General Chemistry 1
Warren Dale N. Lozano
Module 1.
Matter – It is characterized by anything that has mass and occupies space. It is composed of
atoms and molecules, which are the basic building blocks of everything around us.
Nature of Matter:
a. Made of tiny particles
b. There is empty space between particles
c. Some forces act between particles
d. Particles are in constant motion
States of Matter:
Solid:
- Relatively Rigid
- Definite volume and shape
- Atoms are attached together
Liquid:
- Fluid flows freely
- Definite volume but no def shape
- Atoms & mole are loosely bonded
Gas:
- Fluid flows freely
- Expands to fill the container
- Atoms and mole are spread out and move freely
Plasma
- Often called as the fourth state of matter. It consists of a hot, ionized gas with equal
numbers of positively charged ions and free electrons.
- Can be found in stars, lightning, neon lights, and plasma TVs.
Examples:
1.) Aurora
2.) Lightning
3.) Plasma Ball
4.) Nuclear Fireball
5.) Neon Sign
6.) Welding Arc
Physical Properties of Matter:
- Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing chemical
composition.
- It describes the state or behavior of a material in physical sense.
a. Intensive Properties
- Does not depend / Independent on the size or amount of material.
- It remains constant regardless of the quantity of matter.
b. Extensive Properties
- Dependent and relies on the amount of substance present in a sample.
- It can change with the amount of substance present
Chemical Properties of Matter:
- Attributes that can only be identified or observed when matter transforms into a specific
form.
a. Reactivity
- refers to the capacity of matter to interact with other substances chemically.
b. Flammability
- It used to describe the tendency of matter to ignite or burn.
c. Toxicity
- Measure of the potential harm that a chemical substance or a mixture of chemicals can
cause to a living organism.
d. Acidity
- Capacity of a substance to interact with an acid is a characteristic chemical property.
Composition of Matter:
Pure Substance – Materials that are made up of only one kind of particle and have a fixed or
constant structure.
1.) Elements – are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom. Elements cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes.
a. Metals – compose almost 80% of the elements in the table. The elements on the left side
of the table are composed mostly of metals.
b. Non-metals – Most non-metals are gases or brittle solids. Bromine is the only non-metal
that is liquid at room temperature.
2.) Compound – pure substances of several different atoms in a fixed composition ratio.
Mixture – can be separated into two or more substances by physical means.
1.) Homogeneous - A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, has only one phase but
may have more than one component within the sample. Most are liquid.
2.) Heterogeneous – A mixture with physically separate parts that can be distinguished from
each other easily. It usually exists in separate phases. The classic example, fruit salad,
represents a mixture since its components include distinct phases.
Writing Chemical Formula
Transition Metal:
Methods of Separating Mixture:
1.) Handpicking
2.) Threshing - separates attached components from a stem or stalk by hitting, pounding, or
trashing.
3.) Sieving – This process is used to separate mixtures composed of substances of varying
sizes. The mixture is sifted through the holes of a sieve. All the smaller particles easily
pass through while the sieve holds back the larger components.
4.) Evaporation
5.) Distillation – A method wherein mixtures with two or more liquid components are
vaporized, condensed, and subsequently separated.
6.) Filtration – extracts the solid particles from the liquid. Mostly used in separating liquid
from an insoluble solid.
7.) Sedimentation – Is a procedure where denser contaminants descend to the bottom of the
vessel containing the mixture, usually present in a liquid like water.
Module 2.
Accuracy – refers to the capability to measure a value that is as close as possible to the actual or
true value. In essence, it’s the degree of exactness of a measurement. The smaller the reading, the
higher the accuracy, as it minimizes the potential for error in the calculation.
Precision – refers to the consistency or repeatability of measurements, that is, how close two or
more measurements are to each other.
Density
- is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space
- is measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3 and g/mL
- Density (p) = Mass (M) / Volume (V)
Mass
- How much matter makes up an object.
Volume
- How much matter can fit in a place.
Module 3.
Atom
- is the basic unit of an element that is both extremely small and indivisible.
- It is composed of three subatomic particles: the proton, the neutron, and the electron.
Atomic Theory
- Democritus (400 BCE)
- “atomos” – not able to divide.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called Atom.
- All atoms of a specific element is identical in mass, size, and other properties.
Isotopes
- Are atoms that have the same no. of protons but different no. of neutrons. They have
the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Remember!
Atomic Number (Z) = no. of proton
Mass Number (N) = no. of protons and neutrons
Proton = Atomic number (Z)
Neutron = A-Z or A-number of protons
Electron = Number of proton (if neutral atom)
