabling us to delve into emerging patterns and
unforeseen revelations that may emerge during the interview process.

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3.3: Research Design

The present study employs an exploratory research design to examine the challenges
encountered by Angolan ports in relation to container import and export operations. The
objective is to investigate these challenges without imposing any preconceived notions or
hypotheses. The primary objective of our exploratory design is to acquire novel insights
and expand our understanding of the intricate and multifaceted nature of import and export
operations within the specific context of Angola.
The exploratory research design is well-suited for comprehending a relatively
underexplored subject matter, such as the distinct obstacles encountered by ports in
Angola. This design facilitates the development of a comprehensive understanding of the
problem, taking into account various perspectives and factors that may impact the import
and export processes (SMstudy, 2016). The utilization of semi-structured interviews in the
research design facilitates the attainment of comprehensive data by striking a balance
between consistency and flexibility. This approach ensures that a wide range of
information is captured while also accommodating the distinct responses provided by
each participant.
3.4: Data Collection Methods

The primary method of data collection utilized in this study involves the use of semi-
structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews aim to achieve a middle ground by
combining the structured nature of interviews with the flexibility inherent in unstructured
interviews. This approach contains the key to gaining detailed and first-hand information
from the important parties and professionals involved in the import and export procedures
at Angolan ports. We will obtain a thorough grasp of the intricate processes and dynamics
affecting container imports and exports in each port by interacting with port authorities,
customs officers, shipping firms, logistics managers, and other pertinent professionals.
The interviews will provide insightful information, illuminating each port's particular setting,
as well as its distinctive qualities, infrastructural capabilities, and regulatory frameworks
that have a substantial influence on the movement of containers (Doyle, 2022).
Additionally, the adaptability of the interviewing technique enables researchers to modify
their questions based on replies obtained, exploring any unique characteristics that

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emerge throughout the interviews, and assuring a thorough examination of the issue.
Interviews provide a holistic understanding of the difficulties and possibilities encountered
by Angolan ports by capturing the human viewpoint of individuals who are directly involved
in the operations of the ports.
The approach will also be used to confirm and justify any quantitative results, enhancing
the validity of the comparative analysis conducted as part of the research. Researchers
may offer focused and practical recommendations for improving the import and export
procedures at Angolan ports by using the interviewing approach to immediately identify
issues and possible areas for change (Dovetail Editorial Team, 2023). Additionally,
interviews may assist fill in any information gaps and explain any unclear data points in
order to provide a comprehensive and trustworthy study output. Although there are some
drawbacks, such as subjectivity and resource intensity, researchers can address these
issues by strategically combining the interviewing method with other research
approaches, building a solid foundation for an insightful and worthwhile comparison
between the import and export of containers through Angolan ports (McNamara, 2022).
The interviews will be conducted through two modes: face-to-face interactions or video
conferencing. The choice of mode will depend on the geographical location of the
participants and their availability. Face-to-face interviews possess the benefit of
incorporating non-verbal cues and fostering a more intimate interaction. Conversely, video
conferencing enables interviews with stakeholders situated in disparate regions, thereby
facilitating a wider and more diverse participant pool.
3.5: Sampling Strategy

The research study will employ a purposive sampling strategy in order to carefully select
participants for the interviews. The focus of this study will be on the import and export
operations within Angolan ports, which require specialized knowledge and expertise in the
port industry. Therefore, the key stakeholders involved in these operations will be
specifically targeted for the purpose of this research (Palinkas et al., 2015a). This may
encompass individuals representing port authorities, customs authorities, shipping
enterprises, freight forwarding agencies, importers, and exporters.
The sample will encompass a range of ports in Angola, encompassing both prominent
and lesser-known ports, in order to capture the diverse array of challenges and practices

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that exist across different geographical locations. By incorporating participants from

diverse ports, a comprehensive analysis can be conducted to ascertain both shared and
distinct challenges encountered within the Angolan port industry. Furthermore, the
selection of participants will be predicated upon their respective roles and responsibilities
within the import and export procedures, thereby guaranteeing a comprehensive
representation of diverse perspectives.
In order to achieve a comprehensive and varied sample, our objective is to incorporate
participants from various sectors of the economy, including manufacturing, agriculture,
and oil and gas. This approach is motivated by the expectation that these industries
possess unique import and export demands. Furthermore, our objective is to incorporate
individuals who possess expertise in both maritime and land-based transportation
domains, in order to acquire comprehensive insights into the entirety of the logistics chain
associated with import and export activities.
3.6: Analysis Techniques

Thematic analysis, a widely recognized qualitative analysis technique, will be applied to

the data obtained from the interviews. Thematic analysis encompasses the process of
discerning, examining, and presenting recurring patterns or themes within the collected
data (Braun & Clarke, 2012). The analysis will be performed through a manual approach,
wherein interview transcripts will be meticulously examined and categorized to identify
recurring themes, viewpoints, and obstacles pertaining to container import and export
activities in ports of Angola.
Thematic analysis facilitates the systematic organization of data into coherent themes that
align with the research questions and objectives. Through the process of identifying and
analyzing these recurring motifs, a comprehensive comprehension of the obstacles
encountered by Angolan ports can be attained. This approach facilitates the establishment
of connections between the collected data and the research inquiries at hand (Palinkas et
al., 2015b).
In order to augment the robustness of the analysis, the research team will actively
participate in discussions and engage in peer debriefing at various stages of the coding
process. By implementing this approach, it will guarantee that the interpretations are

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adequately substantiated and that the outcomes faithfully reflect the viewpoints of the
individuals being interviewed.
3.7: Limitations

While the selected methodology provides valuable insights into the challenges
encountered by ports in Angola, it is important to recognize and acknowledge its inherent
limitations. One potential limitation of this study is the presence of response bias, wherein
participants may exhibit a tendency to provide answers that are socially desirable or
withhold sensitive information during the interviews. In order to address this issue,
proactive measures will be taken to establish a positive relationship and cultivate a sense
of trust with the participants, thereby creating an environment conducive to open and
candid sharing of their experiences.
Furthermore, it is important to note that the qualitative nature of the research conducted
in this study may impose limitations on the extent to which the findings can be generalized
beyond the specific context of Angolan ports. The interviews provide valuable insights into
the challenges encountered by these ports. However, it is important to exercise caution
when extrapolating these findings to other port environments.
An additional potential constraint lies in the potential oversight of specific challenges or
perspectives, which may arise from the inherent subjectivity inherent in qualitative
research. In order to overcome this constraint, a meticulous and methodical methodology
will be implemented for the purpose of the analysis, guaranteeing comprehensive
examination and inclusion of a wide range of perspectives and themes.
Furthermore, it is important to note that the study's scope may be constrained to the
viewpoints of primary stakeholders who have direct involvement in the port industry. In
order to enhance the comprehensiveness of the study, it is recommended that future
research incorporate perspectives from additional stakeholders, including policymakers,
trade partners, and representatives from neighboring countries.
3.8: Conclusion

This chapter provided a comprehensive explanation of the methodology employed in the

research paper. It utilizes qualitative research methods, specifically semi-structured
interviews, to investigate the primary obstacles encountered by Angolan ports. The

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chosen research methodology is exploratory in nature, facilitating a comprehensive

examination of the topic at hand. The data collection methods employed in this study
prioritize purposive sampling and thematic analysis, while also acknowledging the
inherent limitations associated with the chosen methodology. The study activities offer
significant insights that can enhance import and export operations in Angolan ports by
employing these methodologies.

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Chapter Four: Analysis and Result

4.1: Introduction to Qualitative Analysis

The analysis phase has significant relevance as it serves as the link between the core
approach of the study and its conclusions. This chapter starts the process of analyzing
the gathered data to reveal the difficulties faced by Angolan ports in their container import
and export activities. Through a thorough exploration of the unprocessed data, this phase
seeks to integrate significant patterns, themes, and conclusions that specifically address
the study inquiries and provide insights into the complexities of the Angolan port business.
The process of analysis is a methodical and systematic undertaking that encompasses
many phases. The process begins with a thorough and systematic arrangement and
cleaning of the data, so guaranteeing its dependability and precision (Pickell, 2021).
Afterward, the data undergoes a range of analysis processes to reveal concealed insights.
The aforementioned procedure encompasses the identification of repetitive patterns, the
extraction of significant themes, and the development of perceptive judgments (Hillier,
2021). Therefore, this analysis process will shed light on the difficulties and opportunities
that are present within the import and export procedures of Angolan ports,
through connecting the data to the research objectives.
Furthermore, the fundamental basis of the Qualitative analysis process was laid out by
the research questions, which determined the direction and scope of the investigation.
The research questions function as a navigational tool, orienting the investigation towards
certain facets of the data that are relevant to the difficulties encountered by ports in
Angola. By maintaining a constant alignment between the analysis and the research
questions, this section guarantees that the conclusions obtained are directly pertinent to
the overall objectives of the study. As a result, the correlation between the research
inquiries and the analysis of data will lead to a thorough and focused investigation of the
topic at hand.
4.2: Thematic Analysis

Thematic analysis is fundamentally characterized by the methodical examination of

qualitative data to identify patterns, trends, and recurrent themes. This analysis
approach uncovers the hidden meanings and complexities inherent in participants' replies

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by delving deeper into the data (Dawadi, 2020). This methodology facilitates the
identification and analysis of the many aspects of the difficulties encountered by ports in
Angola, as well as the varied viewpoints of the players involved in import and export
activities.
The selection of thematic analysis as the qualitative analysis approach was based on its
intrinsic compatibility with the exploratory character of the study. Thematic analysis is a
method that provides both flexibility and structure to get a complete knowledge of the
issues faced by Angolan ports. This tool enables researchers to explore the intricacies of
the data and extract thematic insights that directly pertain to the research inquiries.
Thematic analysis is a valuable method for identifying and examining various difficulties
in the operations of ports in Angola. It offers a comprehensive framework that allows for
the discovery of both expected and unexpected results, making it a powerful tool in this
context.
Steps Involved in Thematic Analysis
The thematic analysis process involved a series of interconnected stages, whereby every
stage contributed to the systematic identification of themes that included the difficulties
encountered by Angolan ports in their container import and export activities. These stages
are as follows:
Familiarization with Data: The research process started engaging in an in-depth
analysis of the extensive dataset obtained from conducted interviews. This phase
involved doing several readings of the interview transcripts, which facilitated the
development of a comprehensive understanding of the material. Academic researchers
diligently analyze the unprocessed data, actively acknowledging and appreciating its
intricate details and small variations. This immersion facilitated the recognition of
preliminary patterns, concepts, and prospective themes that may emerge from the
narratives provided by the respondents (Damyanov, 2023). The familiarization process
provided a thorough understanding of the perspectives held by the participants, thereby
establishing the necessary foundation for succeeding analytical phases.
Searching for Themes: During this stage, the data was subjected to rigorous analysis as
researchers conducted a thorough investigation. Each line, phrase, and paragraph
undergoes meticulous examination to find repeating patterns, common thoughts, and

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different opinions. The primary purpose of this active inquiry is to extract relevant insights
and identify emerging themes that are of relevance within the framework of the study
objectives. The procedure entails the examination and juxtaposition of replies, facilitating
the emergence of themes in a natural manner (Mortensen, 2020). With each successive
round of qualitative analysis, experts make incremental progress in comprehending the
complex and diverse array of issues encountered by ports in Angola.
Reviewing Themes: After the discovery of prospective topics, a process of critical review
is initiated. A thorough examination of themes was conducted to guarantee their
alignment with the fundamental nature of the data and their relevance to the study goals.
In this case, the coherence and relevance of every subject are evaluated by researchers
to determine their validity. During this iterative procedure, themes undergo refinement,
consolidation, or segregation as necessary (Vaismoradi et al., 2016). The objective was
to provide a coherent collection of topics that include the many aspects of issues faced by
Angolan ports in their import and export activities.
Defining and Naming Themes: After obtaining a more focused collection of topics,
researchers start the task of establishing exact definitions and assigning appropriate
labels. Every subject is meticulously explicated to convey its fundamental notion and value
inside the dataset. The process of naming topics entails the careful selection of concise
but informative labels that effectively encapsulate the fundamental issues or revelations
under examination (Joffe & Yardley, 2004). This stage is crucial as it enhances the clarity
and coherence of the analysis, making it easier for readers to comprehend the main
arguments being presented.
Writing the Narrative: The ultimate outcome of doing thematic analysis is the
development of a cohesive narrative that integrates the identified topics. The story utilizes
selected portions of the data to effectively demonstrate and support the presence of each
theme. The topics are systematically presented, accompanied by actual quotations from
interview transcripts as supporting evidence (Majumdar, 2022). The presented narrative
not only highlights the many difficulties encountered by ports in Angola, but also provides
a contextual framework within which these obstacles may be understood in relation to the
wider study aims. During this iterative process, the tale undergoes a transformation,

