DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES

PAPER 2
REVISION QUESTIONS
MODULE 1-8

Masunga Senior Secondary

School
 Development Studies Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

Revision Questions
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
to:
Development Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of Describe any two aspects of development other than social development
practice of development development;
within the context of their
social, economic and - Explain the following divisions:
 Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so
political environment. First, Second and Third world, that the people become richer or wealthier
Newly Industrialised Countries,
North, South, Least Developed
Countries and Developed  Political Development is when people’s participation in marking
Countries; decisions about their lives increases/ when people take control of their
lives/ when people enjoy human rights
- Give reasons for the differences in
the development levels in different [RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning the correct aspect; 1 mark for description]
countries;
Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social
- Identify and discuss different development.
development indicators including
Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
Gross National Product (GNP),  The government provides subsidized education
health, life expectancy, education  The government provides sewage systems
and energy consumption.
 The government imports food for the people
- Show why political aspects of  The government provides free food for the destitute /elderly/the
development are difficult to orphans
measure;
 The government allocates land/ plots for people to build shelter/
build houses through Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC)
- Describe the characteristics of the
developed and developing
 The government builds clinics/hospitals to provide health care
countries;  The government builds schools to improve literacy
 Provision of piped/safe water to protect people from diseases
- Analyse and evaluate theories of
development: modernisation,  Control of prices for staple food such as sorghum to ensure that
dependency, sustainable people can afford to buy food
development and alternative
strategies;
 The government cleans the environment
 Poverty alleviation programmes (allow examples), for example, back
yard gardening
Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic Study Fig.2, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North
development in Botswana. and countries of the South

Ideas such as:

- Keep peace and security

- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants,
young farmer’s grant
- Marketing of locally made goods
- Invitation of foreign investors
- Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
- Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials

Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve
social development

Ideas such as:

- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake Fig.2
- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life
expectancy through better health Describe the geographical locations of countries of the South
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Increased self-reliance/ reduced dependency ratio Ideas such as:
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced - Central America, for example, Mexico
Death Rate
- South America/Latin America, for example, Brazil and
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy
Argentina
rate/education - Africa, for example, Botswana, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethopia and
South Africa
- South Asia, for example, India
- Far East, for example, Malaysia/South East Asia
- East Asia, for example, China
- Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia

Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line

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Describe the economic characteristics of countries of the North Study Fig. 3 which shows Newly Industrialise Countries (NICs) in different
countries
Ideas such as:
- High use of complex technology

- High development of transport networks/telecommunication/high

infrastructural development

- High share of international trade/they dominate or control international

trade

- High income levels/high wages

- High energy consumption

- High industrialisation/mass production/high manufacturing

- They export finished goods/they import raw materials

- Low percentage of population depending on agriculture

- High GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High GDP per capita

Fig.3
Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed Describe the geographical locations of Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs)
shown in Fig.3.
Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- South of North America/Central America
 High GNP - South of South America
- North East of South America
 High GNP per capita
- South of Africa
 High GDP - South of Asia
 High GDP per capita - East of Asia
 High energy use - South East of Asia/Far East
 High levels of industrialization/ Having many industries - Central Asia
 Low population in agriculture
 High income levels
 Controls international trade
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Suggest factors Less Developed Countries (LDCs) could copy from Newly Study Fig. 4, which shows the New industrialising Countries (NICs), and
Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development. answer questions below.

Ideas such as:

- The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly
Industrialised Counties to speed up development is by inviting Multi-
National Companies (MNCs) to invest in them
.
- Less Developed countries (LDCs) can focus on Maths and Science
education to help them speed up development like Newly Industrialised
Countries (NICs).

- The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI) to speed

up development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This
is encouraging people to buy locally produced goods than those from
elsewhere.

- The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to speed up

development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is
setting up industries that produce goods needed for the outside market. Describe the location of the Newly Industrialising Countries.

