CHAPTER

8 Complex Number-I

IOTA (j) | z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2 + | z2 |2]

         i = −1, i2 = – 1, i3 = – i, i4 = 1 (k) || z1 | – | z2 || ≤ | z1 + z2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |
So,        i 1 = i, i4n + 2 = – 1, i4n + 3 = – i, i4n + 4 = 1
4n +
[Triangle Inequality]
 (−1) n / 2 , if n is an even integer (l) || z1 | – | z2 | | ≤ | z1 – z2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |

In other words, in =  n −1 .
(−1) 2 · i, if n is an odd integer [Triangle Inequality]
1 a + a2 + 4
The Complex Number System (m) If z + = a (a > 0), then max | z | =
z = a + ib, then a – ib is called conjugate of z and is denoted by z z 2

Equality in Complex Number and min | z | =

1
2
( a2 + 4 − a .)
z1 = z2 ⇒ Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Im (z1) = Im (z2).
Important Properties of Amplitude
Conjugate Complex
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing (a) amp (z1·z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kp ; k ∈ I.
the sign of its imaginary part & is denoted by z i.e. z = a – ib.
z 
Note: (b) amp  1  = amp z1 – amp z2 + 2 kp ; k ∈ I.
 z2 
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z)
(c) amp (zn) = n amp(z) + 2kp, where proper value of k must be
(ii) z – z = 2i Im(z)
chosen so that RHS lies in (– p, p].
(iii) z z = a2 + b2 which is real
(d) log (z) = log (reiq) = log r + iq = log |z| + i amp (z).
(iv) If z is purely real then z – z = 0 Demoivre’s Theorem
(v) If z is purely imaginary then z + z = 0
Case I: If n is any integer then
Important Properties of Conjugate (i) (cos q + i sin q)n = cos nq + i sin nq
(a) ( z ) = z (b) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 (ii) (cos q1 + i sin q1) (cos q2 + i sin q2) (cos q3 + i sin q3) (cos q4
(c) z1 − z2 = z1 − z2 (d) z1 z2 = z1 · z2 + i sin q4) ... (cos qn + i sin qn) = cos (q1 + q2 + q3 + ... qn) +
i sin (q1 + q2 + q3 + ...  qn)
 z1  z1 Case II: If p, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0 then (cos q + i sin q)p/q
(e) =
  ; z2 ≠ 0
 z2  z2
 2 k π + pθ   2 k π + pθ 
(f) If f(a + ib) = x + iy ⇒ f(a – ib) = x – iy = cos   + i sin  
 q   q 
Important Properties of Modulus
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3 ... q – 1.
(a) | z | ≥ 0 (b) | z | ≥ Re(z)
(c) | z | ≥ Im (z) (d) | z | = | z | = |–z| = |– z | Cube Root of Unity
(e) z z = |z|2 (f) |z1 z2| = |z1| · |z2|
−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
z1 | z1 | (i) The cube roots of unity are 1, , .
(g)= , z2 ≠ 0 (h) | zn | = | z |n 2 2
z2 | z2 |
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w +
(i) | z1 + z2 |2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re (z1 z2 ) w2 = 0. In general 1 + wt + w2t = 0; where t ∈ I but is not the
or |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2|z1| |z2| cos (q1 – q2) multiple of 3.
(c) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = (a + bw + cw2)(a + bw2 + cw) Square root of Complex Number
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(aw + bw2)(aw2 + bw)
a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a – wb) (a – w2b)  | z | + a | z | − a 
     a + ib =
± +i  for b > 0
x2 + x + 1 = (x – w)(x – w2)  2 2 

 | z | + a | z | − a 
and ±  −i  for b < 0 where |z| = a 2 + b2 .
 2 2 

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W Complex Number-I 15