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resulting in a unified fabric interwoven with many themes, profound observations, and the
authentic voices of the participants.
4.3 Emergent Themes

Theme 1: Port Infrastructure and Connectivity Challenges

The persistent theme of deteriorated infrastructure and communication difficulties
highlights the difficulty that Angolan ports have in sustaining effective operations. The
interview participants constantly highlight that, despite the presence of well-established
connections to surrounding areas, the condition of infrastructure continues to be a
prominent issue. According to Alberto Antonio Bengue, the connectivity of Angola's ports
is notable as a result of their extensive hinterlands. However, a significant distinction
arises in the form of the deteriorated infrastructures. The deterioration of their capabilities
impairs their efficiency in managing freight. Nuno Fialho contributes to the discourse by
highlighting the need to enhance the connectivity of various ports, such as Luanda, in
order to bolster their efficacy in facilitating commerce. Additionally, Fialho emphasizes the
necessity of modernizing ports like Porto Amboim and Soyo to enable their increased
participation in commercial activities. This statement underscores the correlation between
the quality of infrastructure and a port's ability to effectively conduct commerce. The
aforementioned connection issues and infrastructural limitations serve to emphasize the
pressing need for expenditures in the enhancement and upkeep of port facilities.
Theme 2: Bureaucracy and Communication Issues
The exploration of the issue of bureaucracy and communication breakdowns provides
insight into the challenges encountered by Angolan ports in terms of administrative
obstacles and operational inefficiencies. The individuals interviewed regularly identified
bureaucracy as a significant impediment to the effectiveness of import and export
procedures. According to Alberto Antonio Bengue, the customs clearance procedure
continues to be underdeveloped owing to bureaucratic obstacles, despite the presence of
technology developments. The aforementioned phenomenon hinders the movement of
containers and has a direct impact on the efficiency of transaction processing. According
to Luís Cristóvão, there is a correlation between communication breakdowns among field
teams, leading to both delays in operations and a deficiency in the transmission of
information. Nuno Fialho highlights the significance of an extensive bureaucratic

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framework in impeding operational efficiency, resulting in increased expenditures and

diminished customer satisfaction. These problems together underscore the need for
efficient operations and enhanced communication channels among and between port
stakeholders.
Theme 3: Geographic Advantage and Trade Potential
The advantageous strategic geographical positioning of Angolan ports is consistently
observed, facilitating trade prospects and enhancing connection with diverse worldwide
locations. The significance of Angola's geographical location in Southern Africa is
emphasized by Alberto Antonio Bengue, since it facilitates links to many continents such
as America, Europe, Africa, and Asia through significant sea routes. The geographical
advantage of Angola facilitates the expeditious transportation of containers, therefore
positioning the country as a promising trading center. Nuno Fialho concurs with this
viewpoint, noting that the ports in Angola possess advantageous geographical positioning
and superior technical capabilities. Nevertheless, the author also highlights the existing
obstacles pertaining to security and cohesiveness that require attention and resolution.
The subject underscores the significant influence of location on facilitating trade
opportunities and underscores the need of addressing fundamental obstacles in order to
fully use this advantageous position.
Theme 4: Efforts for Modernization and Efficiency Improvement
The recurring theme seen at Angolan ports is the need for modernization and
enhancement of efficiency, underscoring the pressing need to overcome existing
infrastructural limits. Alberto Antonio Bengue believes that the implementation of
modernization initiatives is important to surmount challenges and optimize operational
effectiveness. The author highlights the need for addressing deteriorated infrastructures
and superstructures, as well as human resource management and technological
inefficiencies, as topics of concern. Luís Cristóvão emphasizes the need to invest in
human capital and infrastructure at Sogester Terminal, a port that manages a substantial
volume of containerized commodities. The focal point of this issue is the acknowledgment
of modernization as a pivotal element in enhancing operational efficiency and promoting
commerce.

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Theme 5: Future Development and Expansion Plans

The issue pertaining to future growth and expansion plans is indicative of the collective
vision held by Angolan ports, with the aim of surmounting prevailing problems and
progressing. The respondents consistently articulate the presence of strategic plans and
initiatives designed to improve port capabilities. According to Alberto Antonio Bengue, it
is emphasized that every port has a Master Plan that outlines exploration and growth
initiatives, which are designed to coincide with objectives of efficiency and effectiveness.
Nuno Fialho highlights the Barra do Dande project as an exemplification of the industry's
inclination towards strategic placement solutions. Luís Cristóvão concurs with this
viewpoint, elaborating on prospective strategies for the establishment of novel port
infrastructures at Barra do Dande, which have the potential to significantly enhance
container handling capabilities and trade capacity. The aforementioned subject highlights
the dedication to growth and the possible influence of expansion initiatives on import and
export activities.
Theme 6: Diverse Professional Experience
The questioned participants demonstrate a wide range of professional backgrounds,
therefore offering distinct perspectives on the port industry. Alberto Antonio Bengue, the
current Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Port of Luanda, emphasizes his
comprehensive expertise in several areas pertaining to port operations. These areas
include port management, logistics, operational procedures, terminal administration, and
marketing strategies. The extensive range of knowledge and skills required for managing
a port highlights the complex and diverse character of this task, emphasizing the need for
a holistic comprehension of its several dimensions. Nuno Fialho, the Logistics Director of
Afritruck, a road transport firm, provides a practical viewpoint to the discourse. Despite
lacking direct experience in ports, his expertise in logistics provides him with valuable
knowledge about operational dynamics, especially the difficulties encountered by supply
chain collaborators. Luís Cristóvão, the Customer Support Coordinator of Sogester S.A.,
has extensive expertise in the administration of containerized products and export
operations. The individual's position at the Sogester terminal affords them valuable
experiential knowledge pertaining to export procedures, customs authorization, and the
complexities inherent in operational management.

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Theme 7: Challenges Specific to Individual Ports

The specific problems encountered by each ports arise from a confluence of several
causes. The upgrading of the Port of Cabinda is necessary in order to improve its
operational efficiency and optimize resource management. Nuno Fialho emphasizes the
obstacles present in Cabinda and proposes that the implementation of modernization
initiatives is crucial in order to surmount these issues and attain enhanced levels of
effectiveness. On the other hand, the Port of Soyo has difficulties pertaining to
communication and security. According to Luís Cristóvão, the absence of railway links
and communication deficiencies among teams have a significant influence on the
efficiency of operations and the overall security of the Soyo port. Likewise, the port of
Porto Amboim has challenges related to its infrastructure, namely in terms of inadequate
rail connections and general connectivity. The data collectively illustrates the distinct
issues encountered by each port, underscoring the need of customized solutions to
effectively tackle these constraints.
Theme 8: Impact of Expertise on Port Development
Despite lacking direct experience at specific ports, professionals demonstrate their
confidence in the applicability of their talents to effectively tackle issues encountered in
port environments. Alberto Antonio Bengue has a wealth of expertise that endows him
with valuable insights into several facets of port operations, hence enabling him to make
meaningful contributions towards enhancing efficiency. Nuno Fialho utilizes his expertise
in logistics to comprehend the intricacies of supply chain dynamics, therefore emphasizing
the prospect of optimizing operational procedures inside port environments. Luís
Cristóvão highlights his proficiency in managing containerized commodities, asserting that
this skillset has the potential to enhance operational effectiveness at the port of Porto
Amboim. The aforementioned topic emphasizes the idea that a thorough comprehension
of logistics and operations has relevance in different port contexts, possibly resulting in
beneficial effects on port advancement.
Theme 9: Focus on Export and Trade Management
The ports of Angola exhibit a collective emphasis on export and trade facilitation, therefore
aligning with the nation's objective of achieving economic diversification and diminishing
reliance on imports. The interviewees place significant emphasis on the pivotal role that

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ports play in enabling the exportation process, thereby leading to a substantial

enhancement of the local economy. According to Alberto Antonio Bengue, it is noteworthy
that Angola mostly engages in imports, underscoring the need to augment domestic
production in order to curtail imports and enhance exports. In order to attain this objective,
it is essential to surmount obstacles such as bureaucratic hurdles. According to Nuno
Fialho, the presence of bureaucracy is a substantial obstacle, and he proposes that
implementing a more efficient procedure might promote the growth of exports. In his
feedback, Luís Cristóvão sheds light on the adverse consequences that bureaucratic
obstacles have on customers and puts forward potential remedies, such as the
establishment of a Single Port Window, aimed at streamlining operations. The
aforementioned subject highlights the significant importance of ports in facilitating
economic diversification and emphasizes the need to optimize procedures to ensure
effective export management.
Theme 10: Human Resource and Resource Management Challenges
The efficiency of ports is influenced by human resource management and resource
allocation. Alberto Antonio Bengue highlights the need to allocate resources toward the
development of human capital to optimize port operations. The author argues that the
implementation of ongoing training for current employees and the acquisition of qualified
personnel is necessary in order to effectively address and surmount obstacles. Nuno
Fialho acknowledges the significance of competent employees and their training in the
realm of port operations, as they play a crucial role in ensuring efficient resource
management. In his feedback, Luís Cristóvão examines the ramifications of human
resource challenges on the efficiency of port operations, specifically focusing on the
adverse effects stemming from delayed client response times. The aforementioned
subject highlights the significant importance of staff in enhancing the efficiency of ports,
hence emphasizing the need for continuous training and optimization of resources to
effectively address operational obstacles.
4.4: Challenges in Import and Export Operations

An in-depth analysis of the difficulties faced by Angolan ports in container import and
export operations reveals a complex web of subtleties that have far-reaching effects on
the whole logistics system. The viewpoints offered by industry specialists are very

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important in understanding and addressing a wide range of difficulties, therefore providing

a detailed understanding of the obstacles that impede smooth trade processes. Based on
the result from the analysis of this research, several challenges encountered at various
Stages of the supply chain in the port were identified:
Customs Clearance and Bureaucracy: The issue of customs clearance processes and
bureaucracy is seen as a significant obstacle in the early stages of import and export
activities, as emphasized by Alberto Antonio Bengue. The presence of bureaucratic
obstacles significantly impacts operational efficiency, which is closely related to the study
goal of identifying the barriers that define the trading environment. The intricate
procedures associated with customs clearance not only impede the flow of merchandise
but also incur additional expenses for enterprises. Bengue's observations exemplify a
prevalent apprehension among experts in the business, emphasizing the need for
customs processes that are simplified and effective to facilitate trade operations and
mitigate obstacles.
The Impact of Communication Failures on Collaborative Dynamics: Efficient
communication and teamwork play crucial roles in ensuring the seamless operation of the
logistics system. The analysis provided by Luís Cristóvão offers valuable insights into the
consequences arising from disruptions in communication across diverse port teams.
Disruptions of this kind have a cascading effect on operational processes, aligning with
the study goal of improving cooperation to strengthen import and export activities. The
absence of effective communication channels may result in misinterpretations, time lags,
and a lack of coordination among many parties engaged in the import and export
operations. This dilemma underscores the need for enhanced communication structures
that enable the timely exchange of information and effective coordination.
The Impact of Operational Speed on Financial Strain: The speed at which operations
are conducted and the resulting financial consequences have a significant impact on the
dynamics of commerce. Nuno Fialho highlights the difficulty posed by a sluggish operating
tempo and escalating prices. The presence of these obstacles significantly hinders
operational effectiveness, highlighting the importance of the study goal to develop ways
to overcome these issues. The sluggish rate of operations not only impedes the prompt
transportation of products but also leads to elevated operating expenses. Fialho's

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observations align with the interests of firms seeking to optimize cost and time in their
trade processes, hence motivating the investigation of novel strategies to expedite
operations and mitigate financial burdens.
The constraints of infrastructure: The significance of port infrastructure is evident in its
impact on handling capabilities and operating efficiency. The reference made by Alberto
Antonio Bengue on the decline of infrastructures and superstructures highlights the
significant task at hand. The study objective of identifying treatments to overcome the
challenges encountered in import and export operations aligns with the pressing need for
infrastructure upgrading. The decline in physical infrastructure not only limits the ability to
handle freight efficiently but also poses risks to the safety and security of commodities.
Bengue's views highlight the need to make significant investments in port infrastructure in
order to effectively handle the increasing levels of commerce and guarantee the enduring
viability of import and export operations.
4.4:1: Alignment with Research Objectives