- They can borrow capital from financial institutions such as the World Ideas such as:
Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and countries of the - The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are found in Southern
South. Africa, for example, South Africa.

- They can invest in infrastructure - They are located in the Far East countries such as Malaysia, Thailand,
Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China
- Establishing innovation and research centres/ use advanced technology
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico

- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for example,

Brazil/ North East or East of Latin America, for example, Brazil

- They are located in South Asia, for example, India

- The Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey

RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples

MASUNGA SENIOR SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUUDIES PAPER TWO REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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Describe the social characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) Explain why there are differences in levels of development between developed
and developing countries.
- Decreasing morbidity rate
- Increasing literacy rate Ideas such as:
- Decreasing Death Rate - Raw materials/natural resource taken by the North[Developed countries]
- Decreasing Birth Rate
- Human resources taken by the North[Developed countries]/brain drain
- Decreasing Infant Mortality Rate
- Increasing urban population/urbanisation - Long history of industrialisation by developed countries
- Lower teacher-pupil ratio
- Increasing calorie intake - Domination/control of world trade by developed countries
- Improved health facilities
- Lower-doctor patient rate - Slave trade

- Huge debts by developing countries from developed countries

Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising
Countries.
- Creation of dependency syndrome in developing countries/Neo-
Colonialism
Ideas such as:
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
- Level of technology [simple technology for developing countries and
inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/weak
complex technology for developed countries]
currencies/high fuel price
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign
- Dynamic society in developed countries and rigid society in developing
debts/debt crisis
countries
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor
- Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies
- Political instability/civil wars/ civil strife in developing countries and
(MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/ capital
peace in developed countries
flight/neo-colonialism
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment
- Legacy of colonialism by developed countries
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be
controlled by the government
- Primary production by developing countries which developed countries
- Exploitation of workers by the employers
focuses on secondary production
- Urban drift/urban poverty
- Corruption
- High skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of skilled
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies
manpower in developing countries
- Declining real income
- High expenditure on imports and less on exports
- Developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development
while developing countries policies directed to poverty and diseases

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Explain why countries of the South are less developed than the countries of
the North.
Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African Countries.
Ideas such as:

 Rigidity /practice of customs which are counter-productive [ Accept

examples: e.g exclusion of women from decision making]
 Lack of funds to use in development projects/poverty
 Lack of skilled people/brain drain/skilled people leave for other
countries
 Colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African
countries to trade in cheap primary products/colonialism
 Neo-colonialism/negative effects of Multi-National Companies
(MNCs) Fig.5
 Large populations
 Export of raw materials Explain how each indicator shown in Fig. 6 is used to measure development
 Use of simple technology
Idea such as:
 Mono-economies
 Outbreak of civil wars - Doctor –patient ratio : If the population per doctor is high then there is
 Outbreak of killer diseases, for example, Ebola less development/ If Doctor-population Ratio is high then there is less
development/ If the Doctor-Patient Ratio is low then there is high
Describe the factors that slow down development in developing countries development.
- Calorie intake :The higher the calorie intake, the higher the
Ideas such as: development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the development
- Lack of funds - School enrolment: The higher the school enrolment, the higher the
- Poor technology development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the development.
- Lack of skilled labour - GNP per capita: The higher the GNP per capita, the higher the
- Rigidity/unhelpful traditional beliefs development/ the lower the GNP per capita, the lower the development.
- Wars/conflicts - Percentage of the population in agriculture: The higher the percentage
- High populations of population engaged in agriculture, the lower the development/ the
- Neo-Colonialism lower the percentage of population in agriculture, the higher the
- Corruption/mismanagement development.
- Brain drain - Income level: The higher the income level, the higher the
- Huge debts development/the lower the income level, the lower the development.
- Dependency syndrome
Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given
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Study Fig. 7, which shows population statistics for selected African countries Describe ways in which the government is trying to reduce infant mortality
and answer questions below. rate (IMR) in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country,
for example, measles and polio

- Provision of clean/safe water to all [through primary health care]

