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Practical 9

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20 views5 pages

Practical 9

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omatalkar16
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Practical 9

Navigate the Linux file system, create directories, and examine their structure.

Operating systems and various software that powers your computer, based on an important

element known as the file system.

A file manages, stores, and retrieves your data efficiently.

Linux file system is generally a built-in layer of a Linux operating system used to

handle the data management of the storage.

It helps to arrange the file on the disk storage. It manages the file name, file size,

creation date, and much more information about a file.

The Linux file system is structure comprised of three essential layers. In Linux, the

file system creates a tree structure. All the files are arranged as a tree and its branches. The

topmost directory called the root (/) directory. All other directories in Linux can be accessed

from the root directory.

A file system mainly consists of 3 layers. From top to bottom:

1. Logical File System:

The Logical File System acts as the interface between the user applications and the
file system itself. It facilitates essential operations such as opening, reading, and closing
files. It Uses as the user-friendly front-end.

2. Virtual File System:

The Virtual File System (VFS) is a central layer that enables the concurrent
operation of multiple instances of physical file systems.
3. Physical File System:

The Physical File System is responsible for the physical management and storage of
physical memory blocks on the disk.

Directory Structure

The directories help us to store the files and locate them when we need them.
Directories are called folders where files reside in the form of a physical format. Directories
can be organized in a tree-like hierarchy in Linux.

The directory structure of Linux is well-documented and defined in the Linux FHS
(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard).

Directory linked by ‘/’ forward slashes like /var/dev/mail and /var/log. These are
known as paths.

/ (root file system): It is the top-level file system directory. It must include every file needed
to boot the Linux system.

/boot: It includes the kernel and executable files needed to start a Linux OS.

/bin: This directory includes user executable files.

/dev: It includes the device file for all hardware devices connected to the system.

/var: Here, variable data files are saved.

/tmp: It is a temporary directory used by the OS and several programs for storing temporary
files.
/root: It is the home directory for a root user.

/etc: It includes the local system configuration files for the host system.

/lib: It includes shared library files that are needed to start the system.

/home: The home directory storage is available for user files. All users have a subdirectory
inside /home.

Types of Linux File System

1. Ext

The file system Ext stands for Extended File System .It is implemented in 1992, it is
the first file system specifically designed for Linux. It is the first member of the ext family
of file systems.
2. Ext2

The second ext was developed in 1993. It is a non Journaling file system that is
preferred to be used with flash drives and SSDs. Ext2 is the Linux file system that allows
managing two terabytes of data.

3. Ext3

Ext3 is developed through Ext2; it is an upgraded version of Ext2 and contains


backward compatibility. The major drawback of Ext3 is that it does not support servers
because this file system does not support file recovery and disk snapshot.

4. Ext4

Ext4 file system is the faster file system among all the Ext file systems. It is a very
compatible option for the SSD (solid-state drive) disks, and it is the default file system in
Linux distribution.

5. Xiafs

It developed in 1993; this file system was less powerful and functional than ext2 and
is no longer in using anywhere.

6. JFS File System

JFS stands for Journaled File System, and it is developed by IBM in 1990. The
original JFS was taken to open source to be implemented for Linux in 1999. It is an
alternative to the Ext4 file system in 2006 which gives better performance. It is a handy file
system when CPU power is limited.

7 ReiserFS:

It is a journal file system developed in 2001. It was the default file system in SUSE
Linux till version 6.4, until switching to ext3 in 2006 for version 10.2. ReiserFS is an
alternative to the Ext3 file system. It has improved performance and advanced features. In the
earlier time, the ReiserFS was used as the default file system in SUSE Linux.

8. XFS File System

XFS is a 64-bit journaling file system and was ported to Linux in 2001.XFS file
system was considered as high-speed JFS, which is developed for parallel I/O processing.
NASA still using this file system with its high storage server (300+ Terabyte server).

9. Swap File System


The swap file system is used for memory paging in Linux operating system during the
system hibernation.

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