The perceptive examination of difficulties effortlessly connects with this research aim of
comparing Angolan ports in terms of container imports and exports. The presented
difficulties provide a comprehensive perspective for identifying operational differences
across ports, which may in turn highlight variations in their competitive positions. The
problems that have been brought to light provide a contextual framework for interpreting
the differences in operational capabilities across various ports.
The examination and comparison of these problems provide a dynamic framework for
evaluating the relative merits and drawbacks of each port. The focus of this comparative
analysis is on the examination of customs clearance, communication dynamics,
operational speed, and infrastructure resilience, as elucidated by industry experts. The
issues faced by various ports provide valuable insights into the operational factors that
influence trade connectivity and the dynamics of partnerships with trading partner nations.
Furthermore, the highlighted discrepancies in the issues not only provide difficulties but
also serve as a means to discover gaps and potential paths for joint progress. Through a
comprehensive evaluation of these difficulties at various ports, it becomes feasible to
identify particular areas that need targeted actions. For example, in the event that a port

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has difficulties in communication, the implementation of collaborative initiatives to improve

coordination inside the port may arise as a pivotal approach.
Therefore, the intricately examined difficulties surrounding import and export activities
provide insights into the intricate nature of the obstacles faced by Angolan ports. The
aforementioned issues are closely interconnected with certain phases of the logistics
chain, hence providing valuable detail to the study's aim of comparing ports in Angola.
The examination of issues encountered at various ports not only exposes operational
intricacies but also enables the development of specific solutions to improve their
competitiveness and effectiveness in container import and export activities.
4.5 Perspectives of Key Stakeholders

Building upon the knowledge acquired from the thorough assessment of difficulties
encountered in the import and export operations of Angolan ports, this section undertakes
a comprehensive exploration of the varied viewpoints presented by the interviewees.
Through a comprehensive analysis of the perspectives held by significant parties involved,
a more intricate comprehension of the nature of these activities and the prospective
avenues for improvement may be attained.
The diverse range of opinions offered by these stakeholders serves as a foundation to
highlight both the discrepancies and common viewpoints among them. According to
Alberto Antonio Bengue, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Port of Luanda, his
ideas on many aspects of port operations are derived from a significant amount of
experienced knowledge. In contrast, Luís Cristóvão, who serves as the Customer Support
Coordinator at Sogester S.A, focuses on the obstacles that arise from communication
failures. Despite the differences in their professional roles, a common theme emerges -
the crucial need to create efficient communication channels to enhance operational
efficiency.
It is indisputable that the responsibilities assumed by stakeholders have a significant
impact on forming their perceptions. The primary focus of Nuno Fialho, a highly skilled
Logistics Director of Afritruck, is inside the complex and intricate realm of logistics. The
author's analysis brings attention to the challenges associated with the speed of
operations and the resulting financial consequences. This focused orientation
demonstrates how stakeholder duties shape their perspective, focusing on specific

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concerns that directly affect their professional fields. Likewise, the perspectives shared by
Luís Cristóvão align with a focus on client-centricity, emphasizing the significant influence
of customer experience on the complex dynamics of commerce.
The convergence of various viewpoints held by individuals in stakeholder positions
emphasizes the need to embrace a comprehensive strategy to overcome the current
obstacles. By thoroughly engaging with the unique perspectives of various stakeholders,
we establish the foundation for developing a comprehensive and multifaceted strategy.
This strategy effectively addresses the practical challenges and also acknowledges the
wide-ranging consequences for the diverse range of stakeholders involved.
In conclusion, the viewpoints of significant players amplify the many aspects of obstacles
in the import and export operations of Angolan ports. The amalgamation of various
perspectives facilitates the development of a holistic approach that recognizes the many
functions, encounters, and requirements of everyone involved, hence facilitating a more
efficient and cohesive port environment.
4.6: Validity and Trustworthiness of Findings
4.6:1: Ensuring Credibility of Analysis Results

The analytical results were deemed credible due to a rigorous process that included many
phases to assure the trustworthiness and accuracy of the findings. One key aspect of this
methodology was the comprehensive data acquisition procedure, which included
conducting interviews with a wide range of stakeholders that possess significant
involvement in the import and export activities of Angolan ports. The analysis benefitted
from the inclusion of opinions from experts who had direct experience, so incorporating a
wide array of ideas and bolstering the legitimacy of the conclusions.
4.6:2: Researcher Involvement in Peer Debriefing and Discussions

In order to enhance the credibility of the results, continuous involvement in peer debriefing
and debates was pursued. Engaging in frequent exchanges with colleague’s researchers,
practitioners, and professionals provided a means of external validation. The
aforementioned interactions enabled a comprehensive evaluation of the analytic
procedure, detection of possible biases, and verification of emergent themes. The
inclusion of several perspectives enhanced the overall comprehension of the difficulties

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and possible approaches, mitigating the risk of narrow-mindedness and bolstering the
strength of the conclusions.

4.6:3: Maintaining Validity Throughout the Analysis Process

Ensuring the preservation of validity was a reoccurring focal point throughout the
analytical process. Thematic analysis, a robust qualitative methodology, was used to
systematically arrange the data and derive significant themes. In order to maintain
openness and facilitate traceability, a comprehensive record of choices, coding
procedures, and theme development was diligently preserved. This methodology enabled
the reexamination of results at critical junctures, therefore reducing the potential for biased
interpretation.

4.7: Chapter Summary

This chapter has thoroughly examined the obtained data to reveal the complex issues that
Angolan ports encounter in their container import and export operations, within the context
of qualitative analysis. The importance of this step in establishing a connection between
research methods and results should not be underestimated. The analysis procedure was
executed in a methodical way, including many steps to verify the credibility and soundness
of the results. The thematic analysis revealed many topics that shed light on the complex
challenges that influence the Angolan port business.
The method used to extract relevant insights from the data was thematic analysis, a
rigorous qualitative research approach. The used approach enabled a methodical
examination of the qualitative data, uncovering discernible patterns, prevailing trends, and
repeating themes that underpin the obstacles encountered by ports in Angola. The
selected methodology was well-suited to the exploratory character of the study, providing
a balance between adaptability and organization in order to delve into the intricacies of
the data.
The thematic analysis revealed a variety of fascinating topics. The aforementioned topics
include the many problems and possibilities that are inherent in the realm of Angolan port
operations. The analytical results were closely tied to the study goals, effectively
connecting with the aim of comprehending the difficulties encountered by Angolan ports

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and suggesting options for improvement. Lastly, the themes that have been found not only
provide insights into these difficulties but also offer a framework for effectively tackling
them. The examination of these themes revealed discrepancies and similarities across
individuals and groups with vested interests, enabling the development of a thorough
approach that considers the many viewpoints and functions within the port ecosystem.

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Chapter Five: Result Discussion

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a thorough examination of the research objectives, as previously

mentioned in Chapter 1. The objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive and
nuanced understanding of the difficulties and opportunities that characterize the port
landscape in Angola. Furthermore, the chapter will also aim to make significant
connections between the acquired research findings and the current body of literature in
this field.
The ports of Angola play a crucial role in facilitating the nation's commerce operations,
serving as essential hubs that connect the country to the worldwide economic network. In
light of this context, it is imperative to conduct a thorough examination of the performance
of these ports in relation to container imports and exports. The objective of this discourse
is to acquire a comprehensive comprehension of the various aspects that impact the
efficiency and efficacy of container operations in ports located in Angola.
The research conducted in this study focuses on the comparative analysis of different
ports, aiming to identify and examine trends, differences, and commonalities among them.
By engaging in this approach, we can offer significant perspectives on the distinct
difficulties and prospects encountered by individual ports, while also seeing broader
patterns that are applicable to the whole Angolan port environment. Also, we will have the
opportunity to make a valuable contribution to the current corpus of knowledge pertaining
to port administration, efficiency, and trade dynamics.
As we progress further into the future parts, we will examine the distinct challenges and
opportunities associated with each port, while establishing links to the wider body of
literature. Through an examination of factors such as congestion, infrastructural
deficiencies, administrative intricacies, and their implications on container operations, our
objective is to elucidate feasible approaches for enhancement. This analysis will also
explore ways in which these findings can guide future research efforts and contribute to
the broader discussion on trade efficiency and port improvement.

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5.2: Port-Specific Analysis

5.2:1: Port of Luanda

The Port of Luanda, being the primary point of entry and exit for goods in Angola, is in the
forefront of the inherent issues associated with container operations. The container
terminal at the port of Luanda is operated by the Sogester company with a capacity to
handle 800.000 TEUs per year. The container terminal at the port of Luanda has the
following characteristics: Concession Area: 142,467 m². Pier: Docked pier 550 meters
long and with depths of: 350m to (10.5m) ZH 200m to (12.5m) ZH. Warehouses: 1250 m²
currently; in the future it will be 5000 m². Concession term – 20 years. The investigation
underscores the urgent issue of crowding within the port premises. The present difficulty
is inherently interconnected with the rapid increase in trade volume (CEIC, 2023).
Congestion not only results in increased vessel turnaround durations but also hinders
effective container handling, hence exerting a negative influence on the overall trade
efficiency of the port. In addition, the port is burdened by outdated infrastructure, leading
to increased congestion and operating inefficiencies (Mahmood, 2019). Nevertheless, the
strategic positioning of Luanda presents notable prospects for expansion. The port's close
proximity to significant shipping routes and its inherent capacity for coastal trade are
crucial factors that can be utilized to mitigate congestion. By promoting transshipment and
enhancing coastal commerce operations, Luanda has the potential to use its geographical
advantage and enhance its capabilities for importing and exporting goods.
5.2:2: Port of Cabinda

The Port of Cabinda possesses a notable geographical advantage due to its status as an
enclave located in close proximity to Angola's primary oil reserves. The distinctive
geographical location provides prospects for the effective management of oil-related
imports and exports. The port has a total of 24,357m², with capacity to store 8,000 TEU’s.
Of this area, 5,170m² correspond to reinforced concrete paved areas and 19,187m² to
cemented soil flooring. However, the analysis highlights the difficulty of expanding trade
activity while also addressing the unique requirements of the oil sector. The challenge is
derived from the intrinsic volatility observed in oil markets, thus requiring the adoption of
a better-balanced trade portfolio (Zheng et al., 2021).

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Given the current situation at hand, the port has the potential to utilize its advantageous
geographical position in order to promote and facilitate the diversification of commercial
activities. Through the establishment of dedicated infrastructure for non-oil commodities
and the facilitation of manufacturing and industrial operations, Cabinda has the potential
to transform into a versatile port capable of serving several purposes. The strategic
evolution described is consistent with the existing literature that supports the need for
specialized ports in regions abundant in resources (11838448_04.Pdf, n.d.)
5.2:3: Port of Lobito

The Port of Lobito holds great historical significance and serves as a crucial hub within
Angola's commercial network due to its wide ties with the countryside. It has 414 meters
of pier, with a depth of 14.7 meters for ships of 50,000 DWT (gross tonnage, operational
capacity of 250,000 TEUs/Year, and modern port management structures. It also has 570
meters of North Pier, 552 meters of South Pier, with a depth of 8-12 meters and an
embankment of 15,804 m2. The report highlights the primary obstacle of an infrastructure
deficiency that poses a danger to its competitiveness. Insufficient berth capacity, container
yards, and storage facilities pose obstacles to the smooth functioning of container
operations, hence impacting trade volumes (Arvis et al., 2023).
In order to improve its competitive advantage, Lobito may consider directing its attention
towards the strategic development of infrastructure. The implementation of modernization
and expansion strategies for container ports, the upgrading of berths to accept larger
vessels, and the enhancement of storage capabilities are crucial measures. The
aforementioned recommendations are substantiated by scholarly research, which
underscores the significance of contemporary port infrastructure in facilitating trade (Arvis
et al., 2023). Moreover, the port's focus on enhancing rail and road linkages is in
accordance with the scholarly literature's emphasis on multimodal transportation as a
crucial determinant of port efficiency (Notteboom et al., 2021).
5.2:3: Other Ports: Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim

The scope of the investigation encompasses more Angolan ports, namely Namibe, Soyo,
and Porto Amboim. The ports in question collectively encounter issues related to restricted
hinterland access and insufficient port depth. The limited capacity to handle larger vessels

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as a result of shallow waters further hampers their ability to effectively ease the
transportation of goods for both imports and exports. The problems mentioned align with
existing literature, which emphasizes the significance of hinterland links in augmenting the
economic influence of a port (Munim & Schramm, 2018).
In order to effectively tackle these difficulties, it is imperative to adopt a customized
approach for every individual port. For example, Namibe has the potential to enhance its
regional commercial influence by giving priority to projects that improve connectivity with
the hinterland, such as the development of road and rail lines. In a similar vein, both Soyo
and Porto Amboim have the potential to engage in dredging initiatives aimed at increasing
the depth of their containers, thus enabling the accommodation of larger boats and
ultimately bolstering their trade capabilities.
5.3: Challenges and Opportunities
5.3.1: Challenges
5.3.1.1: Infrastructure and Connectivity Challenges

Angolan ports suffer from a major challenge, as pointed out by Alberto Antonio Bengue,
chairman of the board of directors at the Port of Luanda, who mentioned "degraded
infrastructures" and "degraded superstructures" to be a challenge. This infrastructural gap
is a major hindrance to effective trade between countries. This is particularly obvious in
ports like Lobito, which struggle with inadequate dock capacity, container yards, and
storage facilities. These limitations make it more difficult to accommodate bigger ships,
which are essential for modern marine transportation. These facilities' shortcomings
reduce operating effectiveness and trade volume.