- Provision of nutritious food/balanced diets in clinics, for example,

Tsabana
Fig.6
- Construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals
Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing
countries - Dissemination of health education/media/environmental health
Ideas such as:
- Lack of widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant killer - Implementation of Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission
diseases (PMTCT) programme

- Lack of access to clean water/safe water by majority of infants and - Training/employing more health personnel, for example, doctors and
mothers nurses

- Poor nutrition/malnutrition

- Lack of health facilities to attend to killer diseases

- HIV and AIDS infection among mothers to infants

- Poor health education among mothers to raise babies

- Shortage of health personnel to attend infants, for example, doctors and

nurses

- Alcohol/substance abuse

- Poor maternal care

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The reasons why world life expectancy is rising [increasing] Suggest reasons for high calorie intake in developed countries

Ideas such as; Ideas such as:

- High employment rates/high income levels
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to
prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera. - High agricultural/food production/ many industries produce more
food/hybrid seeds/improved technology
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to
improve hygiene. - Availability of wide variety of food[ to choose from]

- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby - High level of education/more knowledge on nutrition
there is enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.
- Better social welfare services/supplementary feeding
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary - Low dependency ratio
health care to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving
assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water, health education What is the importance of literacy to development?
and immunisation programme.
Ideas such as;
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide
citizens with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given - When people are able to read & write they are able to learn / acquire new
supplementary feeding such as Tsabana. skills easily

- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns,

Why is calorie intake low in developing countries? for example, elections, immunisation programmes

Ideas such as: - They can read and understand environmental issues or conservation
better
- In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy
food. - Reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g.
reading own letters/mail
- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better
- Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought hygiene and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)

- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate

- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to
determine food quality. - They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the
post office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters
for jobs etc.
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Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy
rate The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.

Fig.7
Suggest reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates Fig.8

Ideas such as; Suggest reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries

- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is Ideas such as;
that girls are denied the chance to go to school and are expected to stay
home and help their mothers - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is domestic
responsibilities
- The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant
- The belief that women will be married is another reason for low
- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons enrolment of girls in African countries.

- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart - In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious
(and this makes them less intelligent) and so sending them to school is a beliefs and customs, for example, polygamy.
waste of time and money
- Oppression of women by men
Suggest reasons for high male deaths than females
- The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less
Ideas such as: intelligent

- Macho mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast - The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is caused by
life/drinking/smoking/fewer men seek medical assistance teenage pregnancy

- Wars - Poverty due to high unemployment making parents to be unable to pay

school fees.
- Occupation/employment that exposes them to danger

- Traditional roles that exposes them to danger

- More men are suicidal than women

MASUNGA SENIOR SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT STUUDIES PAPER TWO REVISION QUESTIONS MODULE 1-8
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Describe negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s What causes high school dropout rates in developing countries?
development
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as;
- High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage
- The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s pregnancy
development is that of low literacy rate
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled - In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic
personnel responsibilities e.g. looking after livestock

- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development

is lack of alternative sources of income and poverty - Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in school dropout rates in developing countries.
decision making
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because marriage
many people will lack knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development of parental guidance
is high infant mortality rate and death rates
- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases
Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve such as HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB).
their citizens’ education
- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead
Ideas such as: to high school dropout, for example, Somalia and Sudan.

- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to

improve their citizens’ education is shortage of funds leading to - Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol
inadequate educational facilities. and drug abuse by students.

- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to - In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of
improve their citizens’ education. poor learning environment due to shortage of classrooms.

- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to - High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long
improve their citizen’s education is inaccessible educational facilities. distance / proximity to educational facilities

- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to - Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative
improve their citizens’ education whereby parents are unable to pay attitude and truant behaviour by students.
school fees for their children.
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Suggest reasons for low numbers of girls in schools in developing countries. Suggest measures that government of developing countries can take to
encourage more girls to attend school
Ideas such as:
- The reason for low number of girls in schools in developing countries is Ideas such as:
caused by belief that women are less intelligent/societal
stereotypes/oppression. - The measure that government of developing countries can take to
- Developing countries have low numbers of girls in schools because of encourage more girls to attend school is to build girls schools
early marriages/cultural practices. - Create girl friendly schools/curriculum
- The low number of girls in schools in developing countries is caused by - Free education for girls/deliberate preferential sponsorship for girl
poverty because parents will be unable to pay school fees. child/rewards
- Home chores/domestic responsibilities - Legislation/make laws that force parents to take girls to
- Teenage pregnancy school/compulsory education for girls
- Religious beliefs and customs - Deliberate effort to reduce home chores for girls/introduction of labour
saving devices
Describe how families can benefits of educating the girl child. - Build teen mothers’ schools/readmission of pregnant dropouts
- Educating parents on the importance of taking their girl child to school
Ideas such as: - Providing contraceptives in schools/ contraceptive education
- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they prepare balanced diet for - Positive affirmation/apportioning girl students quotas or numbers in
the family schools

- The girl child will practise a high level of hygiene/reduced chances of Explain how social indicators are used to measure development
infections/transmission of diseases
Ideas such as:
- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they will have better maternal - When infant mortality rate [IMR]is low it means that development is
care/child care high/When IMR is high it means development is low
- High literacy rate means that a country is developed/ a low literacy rate
- Advice on family planning means that a country is less developed
- High Birth Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Birth rate
- Prestige for the family/social status means that a country is developed
- High Death Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Death
- Improved finances/revenue for the family/provide for the family/better Rate means that a country is developed
family economic status/economic empowerment - When there is high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is less
developed/ a low doctor- patient ratio means that the country is
developed
- Assist family with school work - High life expectancy shows that the country is developed/a low life
expectancy shows that the country is less developed
- Informed family decision making - High calorie intake shows that the country is developed/a low calorie
intake shows that the country is less developed

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 Explain why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the
Explain why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development: South

- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. - Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because
leaving the majority very poor, for example, it ignores the difference they have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex
between the rich & the poor within the country. technology.

- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only - The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the
count goods and services marketed openly and recorded by government. South is because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods
. and services
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual
earnings to avert tax or Business officials hiding information. - The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South
because they price the goods (commodities) themselves.
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated
- They have favourable terms of trade
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage.
- Most multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the
North and operate in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the to countries of their origin
economy and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental
consequences of wealth/ignores happiness - They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world

State the disadvantages of using GNP per capita to measure development. Suggest reasons for high energy use.

- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development is - Capital intensive industries/industrial production/industries/complex
that it is just an average figure that ignores how wealth is distributed. technology

- It fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by the people. - Household appliances/gadgets/devices/units/machines

- It excludes income from the informal sector [so it is inaccurate] Allow 1

example. - Many vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains

- It calculated using inaccurate government statistics/ people usually lie - Capital intensive agriculture/farming/commercial farming
about the earnings (to avoid paying tax).
- Infrastructure development/institutions, for example, schools, hospitals
- It is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics

- It emphasizes economic development but ignores social and political

development.
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Fig. 10 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use it to Why is it difficult to measure political aspects of development?
answer question that follows
Ideas such as;
- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are
intangible or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor
touched.

- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human

rights violations.

- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their

rights.

- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,

for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.

- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of

development because countries belief that they are independent therefore
nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.

- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems,

for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because they are no voting,
no freedom of speech.
Fig.9

Using Fig. 10 only, describe economic characteristics of developed countries

Ideas such as:

- GNP per capita- High GNP per capita

- Energy use- High energy use per capita

- % GDP on Agriculture- Agriculture sector contributes less to GDP

RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description

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Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure development. Study Fig. 11. Which shows some theories of development

Ideas such as:

 Number of women in decision making positions – If the percentage of

females in leadership [posts] is high it mean high development whereas if
it is low it mean low development

 Voter turnout/number of people who vote- If the percentage of adults

who participate in elections is high then development is high and if it is
low the development is low

 Adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking- If the

respect that a country has for people’s entitlement is high then Fig.10
development is high and if it is low then development is low, for
example, good governance and transparency
Describe the stage of the modernisation theory
 Incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated
unfairly for who they are)- If there are many incidents of discrimination Ideas such as:
development is low and if there are few development is high, for - The traditional society is where people practise barter
example, justice and fair trial system/subsistence farming/make simple crafts/experience low standard
of living
 Incidents of conflict- If the occurrence of serious disagreements, for
example, war and social unrest is high then development is low - Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming is
commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to happen
 Peace –If there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or
social unrest then development is high - Take off stage/the push is here people become rich/rapid urbanisation

 Security- If the sense of safety in a country is high, then development is - The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing
high dominates the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages
increase/demand for consumer goods increases
 Happiness-If the feeling of joy/gladness among people in a country is
then development is higher. - The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service
industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for
[RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only one many people/many people experience high living standards
side is given]
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description

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Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has Describe the weakness of the dependency theory
taken place
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Dependency theory ignores the fact that small countries are unable to
- Technological development/ the use of complex technology raise enough investment/capital on their own to break away
- Wealth creation
- Infrastructural development - Countries may lose all benefits of international trade/countries that cut
- Human resource development/high literacy rate links economically fell
- Improved standard of living
- Improved service delivery through research and development - If small countries try to make all their own goods, there will probably be
- Availability of affordable goods and services a less efficient use of resources
- Employment creation
- Democratic process - It is impossible to cut off all communication in a world linked together in
so many ways/connections difficult to break
Explain how developing countries can use of modernisation theory in their
development programmes. - People often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when
governments stop importing western goods/negative attitudes towards
Ideas such as: local goods and services
- Embraces market economy /capitalism
- Invest a lot in industry Describe ways by which less developed countries can use dependency theory
- Invest a lot in infrastructure to develop.
- Encourage inventions/new ideas/methods from your own culture
- Emphasise formal vocational /technical education Ideas such as:
- Encourages new attitude and appropriate cultural changes/fight rigidity - By breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self-
- Tell people to work hard/be patient and expect less income/wealth until reliant
the economy has grown quite large/trickle down of wealth - Stop borrowing money from outside/save/invest within their countries
- Government must be democratic - By spending less on consumer goods
- Encourage urbanisation - By using appropriate technology
- Open up for technological transfer/adopt advanced technology - Make their own inventions/promote local inventions
- Encourages specialisation/division of labour - By encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun Northern
- Commercialise agriculture/mechanise agriculture lifestyle
- Participate in international trade

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Describe ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:
Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against
Ideas such as; sustainable development.

- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through

stock piling of minerals / preservation is keeping the minerals until the Fig. 11
world prices improves such as for diamonds and copper. Suggest sources of air pollution

- Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation - Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide,
or laws to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is dust)
number of wild animals a person allowed to hunt, hunting licenses, - Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners,
National Parks and Game Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws aerosol sprays, etc
- Dump sites (smoke)
- Stabilising population growth, for example, planning for small families, - Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
birth control, practicing population control, giving incentives to small - Construction sites (smoke, dust)
families or penalize for large families - Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)
- Conservation measures, for example, tree planting, recycling, re-use,
reduce, clean-up, limited use of resources, good farming methods, Describe ways by which air pollution can be prevented.
Wildlife Management Areas
- Education on resource use - Through the polluter tax / polluter pays principle
- Use of synthetic products - Environmental impact assessment
- Finding alternative energy sources, for example, the use of solar energy - Use of alternative sources of energy, for example, solar energy can be
instead of coal to produce electricity used to produce electricity instead of coal which pollutes the
environment.
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point - Elongation of chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent air
pollution.
- Use of catalytic converters
- Use of unleaded petrol
- Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
- Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
- Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
- Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car

