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22 views26 pages

Lec 15

Uploaded by

mohamed22qq6652
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 1 (MA111)

Lecture # 15
Integration and Applications
INTRODUCTION
- Differential calculus arose from the tangent
problem.
- Integral calculus arose from a seemingly
unrelated problem—the area problem.

- The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


(FTC) establishes a connection between
the two branches of calculus—differential
calculus and integral calculus.
- The FTC gives the precise inverse
relationship between the derivative and the
integral.
- It was Newton and Leibniz who exploited this
relationship and used it to develop calculus
into a systematic mathematical method.
- In particular, they saw that the FTC
enabled them to compute areas and
integrals very easily without having to
compute them as limits of sums.
ANTI-DERIVATIVE
Anti-derivative:
A differentiable function F(x) is said to be an anti-derivative of
another function f(x) in an interval, if F’(x) = f(x) on that interval.

Examples:
(1) F(x) = x2 + C is an anti-derivative of f(x) = 2x because
F’(x) = (x2+c)’ = 2x = f(x)

(2) F(x) = sinx is an anti-derivative of f(x) = cosx

Remarks:
(1) If a function has an anti-derivative then, by adding arbitrary constants,
we obtain infinite number of anti-derivatives.
(2) If F(x) and G(x) are two anti-derivatives to a given function then
F(x) - G(x) = constant.
Integration by substitution
 The main challenge in using the rule is
to think of an appropriate substitution.
 You should try to choose u to be some function in
the integrand whose differential also occurs—except
for a constant factor.
 This was the case in Example 1.
• If that is not possible, try choosing u to be some
complicated part of the integrand—perhaps the
inner function in a composite function.
Finding the right substitution is a bit of an art.
It’s not unusual to guess wrong. If your first guess doesn’t
work, try another substitution.
Example

Evaluate  2 x  1 dx
Solution 1 :
Let u = 2x + 1. Then, du = 2 dx. So, dx = du/2.
Thus we have : du
 
2 x  1 dx  u
2
 12  u1 2 du
1 u3 2
  C
2 3/ 2
 13 u 3 2  C
 13 (2 x  1)3 2  C
Solution: 2
Another possible substitution is u  2x 1
Then, u2 = 2x + 1. So, 2u du = 2 dx.
Hence,
 2 x  1 dx   u u du
  u du2

3
u
 C
3
 3 (2 x  1)  C
1 32
Example
x
 Find
 1 4x 2
dx

Solution :
Let u = 1 – 4x2. Then, du = -8x dx. So, x dx = -1/8 du
and
x 1
 1 4x 2
dx   1
8  u
du   18  u 1 2 du

  18 (2 u )  C   14 1  4 x 2  C
Dr. Ahmad Moursy 26

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