Despite being aware of how crucial it is to repair damaged infrastructure and

superstructures, Angolan ports are limited in their ability to do so. The country's budgetary
allocations are constrained by a lack of funding and conflicting objectives, which prevent
the ports from making major infrastructure improvements (Pushak & Foster, 2011).
Additionally, political instability, worries about regulatory frameworks, and uncertainty
about return on investment make it difficult for the ports to draw in private investment.
Therefore, the ports are unable to carry out significant modernization initiatives that may
ease infrastructural problems because of this financial constraint.

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Additionally, Luis Cristóvao, Customer Support Coordinator at Sogester S.A, points out
that several ports, such Namibe and Luvu, have "weaker connections" as a result of
inadequate expenditures in both infrastructure and human capacity. It takes enormous
expenditures in both infrastructure and human resources to achieve meaningful
connection improvements at such ports. The difficult task of balancing public and private
interests and the limited budgetary climate make it difficult to make the necessary
expenditures to improve connection (Juliane, 2021). As a result, the ports struggle with
few resources and have difficulties in securing the backing and funding required to
strengthen their connection, which perpetuates the flaws that already exist.
5.3.1.2: Bureaucracy and Documentation

Due to ingrained administrative procedures and systemic inefficiencies, the administrative

obstacles encountered by Angolan ports still exist. Comprehensive administrative
changes must be implemented, which calls for strong political will and coordinated efforts
across different government institutions. However, opposition to change combined with
political and bureaucratic inertia has stymied advancement in this field. For instance, Nuno
Fialho, Director of Logistics at Afritruck, argues that bureaucracy and communication
breakdowns are significant obstacles that result in sluggish response times and excessive
costs. The bureaucratic barriers to obtaining the appropriate paperwork for import and
export operations continue to be a problem (International Trade Administration et al.,
2022). This complicated bureaucracy adds expenses and has a big impact on how quickly
and effectively things get done. Customs clearance processes are still seen as incipient
despite technical developments, underscoring the need of reducing administrative
operations.
Luis Cristóvao emphasizes the difficulty of bureaucracy once again, especially in terms of
customs clearance. The efficient flow of goods is hampered by laborious customs
procedures, ineffective documentation, and administrative tasks that take too long.
Operations for import and export are significantly slowed down by these administrative
complications' creation of bottlenecks.
A comprehensive revamp of the current processes, including the adoption of digital
technology for online submission of documentation, payments and the implementation of
standardized procedures to reduce delays and paperwork, is also required to solve the
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issues associated with documentation. However, the ports encounter obstacles when
trying to purchase and put into place cutting-edge information and communication
technology systems. Progress in this sector is hampered by the high cost of such
technology enhancements as well as a lack of technical know-how. Finally, it is difficult in
reality to coordinate diverse organizations participating in import and export procedures
under a Single Port Window (JUP) without substantial coordination and expenditure.
5.3.1.3: Technology and Modernization

Alberto Antonio Bengue points out the need for investments in information and
communication technology systems. This is one area where modernization may simplify
procedures and reduce red tape. This demonstrates the need for a technical advancement
to close the gap between human and automated procedures, providing more efficient
operations and lowering administrative complexity. While acknowledging the necessity for
technical developments, the ports face obstacles when implementing cutting-edge
technology. Advanced technologies need significant financial commitments to acquire and
execute, which is a resource that the ports sometimes lack. The rate of technical
modernization is slowed down by budgetary limitations and a lack of access to cutting-
edge technological skills.
In order to integrate the many entities engaged in import and export procedures, Luis
Cristovao also advises developing a Single Port Window (JUP). The present problems
with bureaucratic delays and poor communication may be resolved by this integrated
platform. A JUP that is properly designed might greatly improve collaboration and
communication, speeding up the whole process. However, the implementation of a Single
Port Window (JUP) requires cooperation from a number of parties, including governmental
organizations, businesses, and technology suppliers (Niculescu & Minea, 2016).
Significant obstacles must be overcome in order to achieve agreement and cooperation
across these various organizations, which often causes delays or a lack of advancement
in the implementation of the JUP. Establishing a uniform platform for import and export
operations is challenging due to the fragmented character of the present administrative
environment.

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5.3.2: Opportunities
5.3.2.1: Strategic Positioning and Geographic Advantage

Due to its location near important maritime trade routes, the Port of Luanda has major
strategic relevance. According to Alberto Antonio Bengue, Chairman of the Board of
Directors, this port benefits from its ideal position by acting as a major center for the import
and export of goods in Angola. The Port serves as a gateway to landlocked countries in
Southern Africa, including Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and DRC. Additionally, (Dang
2017) indicates that the competitiveness of a country in international trade can be
significantly affected by the location of its ports. The Port of Luanda is strategically
positioned along major global trade routes, connecting Africa with Europe, the Americas,
and other regions. This location enhances its potential as a transshipment hub for cargo
moving between continents. Therefore, trade and economic development might be
stronger in ports with good access to main trade routes. Chinese intervention in this
situation may greatly enhance this advantage. The Gwadar Port in Pakistan serves as an
excellent example. It has become a significant transshipment center thanks to Chinese
investment and know-how, strategically linking China to the Arabian Sea and
beyond (Grare, 2018). As a result, Luanda might put policies into place to encourage
transshipment activities and improve coastal commerce operations by working with
Chinese specialists.

5.3.2.2: Diversification Efforts

Ports can respond to shifting market circumstances and lessen reliance on certain sectors
by diversifying their business. Based on (Pluciński et al., 2023), a diversified strategy
reduces the expensive instances of delays, demurrage, and per diem expenses that result
from depending primarily on one port. The Port of Cabinda offers a special chance for
diversification due to its closeness to Angola's main oil sources. Luis Cristóvao, Customer
Support Coordinator of Sogester S.A., highlights Cabinda's potential to develop into a
versatile and varied port. An example of how specialized infrastructure may support
diversification is the Chinese port of Qinzhou. It is a flexible trade center since it can
handle a variety of commodities (Nan, 2023). Cabinda may profit from Chinese investment

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and knowledge transfer to support diversification initiatives by learning from China's

experience with ports like Qinzhou, where specialized infrastructure has been constructed
to handle bulk products and containers. Therefore, Cabinda may broaden its skills beyond
the oil business by using Chinese experience.
Another way of diversifying could be the focus on agricultural exports. Angola has a
growing agricultural sector with opportunities to export products like coffee, cotton, and
tropical fruits. Pot of Lobito is well-suited for this job, especially for products originating
from the Southern and Southeastern regions, and its connectivity to the Benguela railway
makes it a strategic choice for landlocked countries in the region.
5.3.2.3: Historical Significance and Infrastructure Development

When discussing the evolution of port infrastructure, historical relevance refers to the
continuing significance of earlier port-related developments that have influenced the
marine sector. By taking into account historical importance, port development projects
may combine the preservation of heritage assets with the use of cutting-edge technology,
resulting in a sustainable and robust infrastructure that benefits both the present and the
future.
According to Nuno Fialho, Logistics Director of Afritruck, the Port of Lobito has a major
historical significance and demonstrates vast linkages with the neighboring interior areas.
Nuno Fialho underlined that Lobito may choose to focus on building vital infrastructure,
such as modernizing docks, expanding cargo ports, and increasing storage capacity. The
growth of Lobito's infrastructure may be significantly impacted by Chinese engagement.
Chinese professionals might provide insightful information and technical know-how by
drawing on their vast port building and improvement experience. Pakistan's Gwadar Port
serves as evidence of the beneficial effects of Chinese cooperation in port infrastructure
development. Gwadar Port has become a vital transit and transshipment hub thanks to
Chinese investment and know-how, greatly enhancing Pakistan's trading capacity
(source). Therefore, Chinese investment, similar to their contributions to the Gwadar Port
in Pakistan, might play a key role in improving Lobito's infrastructure, eventually increasing
its capacity for trade and securing its status as a significant commercial hub in the
neighborhood. For instance, with preservation and restoration of historical buildings and
structures within the port area, it could become an attraction to cruise ships, offering
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tourists the opportunity to explore the cultural and historical heritage of the region, and
encouraging the development of business related to tourisms, such as restaurants,
souvenir shops, transportation services, which would not also stimulate the local
economy, but create jobs to the residents of the region.
5.3.2.4: Hinterland Connectivity

The need for a hinterland connection for port efficiency was stressed by Luis Cristóvao,
Customer Support Coordinator at Sogester S.A. He made the point that a large hinterland
link is essential for enabling the efficient movement of goods, people, and services
between a central hub and its surrounding regions, increasing overall efficiency. The
International Transport Forum (ITF) emphasizes how crucial effective hinterland links are
for port effectiveness. The ITF indicates that the operational effectiveness and economic
impact of ports tend to be stronger in those with established transportation connections to
inland areas (Merk & Notteboom, 2015). In this situation, Chinese experience in building
transportation and infrastructure systems may be crucial to improving hinterland
connections for ports like Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim. Greece's Piraeus Port is a
shining example of how Chinese capital and know-how can greatly improve a port's
connectivity and effectiveness. Piraeus is now a significant logistics and transportation
center thanks to Chinese engagement, considerably enhancing Greece's commercial
capacity (Xinhua, 2023).
Angola's ports would benefit greatly from better connections to the country's interior, such
as new roads and rail lines connecting areas like Lubango, Huambo, and Malanje with
major seaports like Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim. The movement of commodities to
and from these areas is now hampered by the lack of adequate transportation linkages.
These infrastructural projects might be completed with Chinese investments, thereby
transforming these ports into important commercial entry points. For instance, the notable
Chinese-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has shown how strategic infrastructure
development may greatly increase commercial connections across areas (McBride &
Berman, 2023). BRI involves significant investments in infrastructure projects, including
ports and transportation networks. Angola can attract Chinese investments to develop and
upgrade its ports, making them more efficient and capable of handling larger volumes of
cargo. This can boost trade and economic growth in the country. The Lobito Corridor,
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centered around the Benguela Railway, is a vital transportation and trade route in
southwestern Africa. It connects the landlocked countries of Zambia and parts of the DRC
to the Atlantic Ocean, facilitating the movement of goods and resources in the region and
contributing to economic development and regional integration. This project is a good
example of how the China can help Angolan ports, they provided funding, expertise and
resources that made this project possible. The BRI can also facilitate trade between
Angola and China, as well as other BRI countries since it does not only focus on ports but
also on improving the connectivity of transportation networks. China can also collaborate
with Angolan authorities to establish inland dry ports strategically located near major
production centers. These dry ports can serve as hubs for consolidating and distributing
cargo to and from the ports. Therefore, the ports in Angola would be able to effectively
manage higher amounts of cargo, lowering congestion and delays, by putting comparable
procedures in place. This would help not just the neighborhood's companies and
industries, but also the nation's general economic growth and development.
5.4: Comparative Analysis across Different Ports

The comparative research undertaken across multiple ports in Angola provides a

comprehensive comprehension of the difficulties and possibilities that define their import
and export activities. This analysis builds a link between the empirical results and
theoretical viewpoints derived from the previous research by drawing from the
findings and insights that are provided in the analysis chapter. This link build upon the
comparison of challenges faced by the ports, similarities and differences in operational
difficulties, and potential reasons behind variations in challenges.
5.4:1: Challenges Faced by Prominent and Lesser-Known Ports in Angola

The comparative research reveals a shared set of issues faced by well-known ports such
as Luanda, as well as lesser-known ports like Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim. It is
worth noting that congestion poses a constant challenge that extends beyond the scope
of port facilities. The congestion observed can be attributed to the rapid increase in trade
volumes, which has resulted in extended turnaround times and impaired container
handling capabilities. These findings are consistent with previous research conducted by
(Gidado, 2015) about the influence of trade volume on the occurrence of port congestion.

