Physics PROJECT

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Certificate

This is to clarify that Kartik Tarachand


Muley, a student of class XII SCIENCE has
successfully completed the research on the
project,

“To study the various factors on which


internal resistance/emf of the cell depends”

Under the guidance of Mrs. Monika Sabarwal


during the year 2024-25 and my utmost
sincerity.

Sign. of internal examiner


Sign. of principal

Sign. of external examiner


Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project


required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely fortunate to
have got this all along the completion of my
project work. Whatever I have done is only due to
such guidance and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.

I respect and thank Mrs. Monika Sabarwal , for


giving me an opportunity to do this project work
and providing us all support and guidance which
made me complete the project on time.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all my


friends who supported me all the way and my
parents who helped me financially and
encouraged me throughout in the completion of
project.
KARTIK TARACHAND MULEY
12th Science
Index

1 Introduction
2 Internal Resistance
3 Practical Analysis
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Conclusion
 Precautions
 Sources of error
4 Flowchart Conclusion
5 Bibliography
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical


analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is


decreased we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.
Internal Resistance

 Internal resistance is defined as the


resistance offered by the electrolyte of the
cell to the flow of ions.
 Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω).

 For a cell of e.m.f E and internal resistance r,


connected to an external resistance R such
that I is the current flowing
 Through the circuit,
E=V + Ir
E−V
r=
I
Practical analysis

OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery
eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a
cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper.

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
internal resistance of a cell

 is directly proportional to the distance


between the electrodes.

 is inversely proportional to facing surface


area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
 Decreases with increase in temperature
of electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to concentration
of electrolyte.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE

1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with


sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2.Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3.Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell
and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance


with distance of separation

4.Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16


cm.
5.Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
6.Without inserting a plug in key K., adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on
the last wire of the potentiometer.
7.Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (l1) between the null
point and the end P.
8.Next introduce plugs in both keys K, and K. At
the same time, take out a small resistance
(1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from
end P.
11. Record these observations.
12. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
13. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
14. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.

To study variation of internal resistance


with area of electrodes

15. Keeping all other factors constant,


increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
16. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.

To study variation of internal resistance


with concentration of electrolyte
17. Keeping all other factors constant,
decrease the concentration of electrolyte by
adding distilled water for different
observations.
18. Obtain three such observations by
repeating step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS

Table for effect of separation between


electrodes

Table for effect of temperature

CONCLUSION

 The Electromotive Force of the cell is


constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes
dipped in electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of
electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS

1.The connections should be neat, clean and


tight.
2.The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
3.The positive polls of the battery E and cells E 1
and E2 should, all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
4.The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5.The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1.The auxiliary battery may not be fully


charged.
2.The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross- section and material density
throughout its length.
3.End resistances may not be zero.
Flowchart conclusion
Bibliography
 www.google.com

 www.documents.mx

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.docfoc.com

 S.L Arora Lab Manual of physics class XII

 NCERT physics part 1 class XII

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