Lecture 6 - Fall 2023-24

Chapter 19:The Kinetic Theory of Gases
(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)
• Lecture 5: Avogadro number, Ideal gas concept, work done by an ideal gas and related
problems.
• Lecture 6: Pressure, temperature and rms speed, translational
kinetic energy and related problems, degrees of freedom, internal
energy for ideal gas.
• Lecture 7: Molar specific heat at constant volume for an ideal gas molar specific heat at
constant pressure for an ideal gas, Relation between Cp and CV , degrees of freedom, related
problems.
• Lecture 8: Adiabetic expantion of an ideal gas and related problems. Topic distribution and
submission date announcement for the assignment.
Lecture 6
19-3 Pressure, temperature and rms speed :
Let n moles of an ideal gas be confined in a cubical
box of volume V = L3 at temperature T.
The N number of molecules of gas in the box are

moving in all directions (x,y,z) and with various
speeds (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , … . 𝒗𝑵 ) and consider only elastic
collisions with the walls of area 𝐿2 .
In one dimension (along x axis) change in momentum of a molecules due to the
collision with the wall
∆𝒑𝒙 = 𝒑𝒇 − 𝒑𝒊 = −𝒎𝒗𝒙 − 𝒎𝒗𝒙 = −𝟐𝒎𝒗𝒙
Hence the momentum delivered by one molecule to the wall during the collision is
∆𝒑𝒙 = 𝟐𝒎𝒗𝒙 , and the average rate of momentum transfer
𝒅𝒑
Applying Newton’s second (𝑭 = ) law, we get the total force on the
𝒅𝒕
shaded wall by all the molecules
2 2 2
𝑚𝑣𝑥1 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 𝑚𝑣𝑥𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = + + ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
2 2 2
𝑚𝑁 𝑣𝑥1 + 𝑣𝑥2 +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +𝑣𝑥𝑁
=
𝐿 𝑁
𝑚𝑛𝑁𝐴
= 𝑣𝑥2 𝑎𝑣𝑔 [As we know, 𝐍 = 𝐧𝐍𝐀
𝐿
The pressure generated by all the molecules on the wall is
𝐹𝑥 𝑛𝑚𝑁𝐴 𝑛𝑀
𝑝= = 𝑣𝑥2 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑥2 𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐿2 𝐿3 𝑉
where M and V are the molar mass and volume of the gas.
𝑝𝑉 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
Thus, 𝑣𝑥2 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = [pV=nRT]
𝑛𝑀 𝑛𝑀 𝑀
For N molecules (any gas, ideal or real): 3D (x, y, z - axes)
𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2

(𝑣 2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔+ (𝑣𝑦2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 + (𝑣𝑧2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔
(𝑣 2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔+ (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 + (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔

(𝑣 2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3(𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 [𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑧 ]
(𝑣 2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔
∴ (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
3
2
3𝑅𝑇
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 3(𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑀
Root Mean Square Velocity
𝟑𝑹𝑻
𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒗𝟐𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝑴
This is the relation between the rms speed of a microscopic property

and the temperature of a macroscopic property.
➢Check Point: do it by yourself!
19-4 Translational kinetic energy:
We consider a single molecule of an ideal gas as it moves around in the box but we now
assume that its speed changes when it collides with other molecules. Its translational kinetic
1
energy at any instant m𝑣 2 . Its average translational kinetic energy over the time,
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚(𝑣 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 𝑎𝑣𝑔
2 2
3𝑅𝑇
As we know, 𝑣 2 𝑎𝑣𝑔
2
= 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = .
𝑀
3𝑚 3𝑅 3
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑇 = 𝑘𝑇
2𝑀 2 𝑁𝐴 2
𝑀 𝑅
As we know, = 𝑁𝐴 and 𝑘 = .
𝑚 𝑁𝐴
Problem 18:
The temperature and pressure in the Sun’s atmosphere are 2.00x106 K and 0.0300 Pa.
Calculate the rms speed of free electrons (mass 9.11x10-31 kg) there, assuming they are an
ideal gas.
Solution:
3𝑅𝑇 3 × 8.31 × 2.00 × 106 6 m/s

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 9.53 × 10
𝑀 5.49 × 10−7
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 95, 00000 m/s
M = m𝑁𝐴 = 9.11x10-31 (6.023X1023)= 5.49 × 10−7 kg

Problem 25
Determine the average value of the translational kinetic energy of the molecule of an ideal
gas at temperatures (a) 0.00 0C and (b) 100 0C. What is the translational kinetic energy per
mole of an ideal gas at (c) 0.00 0C and (d) 100 0C?
Solution:
3 3 𝑅 3 8.314
(a) Kavg per molecule = 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑇= × 273.0 = 5.654 × 10−21 J
2 2 𝑁𝐴 2 6.022 ×1023
3 3 𝑅 3 8.314
(b) Kavg per molecule = 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑇= × 373.0 = 7.724 × 10−21 J
2 2 𝑁𝐴 2 6.022 ×1023
(c) Kavg per mole = Ka𝑣𝑔 𝑁𝐴 = 5.654 × 10−21 x 6.022 × 1023 = 3405 J
(d) Kavg per mole = Ka𝑣𝑔 𝑁𝐴 = 7.724 J × 10−21 x 6.022 × 1023 = 4651 J
Degrees of Freedom and
Equipartition of Energy:
• Every kind of molecule has a certain number f of degrees of
freedom, which are independent ways in which the molecules can
store energy. Each such degrees of freedom has associated with it-
1 1
on average- an energy of 2 𝑘𝑇 per molecule (or 2 𝑅𝑇 per mole).
• Gas molecules of all types has three degrees of translational
1
freedoms and on average, an associated energy of 3(2 𝑘𝑇) per
molecule.
• A monoatomic gas molecule does not rotate and has no rotational
motion (a single atom can not rotate like a top).
• A diatomic molecule can rotate like a top only about axes
perpendicular to the line connecting the atoms and not about that line
itself. Therefore, a diatomic molecule can have only two degrees of
rotational freedom and a rotational energy of only 2( 12𝑘𝑇) per
molecule.
• Only the polyatomic gas molecule has three degrees of rotational
motion.
Degrees of Freedom (DoF) of Different Type Molecules:
Translational Rotational Total DoF
Type Examples DoF DoF f
Monoatomic 3 0 3
Diatomic 3 2 5
Polyatomic
3 3 6
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
• For simplicity we consider a monoatomic gas (individual atoms rather than
molecules). Examples: helium, neon, argon.
• We define the internal energy as the sum of the translational kinetic energy
of atoms, we find that internal energy of the gas is a function of temperature
only:
3 3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑛𝑁𝐴 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2 2
• For change in temperature ΔT the change in internal energy for
monatomic gas:
3
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇
2
• In general, the change in internal energy of an ideal gas:
𝑓
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇
2
where f is the total degrees of freedom of the gas molecule.

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Chapter 19:The Kinetic Theory of Gases

(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)

The N number of molecules of gas in the box are

The pressure generated by all the molecules on the wall is

𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2

(𝑣 2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔+ (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 + (𝑣𝑥2 )𝑎𝑣𝑔

This is the relation between the rms speed of a microscopic property

3𝑅𝑇 3 × 8.31 × 2.00 × 106 6 m/s

𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 95, 00000 m/s

M = m𝑁𝐴 = 9.11x10-31 (6.023X1023)= 5.49 × 10−7 kg

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