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5.4:2: Similarities and Differences in Operational Difficulties

In addition to the common issue of congestion, the analysis reveals both parallels and
variations in operational challenges among the ports. Insufficient infrastructure emerges
as a persistent challenge for both well-established and lesser-known ports. The presence
of outdated terminals, container yards, and storage facilities hinders the smooth
functioning of trade, resulting in bottlenecks that impede efficient trade flows. Likewise,
the presence of administrative complications presents obstacles for ports in general, so
hampering the efficient processing of customs and causing delays in the transportation of
containers. The operational challenges mentioned align with research on port
performance that underscores the significance of contemporary infrastructure and efficient
procedures (Arvis et al., 2023). Nevertheless, the study also uncovers subtle variations in
operational obstacles. Ports such as Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim, which are not
widely recognized, encounter the supplementary challenge of having restricted port depth,
hence limiting their ability to accept larger vessels. This statement deviates from the
issues encountered by larger and more established ports, hence emphasizing the
importance of taking into account distinct factors related to individual ports.
5.4:3: Potential Reasons Behind Variations in Challenges

The disparities in difficulties encountered by ports can be ascribed to a confluence of

external and internal causes. The operational environment of any port is influenced by
external factors such as trade volumes, economic backdrop, and geographical position.
The commercial profile and problems of the Port of Cabinda are influenced by its strategic
location in close proximity to oil reserves. Internal factors refer to several elements within
an organization that have an impact on its operations and performance. These factors
include managerial practices, technological adoption, and investment decisions. The
diverse range of elements discussed above plays a significant role in influencing the
distinct problems encountered by individual ports.
(Notteboom, 2020) argue that it is crucial to take into account both external and internal
characteristics while devising ways to strengthen ports. The context is established by
external variables, but it is the internal decisions that significantly influence the approach
taken to confront difficulties.

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In summary, the comparative research provides a complete perspective on the difficulties

and opportunities that extend beyond the significance of ports. The examination of
operational challenges, both influenced by external and internal variables, yields a solid
basis for the development of specific strategies aimed at improving the efficiency of import
and export activities in Angolan ports.
5.5: Overcoming Challenges for Import and Export

5.5:1: Customs Clearance: Addressing Bureaucracy and Delays

A prevalent obstacle encountered in all ports is to the bureaucratic impediments

associated with customs clearance procedures. The investigation highlights the need of
implementing efficient processes and minimizing paperwork. This finding is consistent
with prior study conducted by (Njinkeu et al., 2008), which underscores the significance
of streamlined customs procedures in facilitating the movement of goods and promoting
trade. The integration of technology-driven strategies, such as the use of electronic
document submission and real-time tracking systems, has the potential to yield substantial
reductions in customs clearance waits.
5.5:2: Infrastructure Rehabilitation: Upgrading Ports for Enhanced Performance

The presence of infrastructure shortages is a significant obstacle to the effective

management of container operations in numerous ports around Angola. The present
explanation is consistent with the research conducted by (Thorsen, 2021), which
emphasizes the significant importance of contemporary infrastructure in facilitating port
operations. Prioritizing the enhancement of capacity and efficiency through the upgrading
of container terminals, berths, and storage facilities is imperative in order to attract
increased trade volume.
5.5:3: Human Resource Management: Skills Development and Recruitment

The shortage of proficient human resources poses a significant obstacle in the realm of
port operations. This assertion is consistent with the findings of a scholarly study
conducted by (Talam, 2019), which emphasizes the significance of adequately trained
staff in attaining the highest level of port performance. Addressing this difficulty can be
achieved by the implementation of training programs, establishing collaborations with

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educational institutions, and promoting talent development. These efforts have the
potential to enhance the overall competence of the workforce.

5.5:4: Technological Modernization: Integration of Digital Solutions

The implementation of digital solutions is recognized as a strategic approach to address

operational difficulties. The discourse aligns with Jardas et al., (2018) research that
emphasizes the potential advantages of incorporating technology in contemporary port
administration. The integration of electronic data exchange systems, block chain
technology for secure documentation, and advanced container tracking systems has the
potential to improve transparency, streamline administrative processes, and optimize the
movement of containers.
5.5:5: Investment Strategies: Funding for Port Improvement Initiatives

The emergence of sustainable finance is identified as a crucial aspect in effectively

tackling the various issues faced by ports in Angola. According to (Garcia, 2017), the
provision of financial resources for programs aimed at improving ports is of utmost
importance in order to enhance their performance, competitiveness, and sustainability.
Additionally, such funding plays a vital role in facilitating regional integration and
promoting economic development. Therefore, utilization of Public-Private Partnerships
(PPPs) or the attraction of foreign direct investment provide viable avenues for acquiring
the requisite financial resources to facilitate port upgrading initiatives.
5.6: Recommendations for Improvement

The conclusion of our study establishes the foundation for formulating practical
suggestions that are based on the identified issues and carefully connected with the
recurring themes present in the current body of literature. The following recommendations
have been formulated with the aim of comprehensively addressing the many issues
encountered by Angolan ports in their import and export activities. By taking into account
alternative solutions that align with both empirical data and theoretical ideas, these
proposals provide a strategic path for improving the overall efficiency and effectiveness
of container operations.

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Based on the comprehensive study conducted, a set of practical recommendations arises,

specifically designed to address the distinct circumstances of each port. The advice
provided are based on empirical evidence and are intended to address specific difficulties
that have been discovered within each port. One potential solution to address the issue
of congestion in ports is the use of time-slot booking systems. These systems can
effectively optimize the movement of containers within terminals, thereby enhancing the
overall flow of goods (Baker, 2021). Systems that have been demonstrated to be effective
in the management of congestion can be tailored to accommodate the operational
circumstances specific to each port.
The recommendations have been carefully linked with the difficulties and overall themes
that were discovered in the investigation. The subject of insufficient infrastructure is
examined by proposing the enhancement of docks, container yards, and storage facilities.
The rationale for this alignment is not solely grounded in practical necessity, but is also
influenced by the theoretical foundations elucidated in the literature study. The suggestion
to accept technological solutions aligns with the concept of technology adoption
emphasized by Jardas et al., (2018), which advocates for the incorporation of digital
technologies to enhance operational efficiency.
Every recommendation functions as a means of resolving distinct issues and capitalizing
on potential possibilities. As a potential approach to address administrative complexity,
the implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has been recommended. It is a
computerized system that enables the seamless transmission of business documents
across different firms, utilizing a universally accepted electronic format. There are various
methods by which administrative complexity in supply chain management can be
addressed. These methods encompass the automation of data interchange, reduction of
paperwork, enhancement of correctness, improvement of visibility, and streamlining of
contact with trading partners (Min, 2000). The implementation of this approach not only
enhances the efficiency of administrative operations but also mitigates the probability of
errors and delays within the supply chain.
By consciously and systematically examining prospective solutions based on actual
findings and theoretical frameworks, these ideas beyond mere advice and transform into
practical avenues for enhancing performance. The dynamic relationship among the

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recognized obstacles, overarching concepts, and pragmatic remedies guarantees that

every suggestion is well-positioned to have a significant influence on the effectiveness
and efficiency of container operations in ports in Angola.
5.7: Implications for Future Research

The end result of our study not only provides insights into the difficulties and potential
within the port landscape of Angola but also presents other exciting avenues for future
research. The ramifications of this study have a wider reach, as they offer a framework for
future research attempts that could improve our comprehension of port administration,
trade effectiveness, and the broader field of maritime logistics.
5.7:1: Potential Avenues for Further Research

The study's detailed analysis has not only brought attention to the challenges and
opportunities in the Angolan port scene but has also facilitated the identification of
prospective areas for further research. These prospective avenues of research have the
potential to facilitate a more profound comprehension of port administration, trade
efficiency, and the wider domain of marine logistics, hence augmenting our knowledge of
the intricate dynamics within this subject.
The topic of discussion pertains to the development of connectivity and infrastructure in
rural and remote areas, sometimes referred to as hinterlands. The prioritization of
hinterland connectivity, which is a crucial factor in enhancing trade efficiency, indicates a
promising avenue for further research. Examining the influence of improved transportation
connections, encompassing road, rail, and inland waterways, on the operation of ports
can yield significant insights into the efficacy of infrastructure investments. Conducting
comparative analyses among ports exhibiting different degrees of hinterland connectivity
has the potential to yield valuable information regarding optimal approaches and tactics
for enhancing inland connectivity.
The study places significant importance on utilizing technological advancements to
improve operational efficiency, which warrants more exploration into the implementation
and assimilation of sophisticated technology in port operations. The research attempt may
explore the various problems, advantages, and potential obstacles associated with the
implementation of technological advancements such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors,

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artificial intelligence (AI), and predictive analytics. The analysis presented herein has the
potential to provide significant contributions to the understanding of the evolution of port
operations within the context of digitalization.
5.7:2: Emerged Topics or Dimensions During Analysis

The results of this study have shed light on certain aspects that require additional
investigation, enhancing our comprehension of the intricacies involved in port
administration and identifying prospective opportunities for enhancement.
Internal and external factors refer to the various elements that can influence a certain
phenomenon or situation. These factors can be categorized into two broad categories:
internal factors, which are those that originate within the system or organization being The
findings of the study highlight the intricate relationship between internal factors, such as
management practices, and external factors, such as trade volume, in influencing the
issues faced by ports. This discovery implies a promising area for further academic
investigation. The examination of the complex interplay among these variables and their
diverse effects on different ports can yield a detailed understanding of the underlying
mechanisms governing port efficiency and resilience.
The rise of the Port of Cabinda as a specialized port centering on oil-related trade presents
an opportunity for scholarly investigation of the causes contributing to its success and the
obstacles it faces. The examination of the possibility of diversification within specialized
ports, while capitalizing on their distinct advantages, has the potential to enhance our
holistic comprehension of how ports might strategically adjust to evolving trade patterns.
5.7:3: Contribution to Future Studies

The findings obtained from this study have the capacity to make a substantial impact on
the direction of future research efforts in the field of port management and maritime
logistics. For instance, the comprehensive investigation of port challenges from a holistic
perspective which encompasses both operational and strategic aspects, has the potential
to serve as a source of inspiration for future researchers seeking to take a comprehensive
viewpoint in their examination of difficulties associated with ports. Through the analysis of
many perspectives, scholars have the ability to formulate comprehensive approaches
aimed at improving port efficiency and resolving operational obstacles. Additionally, the

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adaptability of recommendations derived from the analysis in this research provides a

framework for evaluating their applicability in various regional and developmental settings.
Subsequent research attempts may delve into the applicability of these principles in
diverse developing countries while considering the influence of indigenous elements and
limitations. This comparison investigation has the potential to yield useful insights
regarding the universality of measures aimed at improving port performance.
5.8: Chapter Summary

Chapter Five provides a comprehensive analysis that delves deeply into the complexities
of the research objectives established in Chapter One. The primary objective of this study
is to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the import and export efficiency of various
ports in Angola, specifically focusing on container operations. The primary objective is to
offer a thorough comprehension of the difficulties and opportunities that define the port
landscape in Angola. Furthermore, the chapter makes significant connections between
the research findings acquired and the current body of scholarly work in the field of port
administration and trade dynamics. The discourse commences by examining the unique
difficulties and opportunities presented by each port, while also establishing linkages to
the wider body of literature. The chapter aims to examine many challenges, including
congestion, infrastructure deficiencies, administrative intricacies, and their influence on
container operations, with the intention of illuminating viable options for enhancement.
The findings of the study shed light on significant insights pertaining to the import and
export performance of ports in Angola. Common obstacles arise at different ports,
encompassing issues such as congestion, insufficient infrastructure, administrative
intricacies, and restricted port depth. The aforementioned issues are closely
interconnected with external factors such as trade volumes, as well as internal factors
including managerial practices and investment decisions. Furthermore, it is crucial to
prioritize the resolution of these difficulties in order to optimize the overall efficiency of
each port, considering their distinct advantages such as strategic positioning or
specialized capabilities.
The report presents practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the operational
effectiveness of Angolan ports in response to the highlighted difficulties. The
recommendations outlined in this proposal involve the implementation of various

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measures to enhance the efficiency of customs clearance procedures by adopting

technological advancements, improving port infrastructure to accommodate larger ships,
fostering the development of human resources through training programs, integrating
digital solutions to optimize operations, and exploring sustainable funding options to
support initiatives aimed at improving ports. The aforementioned recommendations have
been customized to effectively tackle particular obstacles, while yet adhering to prevailing
themes found in scholarly works. These themes encompass the significance of
contemporary infrastructure, integration of technology, and the presence of a proficient
workforce.
The insights derived from this study not only enhance our awareness of the difficulties and
opportunities present in the port landscape of Angola but also open up avenues for future
research possibilities. Possible areas for future research could involve analyzing the
effects of improved connectivity and infrastructure development in the hinterland on the
performance of ports, studying the adoption and integration of advanced technologies in
port operations, and investigating the complex relationship between internal and external
factors that contribute to challenges faced by ports. Furthermore, the recommendations
proposed by the study provide a basis for examining their applicability in various settings
and for investigating the extent to which tactics for improving port performance are
universally effective in different economies.

