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10 - Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

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104 views5 pages

10 - Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

Uploaded by

alananto2024
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE VIVA

INTRODUCTION TO AI

1. What is the foundation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?


Answer : AI is based on the principles of simulating human intelligence through
computer systems.

2. How does the history of AI contribute to its development?


Answer : Understanding the history of AI helps in tracing its evolution and
learning from past successes and failures.

3. Explain the concept of rationality in the context of intelligent agents.


Answer : Rationality in intelligent agents refers to making decisions that
maximize expected performance.

4. What are the key applications of Artificial Intelligence?


Answer : AI finds applications in various domains, such as healthcare, finance,
and autonomous systems.

5. Define the term "Agent programs" in the context of the structure of agents.
Answer : Agent programs are sets of instructions that determine the behavior of
intelligent agents.

6. What is the significance of specifying the task environment in AI?


Answer : Specifying the task environment helps define the scope and goals of
an AI system.

7. Discuss the different types of task environments in AI.


Answer : Task environments can be observable, deterministic, episodic, and
more, influencing agent behavior.

8. Briefly explain the basic kinds of agent programs.


Answer : Agent programs can be simple reflex agents, model-based reflex
agents, goal-based agents, or utility-based agents.

9. What is the role of problem-solving agents in AI?


Answer : Problem-solving agents aim to find solutions to complex issues using
various strategies.
10. Provide examples of problems that problem-solving agents can address.
Answer : Problems like route planning, puzzle solving, and decision-making are
suitable for problem-solving agents.

11. Differentiate between uninformed and informed search strategies.


Answer : Uninformed search strategies explore the search space without using
any additional information, while informed strategies utilize heuristics.

12. Explain the concept of heuristic functions in problem-solving.


Answer : Heuristic functions provide a way to estimate the cost or distance to
the goal, guiding search algorithms.

13. How do problem-solving agents apply searching for solutions?


Answer : Agents use search algorithms to explore possible paths and find
solutions in a problem space.

14. Discuss the decision-making process in problem-solving using examples.


Answer : Decision-making involves evaluating different options and choosing
the one that maximizes expected utility.

15. What is the significance of generalization and overfitting in learning from


examples?
Answer : Generalization ensures that a learned model performs well on new
data, while overfitting occurs when the model fits the training data too closely.

16. Explain how learning decision trees contribute to AI applications.


Answer : Learning decision trees involves constructing a tree-like model that
aids in making decisions based on input features.

**Module 3 (Search in Complex environments)**

17. How does adversarial search apply to AI, particularly in games?


Answer : Adversarial search is employed in games to determine optimal
decisions and strategies, as seen in the Minimax algorithm.

18. Define Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) and their role in AI.
Answer : CSP involves defining problems with constraints and finding solutions
that satisfy those constraints.

19. Explain the Minimax algorithm and its use in game optimization.
Answer : The Minimax algorithm is a decision-making strategy in adversarial
games, aiming to minimize the possible loss.

20. What is Alpha-Beta pruning, and how does it enhance search efficiency in
games?
Answer : Alpha-Beta pruning is a technique to reduce the number of nodes
evaluated in the Minimax algorithm, improving computational efficiency.

21. Describe the concept of Constraint Propagation in CSP.


Answer : Constraint Propagation involves using constraints to eliminate
inconsistent values and narrow down the search space.

22. Discuss the role of Backtracking search in solving Constraint Satisfaction


Problems.
Answer : Backtracking search systematically explores potential solutions and
backtracks when it encounters dead-ends, making it applicable to CSPs.

23. Analyze the structure of CSP problems and their components.


Answer : CSP problems consist of variables, domains, and constraints, defining
the elements involved in finding a solution.

24. How do Planning Graphs contribute to classical planning in AI?


Answer : Planning Graphs visually represent the states and actions in a
planning problem, aiding in the analysis and optimization of state space search.

25. Explain the concept of logical agents and their role in AI.
Answer : Logical agents use formal logic, such as Propositional and First Order
Logic, for knowledge representation and reasoning.

26. Define Propositional Logic and its application in AI.


Answer : Propositional Logic deals with propositions or statements and is used
in AI for representing knowledge and making logical inferences.

27. How is Propositional Theorem proving applied in AI agents?


Answer : Propositional Theorem proving involves deducing new propositions
from existing ones, supporting logical reasoning in AI.

28. Discuss the use of First Order Predicate Logic in knowledge representation.
Answer : First Order Predicate Logic allows for more complex representations,
incorporating variables and quantifiers in expressing knowledge.
29. Explain the syntax and semantics of First Order Logic.
Answer : The syntax of First Order Logic involves symbols, variables, and
quantifiers, while semantics define the meaning of logical statements.

30. Compare Propositional and First Order inference in AI.


Answer : Propositional inference deals with propositions, while First Order
inference handles more complex statements with variables and quantifiers.

31. What is the role of Unification and Lifting in First Order Logic inference?
Answer : Unification and Lifting are techniques used to make statements
compatible and resolve variable bindings in First Order Logic.

32. Differentiate between Forward chaining and Backward chaining in inference.


Answer : Forward chaining starts with available facts to reach a conclusion,
while Backward chaining begins with the goal and works backward to find
supporting facts.

33. Explain the concept of Resolution in First Order Logic.


Answer : Resolution is a method used for proving the validity of a statement by
negating the goal and searching for a contradiction.

34. Discuss the algorithms used for planning state space search in classical
planning.
Answer : Classical planning involves algorithms like A* search and other state
space search strategies to find optimal plans.

35. Enumerate the forms of learning in Machine Learning.


Answer : Machine Learning includes supervised learning, unsupervised
learning, and reinforcement learning as forms of learning.

36. Describe the representation of decision trees and their role in Machine
Learning.
Answer : Decision trees provide a visual representation of decision-making
processes and are used in supervised learning for classification.

37. How are decision trees induced from examples in Machine Learning?
Answer : Decision trees are constructed by recursively partitioning the data
based on attribute tests, optimizing the tree structure for better predictions.
38. Explain the process of choosing attribute tests in decision tree induction.
Answer : Choosing attribute tests involves selecting the most informative
features to split the data, enhancing the decision tree's predictive power.

39. What criteria are essential for evaluating and choosing the best hypothesis in
Machine Learning?
Answer : Evaluation criteria include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score,
helping select the hypothesis that performs well on unseen data.

40. Differentiate between regression and classification with Linear models in


Machine Learning.
Answer : Regression involves predicting continuous values, while classification
focuses on assigning instances to predefined categories, both achievable with
Linear models in Machine Learning.

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