National University of

Computer & Emerging Sciences

CS 3001 – COMPUTER NETWORKS

Lecture 02
Chapter 1

22nd August, 2024

Nauman Moazzam Hayat

[email protected]

Office Hours: 02:00 pm till 03:30 pm (Every Tuesday & Thursday)

Course Administration
Course Information
Program: BS
Credit Hours: 3+1 (Theory + LAB (Separate Instructor)) Class Venue: NB-307
Type: Core Prerequisites: CS 218 , CL 218
Class Meeting Time: Sec 5C & 5D , Tuesday & Instructor Email: [email protected]
Thursday 10:00 am till 01:00 pm TA Name: Iman Ayaz
Course Website: Google Classroom 5C , 5D TA Email: [email protected]

Course Information (Subject to Change)

Assignments: 6 - 7 (10%) 10%
Quizzes: 6 - 7 (15%) 15%
Midterm / Sessional: 2 (15% + 15% = 30%) 30% (15% + 15%)
Final Exam: 1 (45%) 45%

Total: (100%)
100%
Grading Policy
Absolute Grading as per Department policy for Core Courses
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History

Introduction: 1-3
A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪ hosts: clients and servers

▪ servers often in data centers
local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-4
A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪ hosts: clients and servers

▪ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical regional
ISP

media: home network content

provider
▪wired, wireless communication network datacenter
network

links
enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-5
A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪ hosts: clients and servers

▪ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional
ISP
▪wired, wireless communication links home network content
provider
network
Network core: datacenter
network

▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks
enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-6
 Network Edge (Client, Server, Peer)
Network edge comprises of the millions and billions of end systems / hosts and applications
which reside in them

An end system (or host) can either request service (client) or provide service (server) or act
as both interchangeably (peer).

Server
• A server is a service provider providing access to network resources:
- A server can have multiple roles (e.g web servers, mail servers, print servers, Remote
Access Servers (RAS), Directory Servers (DNS) etc)
- Always on host
- Permanent IP address
- Most servers reside in large data centres

Client
• A client is a requestor of these services
- May be intermittently on
- may have dynamic IP address
- do not communicate directly with each other
Peer
• A Peer-to-Peer network doesn’t have dedicated servers. All hosts are equal and they both
provide and request service i.e. they have both client & server functionalities.
- Not always on server
- arbitrary end systems directly communicate
- peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses
- complex management
- Examples are Skype, BitTorrent, Napster
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router? national or global ISP

▪ residential access nets

▪ institutional access networks (school,
company)
▪ mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-8
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-9
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbps downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
▪ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-10
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-11
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450
Mbps) wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-12
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G/5G cellular networks
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-13
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-14
 Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
▪ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network

Introduction: 1-15
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L bits L bits each

▪ transmits packet into access

2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-16
Links: physical media
▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction: 1-17
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional
▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction: 1-18
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪ signal carried in various ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum ▪ wide-area (e.g., 4G/5G cellular)
▪ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps (4G) over ~10 Km
▪ broadcast, “half-duplex” ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver) • short distances, limited rates
▪ propagation environment ▪ terrestrial microwave
effects:
• point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• reflection
• obstruction by objects ▪ satellite
• Interference/noise • up to < 100 Mbps (Starlink) downlink
• 270 msec end-end delay (geostationary)
Introduction: 1-19
Chapter 1: roadmap
▪ What is the Internet?
▪ What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Security
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ History

Introduction: 1-20
The network core
▪ mesh of interconnected routers mobile network
national or global ISP
▪ packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
• network forwards packets from one local or
regional
router to the next, across links on ISP
path from source to destination home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-21
 Two key network-core functions

routing Routing:
algorithm
Forwarding: local forwarding table
▪ global action:
header output determine source-
▪ aka “switching” value 3 link
0100
0101 2 destination paths
▪ local action: 0111 2
taken by packets
move arriving 1001 1

packets from ▪ routing algorithms

router’s input link 1
to appropriate
router output link 3 2

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-22
routing

Introduction: 1-23
 forwarding
forwarding

Introduction: 1-24
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

▪ packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to One-hop numerical example:

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps ▪ L = 10 Kbits
▪ store and forward: entire packet must arrive at ▪ R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link ▪ one-hop transmission delay
= 0.1 msec

Introduction: 1-25
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Introduction: 1-26
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
▪ packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
▪ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Introduction: 1-27