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Chapter Six: Conclusion

6.1: Introduction

In the previous chapters, this research article extensively explored the complex terrain of
Angolan ports, with a special emphasis on the effectiveness of container import and export
operations. The purpose of the paper was to explore and comprehend the intricate nature,
difficulties, and potential advantages associated with these ports. These ports play a
crucial role in linking Angola to the worldwide network of trade. During the course of the
research, a qualitative analysis of the operational efficiency and effectiveness of
prominent Angolan ports, including Luanda, Cabinda, Lobito, Namibe, Soyo, and Porto
Amboim was conducted. The main goal was to identify themes, variations, and common
challenges within these port facilities. This chapter represents the apex of this research
activity, whereby the developed information is incorporated, deliberate over its
implications, and provides a thorough and conclusive summary.
In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the results of the research, it is
essential to reexamine the study goals that have served as the fundamental principles
driving our inquiry from its start. The main objective of this research paper was to provide
a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential advantages associated
with the port infrastructure in Angola, with a special focus on container operations. The
goal was to analyze the effectiveness of import and export operations at these ports, with
the aim of adding to the existing body of knowledge on port administration, trade
efficiency, and marine logistics. The aforementioned aims provided the framework around
which this research was built.
6.2 Reflection

The research paper indicated that the ports in Angola are currently facing a critical point
in their development, as they navigate a multifaceted environment characterized by
several difficulties and opportunities. Their primary objective is to enhance the efficiency
of container import and export operations, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted flow of
goods. Port of Luanda stands as the largest and busiest port, fostering strong ties with
nations like China, the United States, Brazil, and Portugal due to its strategic location and
robust infrastructure. Port of Lobito, the second-largest, plays a pivotal role in regional

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trade, particularly for landlocked neighbors like Zambia and the Democratic Republic of
Congo. Meanwhile, Port of Namibe serves as a niche port primarily handling mineral
exports. The ports, such as Luanda and Lobito, have numerous challenges that
necessitate strategic interventions and innovative solutions. The main concern among
these difficulties is the critical problem of insufficient infrastructure. The aforementioned
inadequacy, which has been found in multiple ports, is characterized by a lack of sufficient
berth capacity, underdeveloped container yards, and limited storage facilities. The
presence of these deficiencies gives rise to bottlenecks, which in turn lead to reduced
levels of commerce and compromised levels of operational efficiency.
Luanda, as the principal hub for the import and export of goods in Angola, experiences
the majority of these difficulties. The increase in trade operations has resulted in extended
periods for vessels to complete their turnaround, impeding the efficient handling of
containers and thus diminishing the overall trade effectiveness of the port. The presence
of outdated infrastructure compounds these challenges, hence requiring immediate
measures towards modernization. Notwithstanding these limitations, Luanda possesses
a key geographical advantage. The close proximity of the location to key shipping routes
and its inherent potential for coastal trade offer substantial prospects for expansion. By
placing a higher emphasis on transshipment activities and improving the operations of
coastal commerce, Luanda has the potential to utilize its distinctive geographical location
to greatly enhance its capacity for importing and exporting goods.
The Port of Cabinda encounters a unique array of obstacles due to its status as an enclave
situated in close proximity to Angola's crucial oil reserves. The development of a more
balanced trading portfolio is important due to the inherent volatility of oil markets, hence
posing a distinct challenge. The port is confronted with the intricate task of effectively
managing imports and exports related to oil, all the while working to diversify its trading
operations. Notwithstanding these limitations, the geographical advantage of Cabinda
presents an opportunity for strategic expansion. Through the allocation of resources
towards specialized infrastructure for non-oil commodities and the facilitation of
manufacturing and industrial activities, Cabinda has the potential to undergo a significant
transformation into a multifunctional port, capable of catering to a wide range of purposes.

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This strategic evolution is in accordance with the existing body of research that supports
the establishment of specialized ports in regions abundant in resources.
In addition, ports such as Namibe, Soyo, and Porto Amboim encounter a distinct array of
obstacles, mostly centered on limited accessibility to inland areas and inadequate depth
within the ports. The aforementioned limits hinder their capacity to accommodate larger
vessels, hence exacerbating the constraints on their trade possibilities.
To enhance collaboration with neighboring countries, Angola should invest in transport
infrastructure and improve road and rail connections to landlocked neighboring to facilitate
trade, promote diplomatic efforts to improve political stability in the region, which can
positively impact trade relations, and establish joint economic zones and trade corridors
to streamline cross-border trade and reduce trade barriers. The significance of hinterland
connections in enhancing the economic power of a port cannot be exaggerated. Each of
these ports necessitates a customized approach to effectively tackle the unique issues it
presents. For example, Namibe has the potential to strengthen its regional commercial
influence by placing emphasis on initiatives that boost connectivity with the surrounding
inland areas. This can be achieved through the implementation of projects aimed at
improving road and rail infrastructure. In a similar vein, both Soyo and Porto Amboim have
the potential to undertake dredging projects aimed at augmenting container depth, so
facilitating the accommodation of larger boats and ultimately enhancing their trading
capacities.
When addressing these difficulties, it is crucial to employ a comprehensive and
multifaceted strategy. One of the key areas that necessitates attention is the procedures
related to customs clearance. The administrative barriers linked to the process of customs
clearance present a substantial impediment to the effective flow of commodities.
Significant reductions in customs clearance wait times can be achieved by simplifying
customs procedures and reducing bureaucratic hurdles, hence streamlining these
processes. The potential of integrating technology-driven solutions, such as electronic
document submission and real-time tracking systems, is significant in this context to
expedite cargo clearance.
Regarding exports capabilities, Angola can focus on value-added processing and
diversifying its exports beyond oil and minerals into sectors like agriculture,

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manufacturing, and services, invest in research and development to improve product

quality and competitiveness, and expand access to international markets through trade
agreements and market research.
Another crucial aspect that warrants attention is the restoration and improvement of
infrastructure. The inadequacies pertaining to dock capacity, container yards, and storage
facilities necessitate the implementation of modernization initiatives. This involves the
enhancement of container terminals, the enlargement of berths to accommodate larger
vessels, and the augmentation of storage space. These measures are crucial in facilitating
a higher level of trade volume and improving the overall effectiveness of port operations.
The utilization of technology and innovation is crucial in this process. Investments in
information and communication technology (ICT) systems have the potential to streamline
procedures, minimize bureaucratic hurdles, and facilitate the integration of human and
automated processes.
The significance of human resource management in port operations is clearly evident.
The insufficiency of skilled and appropriately educated personnel presents a substantial
barrier. To effectively tackle this difficulty, it is imperative to execute training programs,
establish partnerships with educational institutions, and undertake initiatives for talent
development. The attainment of optimal port performance is heavily reliant on the
presence of a proficient labor force.
The implementation of technological advancements plays a crucial role in enhancing
operational efficiency within port facilities. The incorporation of digital technologies, such
as electronic data exchange systems and advanced container tracking systems, has the
potential to enhance transparency, expedite administrative procedures, and optimize
container logistics. The aforementioned technology improvements serve to narrow the
divide between conventional procedures and the requirements of contemporary, digitized
commercial operations.
The identification of sustainable funding availability is recognized as a critical factor in
efficiently addressing the diverse challenges encountered by ports in Angola. The
allocation of financial resources towards initiatives focused on developing ports is crucial
for bolstering their performance, competitiveness, and long-term viability. Public-Private
Partnerships (PPPs) and the attraction of foreign direct investment are feasible options

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for obtaining the necessary financial resources to support port modernization activities
and to respond effectively to a possible growth in demand for imports and exports. These
collaborations not only generate essential financial resources but also introduce novel
approaches and managerial strategies to port operations.
The success of ports is heavily influenced by strategic posture and geographic advantage.
The Port of Luanda derives substantial advantages from its strategic proximity to crucial
marine trade routes. The port's advantageous location as a prominent hub for the import
and export of goods in Angola situates it advantageously within the global commerce
network. This advantage can be enhanced to a greater extent by engaging in
collaborations and forming partnerships with neighboring countries. By cultivating more
robust economic partnerships with neighboring nations, Angola has the potential to
access untapped markets, broaden its trade portfolio, and bolster import and export
operations. The adoption of a collaborative strategy has the potential to yield mutually
advantageous results, fostering both economic expansion and regional integration.
The implementation of policy and regulatory reforms is crucial in establishing a conducive
environment for import and export activities in Angola. This include the optimization of
administrative operations, the establishment of uniform processes, and the integration of
digital technologies. To address the challenges related to documentation, it is imperative
to undertake a thorough overhaul of existing processes, which entails embracing digital
technologies and establishing uniform protocols. The adoption of a Single Port Window
(JUP) represents a significant advancement in streamlining administrative processes. The
integration of this platform holds significant promise for enhancing collaboration and
communication, hence expediting the overall process. Nevertheless, successful
implementation necessitates collaboration among diverse stakeholders, encompassing
governmental entities, corporate entities, and technology providers.
6.3: Implications for Future Research

The research process in this paper does not reach its culmination with
these recommendations. Rather, this development presents promising opportunities for
further investigation, serving as an incentive for academics and decision-makers to
explore the intricacies of port administration and marine supply chain operations. One of
the emerging topics of discussion is the development of connectivity and infrastructure in

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hinterland regions. The investigation of the relationship between the expansion of

transportation infrastructure in the hinterland, such as roads, railways, and inland
waterways, and its influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of port operations offers
a compelling direction for future academic inquiry. Conducting comparative evaluations
across ports that possess different levels of hinterland connectivity may provide valuable
insights into the most effective strategies for improving inland linkages.
Additionally, the research on the integration of sophisticated technologies, such as
Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and predictive analytics, into
port operations deserves more investigation. Conducting research on the problems,
rewards, and possible hurdles related to these technology improvements might enhance
our understanding of port digitalization.
The interplay between internal and external elements is also a subject of considerable
importance, as it involves the intricate link between internal factors, such as management
practices and investment choices, and external ones, such as trade volumes and
economic circumstances. This relationship warrants a comprehensive examination to get
a deeper understanding. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the interplay and
impact of these factors on port efficiency may provide significant insights for policymakers
and port authorities.
On the other hand, the study dimension of specialist ports, such as Cabinda, which
primarily concentrates on oil-related commerce, presents a significant area of interest.
Examining the factors that contribute to the success of specialized ports and the obstacles
they encounter might provide insights into approaches for diversifying these ports while
using their distinct advantages.
Lastly, the contribution to future studies is a topic of great significance and interest within
academic circles. It encompasses the examination and analysis of many factors that may
shape and impact the future trajectory of our society, environment, and technology. In this
case, the study results possess the capacity to shape the trajectory of future research
initiatives in the field of port management and marine logistics. This research offers a
thorough analysis that encompasses both operational and strategic dimensions. It might
serve as a valuable resource for researchers who want to take a complete approach while
studying port difficulties. The suggestions derived from this research further provide a

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framework for assessing their suitability in various geographical and developmental

contexts. Future research initiatives may explore the potential application of these ideas
inside diverse developing nations, taking into account local features and limitations. The
possibility for useful insights regarding the universality of measures targeted at enhancing
port performance exists within this comparative research.
6.4: Chapter Summary

In this section of this research paper, the complex landscape of Angolan ports, including
their global trade importance as well as the operational obstacles and prospects they
provide were explored. The results have shown an array of obstacles, including issues
such as congestion, flaws in infrastructure, complexity in administration, and limitations in
port depth. The aforementioned problems are closely interconnected with both external
and internal elements that have an impact on the functioning of ports. Nevertheless,
among these obstacles are prospects for development, capitalizing on strategic
placement, geographical benefits, historical importance, and enhanced connection with
surrounding regions.
The culmination of our expedition is a collection of pragmatic suggestions, intricately
customized to tackle the distinct conditions of each harbor, while still adhering to prevalent
concepts in academic discourse. The aforementioned ideas provide a strategic framework
for improving the efficiency of import and export operations. Furthermore, our study has
substantial consequences for prospective investigations, including the examination of
hinterland connection and technological progress, as well as the comprehension of the
intricate relationship between internal and external aspects and the dynamics of
specialized ports.
In conclusion, this study work envisions a prospective scenario in which Angolan ports,
bolstered by practical techniques and ongoing scholarly investigation, develop as
prominent facilitators of trade effectiveness and economic advancement. These ports will
not only facilitate Angola's global connectivity but also serve as exemplars for other
emerging economies aiming to optimize the capabilities of their maritime gateways. The
trip undertaken does not reach its conclusion at this point; rather, it establishes the
trajectory for a thriving and dynamic area of study focused on comprehending the

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intricacies of port management and marine logistics. Ultimately, this research attempt
aims to foster a more interconnected and affluent global community.
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document/aldc2018_ComDipl_Angola_prog_en.pdf
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and-sea-ports
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Port’s Infrastructure on the Shippers’ Decisions. Sustainability, 14(10), Article 10.
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Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031089

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Appendixes
Interviews:

Name: Alberto Antonio Bengue

Position: Chairman of the Board of Directors
Company: Port of Luanda

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: I only work in the Port of Luanda.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: I have extensive experience in various port domains, including port management,

logistics, operations, terminal management, marketing, etc.

