Experiment No- ‘Object- fo perform open circuit and short circuit eS frale phase transformer fo find its efficiency phasor diagra lation ‘at 0.8 p.f. lagging load}and also find its equivalent circuit and Theory- The efficiency of a transformer is very high as compared to the electrical rotating imechine and it is much difficult to determine the efficiency of a transformer . By direct measurement of output and input, because it is not possiple to Inad the large capacity transiormer Lipto full load cendition since the losses in a transformer ara. order of 1% to 8% of its output, hence its efficiency is determined accurately by the losses measurement method; To determined ths efficiency and regulation of a transformer by this method fe‘lowing two tests are performed SPPer circuit tests: It is also called no load test, This. tes! is applicable generally in rotating machine also, The test is always performed at rated voltage and reduced current. As the current in the ckt, Is very low (called na load ourrent}. The (esses measured by the watimeter is only. The copper loss will be negiigile because the no load current is negligible as cd to the full lai! current. + In this test the low voltage si current and reduced voltage appies always an high v be neglected. The ps short circuited and the lest is carriad age side. As the voltage applied is wer mezstited by the waltmeter wil be the tansformoy Eificioncy the output of a machine is atv, fess than ils input end effieiency BB irs ro eutoat to tne inp, soe value of efitrcy fa a eee aM a Rep vantage. The efcienoy ofa transtomee is defined as, “the ralio oF he ruiput aowier fe whe inst ceiver” of @ trinsfaimer represented in farms af the psteentnga offs spit pov neatly repras HE 100% ‘heiirut Hlasses 0 Output iiron toss (wot Copper dass (We) at other loads il must be noted thet A stoner Regalation- CY oe defined as the charige in-seeank vollage WMV is the ybilaye at nc load ard Vi is aaa Worese cas An®also Where | is the reted currant. Re is the winding resisiance as referred to primary side xa, is the ‘eaclance as referred to te the primary and cos 0 is the power factor. Here + Ve sign is for lagging Power factor and — Ve is jor leading power factor: o ¢ Equivatdat Circuit =: The equivalent circuit of a transformer consists af a no load impedance Circuit’ consisting of Ro & Xo connected in parallel to the load circuit impedance, consisting internal impedance of transformer plus the load impedence ZI as shawn in fig To find the equivalent circuit, io.lmly. Ro and Xo are no load values, so these can be maine: by no load test and Ret; Xet-and 1 can be determined by shart circuit test as these ction for open circuit test as per the okt. Diagram. he auto-t-ansformer at zero volt condition, supply ON, Dy incroasing the cpptied voltage suitable steps upte its ated vollage, required observation for current, voltage & power are taken @ Now, circuit eonnecton are made for shor circvit test as gerthe ekt. Diagram, Kenping the aute vanstormer at zero volt condition, supply is snode ON, 5 By inereusita line arptisd voltage carefully to gut suitable eurrent Sie js suiten: , raquired Gbservation for current, voltage and pot OlServation= () For open test- [SNe [Apalied Voliage [Open Gircut — | Voit i(i? For short circuit Test:- S No‘ Applied Voliage | Short okt. Current | Short circuit | Equivalent Equivalent ] Vs (volts) |.¢amps) meee eeaeee ae Reactance a | Rey @ a Xinkae _ 2 | eae 2 Ww, (ili) For Load Conditions (by calculation) :- [Uead ~~ | Power Factor, jature of PF nae | Eficiency ps Requiation i ae ae a A ee alculation :- y(i). For Rated current - i Output of the transformer, Q | = 1 KVA Rated Voltage V\= 115 volts’ \, @xta9n t = v Rated Current, ~ (ii) For equivalent ckt. ' va No load applied voltage, V-= 230 v ( No load current, fo =13A No load losses in transformer, Wo = Wt = 40 wate 1,C080, =0.169A, = 1361 2 i Sin d= 0.99 In=J0 Sind = 1.287 A E =Wln= 178.70 Y C shor cicuit voltage, Vs = 13V. Full toad current!, 1, =8.6A Full load copper loss, W.= Wi, = 40 watt + Equivalent Resistance Ret = Ws/ls?=0.54 9 Equivalent Impedance, =Zs=Vs/is=161Q = Equivalent reacta: Ail) For E:ficiency ~ Cos 0 = 0.8 = -2:1000.Cas @ x10 0.1000.Cos 0-+Wawr viancy at full loadwizshenice ml tor MOJAt half Load Iron losses= W; = 40\W Copper losses, We = (1/2)2. Wa = 10 W. QGutput, Q = (1/2). O = % KVA Efficiency at half load | Qx1000 xeosbxagd p © Qx1000xcosd+w+w 088% ; (1¥) For Regulation = Equivalent Resistance , Re1 = 0. 540 Equivalent Reactance , Ye = 1.410 | 0s Oh ) x10 _ (8.6X0.54X0.8 +8.6X1.41%0.6 + Regulation = URGes ore 8) 400 = Seer, + Re, coad + T Xe, Siem ‘6 Result -: we Efficieney of transformer at Fullload = 90.9% and efficiency at halfload = 88.8% Regulation at 0.6 pf. = 4.77% and equivalent circuit is as show in elrcuits drawn fo 1_ Pepeaution-: 4) - Instruments should be eennected on high voltage side of the transformer. | Low voltage side should be short circuit for short circuit test 3) 0.6.1. should be carried out at rated voltage and €.C.T, should be eartied out at rated current ~y Voltage should be applied very carefully in case of short circuit test alc