3. Which ports in Angola are considered very well connected? Which ones have a very

weak connection?

A: Angola's ports are all well connected as they have a vast hinterland. They only differ in

that they have degraded infrastructures.

In this case, the ports of Poto Amboim and Soyo need modernization to become more

active.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: As I reported in the previous point, the following problems are identified in all ports in

Angola:

» degraded infrastructures

» degraded superstructures

" human resource Management

» inefficient information and communication technology system

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» lack of investments

5. In your opinion, what are the most difficult barriers to import and export in Angola? How

can they be overtaken?

A: The process of customs clearance of containers in ports, despite the evolution of

systems, is still considered incipient. It is necessary to reduce bureaucracy so that

importers and exporters can withdraw and export with the necessary speed.

6. How do these problems affect container imports and exports and how can they be

overcome?

A: Now, for the removal of containers in port areas, importers go through a bureaucratic

process far below expectations, starting with the bank, freight forwarder, shipping agent,

official forwarding agent, ports, port terminals and/or secured warehouse to the final

consumer . It is considered a long trajectory.

In modern ports, despite the implementation of the single port and logistics window, in

order to reduce bureaucracy in this process, everything involves handling a single

document for the procedure for importing and exporting containers.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: There are six ports in Angola, namely, the Port of Luanda, Cabinda, Lobito, Namibe,

Soyo and Porto Amboim. All of them with hinterlands serving the various provinces of the

country. They have road-rail access and well-defined airports within the scope of the

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Master Plan for the Development of the Transport Sector in Angola. Only the ports of

Soyo, Cabinda and Porto Amboim do not immediately have rail connections.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: Angola is a country located in Southern Africa and is geostrategically well located with

the American continent, Europe, Africa and with easy connections to Asia, through the

Suez Canal in Egypt and/or Cape of Good Hope in South Africa to cross the Indian Ocean

which allows the fast passage of containers to everyone from Angola and vice versa.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: In addition to the General Master Plan for Transport in Angola, each Angolan port has

its Master Plan which defines the exploration and expansion projects of the port itself, as

well as the programmed productivity levels in view of the investments to be made to

achieve efficiency. and effectiveness projected into it.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capacity to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: Angola is predominantly an import country, around 80% of the cargo passes through

the Port of Luanda, with only 20% going through the other ports. A country with a long

coastline and a vast central plateau, and fertile lands that allow the production of goods

and services able to satisfy the population and the rest to serve for export.

Angola urgently needs to invest in removing barriers to private sector investment to

achieve economic diversification in order to support growth, job creation and poverty

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reduction. There is a need to import more raw materials and equipment that will allow for

an increase in local production, reducing imports and increasing exports.

Name: Filipe Manuel João

Position: Shift Boss
Company: SOGESTER, SA

1.In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: I work at SOGESTER, SA – Terminal at Port of Luanda.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: Fourteen (14) years of experience.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: The best connected port in Angola is the port of Luanda, as it is the largest port, with

modernized facilities/infrastructures, technology and equipment (machinery) that are

close to internationally required standards. For this reason, it is the port responsible for

more than 80% of the cargo handled in the country, with a total of 3800 operations per

year, corresponding to 13 million tons. Next are the ports of Lobito and Namibe. The port

with the weakest connection is Cabinda, on the opposite of what was mentioned above.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: The main problems of Angolan ports are Infrastructure, equipment (machinery),

technology and security that do not follow international standards.

5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

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A: They reduce the cargo handling capacity in the ports, and as a consequence the

increase in the waiting time of the ships (congestion). It is necessary for ports to invest

more and more in technological innovation, in the rehabilitation of infrastructures, in the

acquisition of new equipment (machinery) that guarantee greater efficiency in cargo

handling, in security, in the training of their human capital, so that these problems are

outdated.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: In my opinion, the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola are customs

regulations and fees, excessive bureaucracy in processes, and unfavorable customs

tariffs. They can be overcome with the construction of more free zones, a government

initiative project, which consists of an isolated and delimited region within a country,

usually located in a port or proximity, where national or foreign goods enter without being

subject to laws. normal customs tariffs; also with the reduction of bureaucracy in customs

procedures.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A:

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

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A: Geographical location plays a preponderant role in the competitiveness of Angolan

ports, it depends on some factors that make some more attractive and competitive than

others, such as the type of market in a region (export or import), the logistics to be to be

applied, the centers of consumption and production and the main traffic routes, a fact

associated with issues of regional economic development and the structure of the logistics

chain in which the port is incorporated.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A:

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: Increasing domestic production - promoting entrepreneurship, with funding for projects

in the non-oil sector - ; committing itself to the construction, rehabilitation and expansion

of transport infrastructure, connecting all provinces and municipalities, and at the same

time making the country more attractive to investors.

Name: Francisco Martins

Position: Head of Customs Inspection Department
Company: AGT – Administração Geral Tributaria

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: My work area is the customs inspection area, and because of that we have contact with

each of the ports that moves goods and beyond.

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2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: My experience is not the same as an importer or exporter. It is more associated with

the control over all the goods that arrive in Angola. When the importer is interested in

importing goods, he goes to the Ministry of Commerce, where he gets a license to import

the goods he is interested in bringing to Angola. Then, he goes to the process of

purchasing the goods. After the goods arriving, the importer constitutes a dispatcher who

is responsible for collecting the goods in the Ports. Then it goes to customer clearance

phase. If there is any problem with the goods, it goes to the red channel, but if there is no

problem, it goes to the green channel. After all payments has been made, the importer

can go to the Port and collect the goods.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: I believe all ports are very well connected because we are always dealing with importers

from each one of the ports, but the Port of Luanda I believe is the most well connected.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: Because I work in the inspection area, I do not have an answer about the main problems

in the ports.

5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: I do not have an answer for that.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

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A: I believe that the bureaucracy that exists, even from Government institutions which

have direct intervention in the foreign trade chain.

It ends up being one of the elements that makes the import and export process very

difficult. For example, there is the issue of authorizations, that sometimes authorizations

can take much longer than it should. And then we also have the fact that Angola has not

yet implemented the single window for foreign trade, which in some way would facilitate,

in order to obtain an authorization or to be able to process everything.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: Port of Luanda comes first, of course, because it is in the capital of Angola. Then comes

the Port of Lobito, which also has a very large volume. Third comes the Port of Namibe,

and then the Port of Cabinda. This last one, unfortunately, because of the sea depth, does

not attract too many importers and exporters. For this reason, the transshipment of the

goods is still a little difficult. From there Porto Caio is also being built. This is not going to,

somehow, also bring a certain volume of processing. For now, Cabinda, for example,

depends 100% on wheat, but a large part of the goods that leave here are sent there in

national transit or transfer, as well as in the port of Ponta Negra, which is the closest. The

ports actually live on concessions. In other words, we have the port of Luanda, but the

unloading points, unloading of goods and everything else are conditioned to other private

entities. For example, here in Luanda we have four terminals, we have the Multiterminais,

we have Unicargas, we have Sogester and we have DPWorld. The other, all of them are

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private. Yes, of course they respond to Port of Luanda. In terms of infrastructure, I want

to believe that the Port of Luanda is still in first place.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: I believe that all of our Ports are well located in terms of proximity to major global trade

routes, and because there are neighbouring countries that don’t have Ports, our Ports can

serve as gateways for these countries providing them with seaborne trade.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: I don’t know if it is already in order, but I know about one project where there are

supposed to be an expansion of the Port of Luanda to Barra do Dande. I also heard about

Port of Caio that is being built in Cabinda to allow the arrival of bigger ships.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: I think there is a Decree that present indicators or measures that could in fact

encourage exports to grow in Angola. In fact, there is a plan that the Government drew up

with the aim of actually guaranteeing that satisfaction, exporting more than importing.

Name: Isabel Celestina Sanda

Position: Head of the Accounting and Budget Control Department
Company: Port of Cabinda

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

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A: I have worked and work only in the Port of Cabinda.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: My experience with regard to imports and exports is where our country's trade and

livelihood base is based.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: Port of Luanda, Port of Lobito, these are well connected, Port of Cabinda has a medium

connection due to geographical discontinuity

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: The main problems of the Ports of Angola are the following, speaking of the port of

Cabinda, they are the infrastructures and supra-structures that it presents.

5. How do these problems affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: These problems greatly affect imports on those large-caliber ships that cannot call our

port due to the lack of conditions for a deep-water port to be overcome.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: In my opinion, the biggest barriers are focused on inflation, to be overcome, it is enough

for the BNA to fix the exchange rate and improve the infrastructures and supra-structures

that facilitate this.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

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processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: In terms of overall efficiency compared to other ports, Porto do Lobito is the Port of

Luanda, they are in first place, followed by Porto do Soyo, Namibe and Cabinda.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: The geographic location plays a role in influencing the competitiveness of the ports,

because it facilitates the importer in containing the import or export time.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: The reality that I live in Cabinda, is that a deep water port is currently under construction

in the village of Caio, this will improve the attraction of several investors and importers

and in turn improve the living conditions of the populations.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: To strengthen export capacity, Angola must export more of its products and produce

with quality at low prices and reduce imports of existing products in our country and

produce with.

Name: Jeronimo Cambalanganja

Position: Director of Customs Services
Company: AGT – Administração Geral Tributaria

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1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: I’ve worked more time with Port of Luanda, from customs side, and I also know the Port

of Lobito.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: With the customs area it's been more than ten years. During this period, there were

many changes in terms of customs and, recently, the service at the port of Luanda, which

in this case represents the best port in the country, supports all types of goods. Over these

ten years I have seen an improvement in customs clearance time regarding the

bureaucratic level with regard to imports. This is because systems were introduced that

allowed the process to be less bureaucratic, with this system we have less human

intervention which makes the import and export process faster. As for the port of Luanda,

it has been around 2/3 years since the departure of goods has been carried out using

systems that already share information with customs clearance. Today it is possible to

clear merchandise in 1 or 2 days, when 5 years ago it took 15 days, because there are

not so many intervenient in the category. Today we have reduced time, reduced costs,

and the base rate is always the dollar, whether paid in kwanzas or not. Also, as we now

have less goods in ports, as customs clearance is faster, this has greatly reduced the loss

of goods in ports.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: All Angolan Ports are well connected because we have a lot of landlock countries

nearby and we can serve as transit to take goods to these countries.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

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A: The chain cannot be seen in isolation, if we see it in isolation the port will say that it has

no problems and the AGT will also say that it has no problems. If you are only talking

about the ports, I believe they are working well, mainly the ports of Luanda and Lobito,

and just walking around the port you will see fewer trucks as you used to see and if you

look at our shore you will see a reduced number of ships, as they now take less time to

clear customs, today a ship can unload in 15/20 days, whereas before the process was

manual, the registration was manual, so it would not come out like it does today in 15

days. Of course, it is necessary to improve the issue of space in the terminals, the DP

world terminal, which is the most terminal in the port of Luanda, has already swallowed

up the whole area of Boa Vista, and I think that this would be one of the major problems

of the ports.

5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: Terminals need more space, logistics need to be improved, better infrastructure is

needed.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: The currency fluctuation is one of the biggest problems. Since imports and exports

works only in US dollars, we will always have a problem with limited money for it, and the

fluctuation of the dollar can increase the cost of payments. Angola also has faced

challenges with transportation infrastructure, including road networks, railways, and as

mentioned before, terminal space. Some investments in this area could be a potential

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solution to this infrastructure problem. Diversification of the economy and reduce the

dependence on oil could also help to stabilize the currency.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: Luanda is the largest port, it imports more than it exports, but it is the port that is best

prepared in terms of technology, infrastructure and connectivity. The Port of Namibe is

the one who has more exports than imports. The Lobito corridor was awarded to be

improved after it will connect with Namibe. The main logistics platform planned for the

Lobito and Caala corridors. We are working on a logistical platform which is Lufo's, we

have joined customs warehouses and logistical platforms. Firstly, to reduce costs for the

governments themselves, secondly, because we were doing almost the same thing with

the same money, so we decided to join together. But platforms are not enough, today

there are already distribution centers called CLOD, but they do not work as they should

because there are other logistical problems and in the transport of goods. We still have

the challenges of the road, ensuring that this logistics, both storage and distribution and

transport, works. While we do not hear an integrated work we will still have these

challenges.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: The ports only work if they have connectivity. Angola is easy as long as there are

several chords. We are strategically well positioned at sea level because we border

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landlocked and semi landlocked countries, and the political stability of Angola facilitates

and makes our ports attractive, which is why our ports also serve as transit for other

goods, the port of Namibe is now handling both the import and export of precious stones,

allows the transit of minerals. In terms of strategic position, our ports are well positioned,

we just need to secure new political agreements with our neighbouring countries.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: At the moment, the Port of Cabinda is under construction, an expansion is being made

to the port to allow it to receive large ships, considered the port of Caio. The port of namibe

also has an expansion project underway. It is a large and ambitious project to expand.

The port of Lobito has recently expanded to improve the oil sector. The port of Luanda will

also be expanded to Barra do Dande, Sonangol is responsible for these works.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: We have to have quantity to export. We don't need to be 100% self-sufficient to start

exporting. It is not enough just to have quantity to export, but we also have to have quality.

Angola is one of the countries that can export to Great Britain free of charge, but we cannot

just export without being sure of the quality of our products. We have to have laboratories

to guarantee this quality so that we can compete with others, or we run the risk of

happening as it already happens with our biggest exporter of mangoes that took one day

and the next day the mangoes returned due to lack of quality. Have you ever seen what

it costs to charter a plane and then have your merchandise returned? It was very sad, I

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had with you at that time, and that made you learn. We also need to invest in producers.

Producers should not worry about logistics, roads, laboratories. It is a whole set for things

to be done properly.

Name: Luís Cristóvão

Position: Customer Support Coordinator
Company: Sogester S.A

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: Luanda Port - Sogester Terminal

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: About 50 to 70% of the containerized goods that enter and leave Angola pass through

the Sogester terminal, which gives us vast experience in this line of work: Export. We also

manage the Namibe terminal, where around 80% of the activity is exported granite to

Europe and Asia.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: The very well connected points are: Luanda, Namibe, Benguela and Fronteira do Luvu

in the province of Zaire. The ones with the weakest connections are the points of Namibe

and Luvu. They need more investment both in human capital and in infrastructure.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: In my opinion, it is the bureaucracy in acquiring the documentation, since there are

many entities involved in the import and export process.

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5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: The bureaucracy in the legalization of goods entails a lot of costs and this ends up

negatively affecting the final consumer. One of the solutions is the implementation and

enforcement of the JUP – Single Port Window. A program where the various entities can

be connected and importers can access and obtain the intended services, such as:

Obtaining invoices.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: Bureaucracy to obtain the documents needed for the process. Communication and new

rules can be the solution to this problems.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: Straight to the point: Sogester is the most efficient port terminal in handling the import

and export of containers in Angola, due to the investment made in human capital and

infrastructure.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A:

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9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: There are future plans to develop new port facilities in Angola, yes, located in Barra do

Dande in the province of Bengo. This could have a positive impact on import and export

operations, as the area has a deep draft that will allow larger ships to berth, capable of

loading and unloading a greater number of containers.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: This could happen if there is more and more investment in national production; In

encouraging national investment by local and foreign businessmen.

Name: Manuel Esteves

Position: Non-Executive Administrator
Company: Porto of Namibe

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

A: I work at the Port Company of Namibe-E.P.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: Considering the time working in Porto, my experience with import and export is positive.

In years gone by, the Port of Namibe was mainly an importing port, that is, imports

represented more than 80% of the cargo handled, exports represented only 15%.

However, the scenario was considerably inverted, at that moment, exports represent

approximately 86%, while imports represent 15% of the merchandise handled in the port.

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Currently, the Port of Namibe is the one that exports the most in Angola, taking into

account that, in the provinces of Huíla and Cuando Cubango, there has been a growth of

the private industrial sector with the emergence of new units for the production and

transformation of rocks ornamentals, Iron Ore and derivatives namely, Pig Iron.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: The Ports of Angola are very well connected, and each port serves a certain point in

the region, the country, the continent and the world.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: Angolan Ports, unfortunately, cannot keep up with the accelerated pace of the

International Maritime-Port market. As main problems I can point out the following:

• Weak investment in rehabilitation and modernization in port infrastructure and

superstructures;

• Low volume of goods;

• Excessive bureaucracy in certain situations;

• Weak investment and technological improvement;

• Weak investment in land accessibility;

• Weak commitment to intermodality, which consists of combining different means of

transport (road, rail and air). Note that the lack of harmony between the different modes

involved in the transport chain and the difficulties in accessing production areas, weaken

national ports.

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5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: The problems mentioned above, have made National Ports less attractive, and greatly

affect imports and exports, considering that they lose ship and goods traffic to competing

and competitive ports that offer more efficient and effective services.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: I believe that points 4 and 10 answer the question.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: Despite the low investment registered in the different Ports of Angola, it is possible to

verify that there are Ports that stand out, since they have made efforts to carry out some

investments in the scope of infrastructures, superstructures, security, technology and

innovation, among other areas. , with the aim of providing quality services to customers

who demand the port.

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: Geographical location plays a key role in the selection phase of a port, in this sense,

Angolan ports are located in strategic areas, are close to important trade routes, have

favorable and “enviable” natural characteristics, with depths enough to dock medium and

large ships.

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9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: There are plans to build and expand port facilities in Angola, at the moment, in the Port

of Namibe, an ambitious project called the “Integrated Development Project of the Bay of

Moçâmedes” is being carried out, which includes, among other works, the construction of

the Terminal of Containers and the New Pier Bridge at the Mineral Terminal in Saco mar,

specialized for the export of ore and its derivatives. The construction of the container

terminal will have a very positive impact on Angola, taking into account that it is estimated

that the Port of Namibe will be able to handle approximately 85 thousand TEUs per year.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: Angola must carry out a thorough assessment of its technical/financial and human

capacities, in order to make the indispensable investments in the sectors of agriculture,

farming, industry, transport and services, considering the importance that each sector

mentioned above represents for the diversification of the economy . In this way, the

country will become less dependent on foreign countries and will produce surpluses to

export.

Name: Mateus Hilario Mambo

Position: Dead of Port Operations Department
Company: Port of Cabinda

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?

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A: Port of Cabinda.

2. What is your professional import and export experience?

A: With regard to these components, imports and exports, it should be stated that imports

and exports are the two fundamental objects to boost the productivity of ports in general

and make them competitors and with greater demand for importers. Therefore, without

these elements there is no reason for us to have ports competing. I work in the operations

area of the port of Cabinda and I have extensive experience, mainly with imports.

3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a

very weak connection? Why?

A: Port of Luanda and Port of Lobito. Those that have a weak connection are the ports of

Cabinda, Namibe and Soyo. For example, speaking of the port of Cabinda, as it does not

have the capacity to accommodate large ships, as it does not have a deep water terminal,

the demand for imports and exports is very weak. But it could also be the case that other

ports have better infrastructure but because they are located in other regions, they also

have little adherence from importers and exporters.

4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?

A: Specifically speaking of the port where I work, the problems are enormous in terms of

infrastructure, super-structures, the lack of a deep water terminal for a better stopover for

large ships, adequate operational equipment for handling goods, boarding/ landing. As for

the other ports, the geographical position in which they are located causes little demand

and frequency, taking into account the maritime routes that the ships are scheduled for

their movements.

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5. How do these problems affect container imports and exports, and how can they be

overcome?

A: Improve and adapt a little bit of everything mentioned in question number 4, create

other methods for logistics to be more fluid, monetize waiting and working time in any of

the activities that are taking place in the ports.

6. In your opinion, what are the biggest barriers to import and export in Angola? How can

they be surpassed?

A: As for imports, one of the biggest problems is currency inflation against the dollar. The

impasse for importing in large quantities has been great, taking into account the lack of

foreign currency in the possession of importers; as is also the case with exports, as

payments are mostly made in foreign currency, and the lack of currency makes this whole

process difficult. These problems can be overcome by increasing the supply of foreign

currency to importers, improving infrastructure and working conditions with regard to new

port technologies.

7. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall

efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs

processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and

exports?

A: Once again, specifically speaking of the port of Cabinda, where I have carried out my

work activities for over 19 years, comparatively in terms of everything that is in question

number 7, the ports of Luanda and Lobito are much more advanced. Our reality in Cabinda

is quite different, we are operators of the same port and we have not yet reached the level

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of the port of Luanda, we do not have other modes such as railways, dry ports, deep water

terminals and with the capacity to receive any type of vessel. .

8. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan

ports for container import and export activities?

A: Geographical influence allows competition from other ports in the region and beyond,

demand is always greater as vessels can call more easily and more frequently, being on

a favorable maritime route, creates attraction for operating agents, customers, importers,

and still brings great social, economic and financial development to the region, country

and even the continent.

9. Are there plans or proposals for future developments or expansions of port facilities in

Angola? If so, how can these plans impact the overall picture of container import and

export operations in the country?

A: There are indeed plans for the development and expansion of port facilities in Angola.

In order to increase imports/exports in the country, it is necessary to be more efficient in

terms of service, to be able to respond on time, and as mentioned above, to improve the

infrastructure of the most needy ports.

10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification

and reduce dependence on imports?

A: Invest in agriculture, fishing, livestock, and in all other agricultural sectors; to create

factories for the transformation of these products, agricultural and livestock yeasts, to

have the capacity to create a base for acceptable logistics in the transformation and

evacuation of products from the field for transport; having a stable currency, giving value

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to our internal product, and having the human resources capable of meeting this

challenge.

Name: Nuno Fialho

Position: Logistics Director
Company: Afritruck (Road Transport Company)

1. In which Ports of Angola have you worked or with which ones do you work?
A: I have never worked in any port in Angola, we do work with the port of Luanda, and
only this one.
2. What is your professional import and export experience?
A: From the logistical operation of loading, transport and unloading to customs clearance.
3. Which of Angola's ports are considered to be very well connected? Which ones have a
very weak connection? Why?
A: Connectivity is null or almost null.
4. What are the main problems of Angolan ports?
A: Lack of speed in responding to customers, extremely high cost in applied fees,
communication failures between teams that affects customers tremendously.
5. How do these issues affect container imports and exports?
A: When there is too much bureaucracy, and too much time to be able to finalize all
operations are affected, in addition to the lack of communication between field teams and
lack of information that reaches the teams that are in the field.
6. Considering the problems identified, what potential strategies and interventions do you
think can be implemented to overcome these obstacles and improve port operations in
Angola?
A: We must understand and be able to identify the problems, if there is state-of-the-art
technology and the teams have access to it, it is a human problem, so it is necessary to
have constant training for existing staff and that new staff who enter are more qualified.
7. What are the main differences in container import and export volumes between the
main ports in Angola and what factors contribute to these variations?

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A: Difference in volumes? Export is almost 0, if the bureaucratic level is an endless

number of demands, either the export process becomes faster and less bureaucratic or it
will be impossible to increase exports.
8. In your opinion, how do the different ports in Angola compare in terms of overall
efficiency (operations, infrastructure, technology, land connectivity and access, customs
processes, security and sustainability) and ability to handle container imports and
exports?
A: The ports are well located, the technology is also state-of-the-art, there are some
accesses that are being improved, but there are several teams that are completely
disconnected, and with a total lack of knowledge of the service they are providing, and in
terms of security as well we can classify it as almost terrible, with constant episodes of
drunkenness of the elements on the ground.
9. What is the role of geographic location in influencing the competitiveness of Angolan
ports for container import and export activities?
A: The gap we have at the bureaucratic level and at the level of means of communication
still leaves us with a long way to go.
10. How can Angola strengthen its export capabilities to increase economic diversification
and reduce dependence on imports?
A: There is the project for the port of Barra do Dande, as previously mentioned, the main
problem is not the location of the port facilities. Reducing bureaucracy to attract more
exporters and creating research centers to be able to improve products for export.

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