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 Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South [developing
Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development. countries] as a result of globalisation

Ideas such as:

Fig.12 - Development of international crime syndicates/terrorism
What causes land pollution? - Lack of funds to educate/train people/high illiteracy
- Loss of sovereignty/loss of independence
Ideas such as; - Dominance of the economy by Trans National Companies
- Concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites) (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to their countries of origin
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries - Increase brain drain/ educated people prefer working in developed
- Oils from garages countries
- Clinical waste / waste from health facilities - HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power
- Worn out tyres - Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to investment
- Used batteries and production]
- Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams - Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)
- Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing - Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies which fail
eutrophication in streams to compete in a globalised world/less industrialised
- Transfer of diseases
Describe ways by which land pollution can be controlled - Loss of culture
- Difficult to accept change
Ideas such as;
Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all
- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through introduction countries.
of polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle
Ideas such as:
- The government should introduce strict waste management legislation to - Improvement of technology/complex technology , for example,
control land pollution automated machines/transfer from developed countries (DCs) to less
developed countries (LDCs)
- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs of - Introduction of global communication networks, for example, internet
conservation; Recycle, Re-use and Refuse (extra wrapping or packaging) and television
- Trade liberalisation
- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for - International policing/Interpol
example, use of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers - Increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]
- Formation of regional and international groupings such as European
- Overpopulation, industrialisation and pollution, therefore new forms of Union [EU] and African Union [AU]
development must be found which will conserve resources for future - Promotion of democracy
generations and lead to a more equal sharing of the world’s wealth. - Free movement of labour
- Encouragement of investment /saving
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 Module 2: Production, Consumption & Investment Enterprise Demonstrate an - Explain enterprise;
understanding of the role - Discuss the characteristics of sole
of enterprise in the proprietors, private companies,
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES process of production. parastatals, joint venture, partnerships
OBJECTIVES and co-operatives;
Learners should be able Learners should be able to: - Discuss privatisation of parastatals,
to: citizen empowerment, localisation,
Production Explain the concept and - Explain the concept of production; women and property ownership
the process of production - Discuss the need for production strategies for development;
including basic needs, needs, wants - Evaluate the role and development of the
(material and non-material), choice, primary, secondary, tertiary and
scarcity and opportunity costs; quaternary sectors of production in
- Discuss production in hunting and developing countries with specific
gathering societies; reference to Botswana.
- Identify and define the factors of Consumption Develop an understanding - Explain consumption;
production; and investment and appreciate - Describe the relationship between
- Discuss land ownership and problems consumption and consumption and production, supply and
related to utilisation and ownership; investment in Botswana demand, consumption, savings and
- Explain the various forms of capital such investment;
as finance, machinery and technology; - Discuss the benefits and risks of
- Discuss ways of raising capital; investment;
- Discuss labour and capital intensive - Discuss foreign reserves as a form of
modes of production investment;
- Discuss the determinant factors for - Evaluate the promotion of a culture of
appropriate technology; investment in Botswana’s economy.
- Evaluate progress in the development of
relevant technology in Botswana
including efforts by Rural Industries
Innovation Centre and Botswana Describe the need for production
Technology Centre;
- Discuss specialisation and division of - In order to develop we have to satisfy our basic needs and wants to start
labour; the process of economic growth.
- Describe different types of labour
including specialised, skilled, semi- - To satisfy our needs and wants, we produce and exchange goods.
skilled and unskilled;
- Discuss conditions which either or - Development emphasizes satisfaction of people’s needs and the
promote labour efficiency; production process ensures that goods and services are made to satisfy
- Assess how far local conditions facilitate
or militate against labour efficiency; basic needs first and wants later.
- Explain entrepreneurship;
- Describe the role played by an - Development requires money for it to take place and this money is
entrepreneur in the process of generated by production activities such as mining, industry and
production;
- Discuss economic production systems; agriculture.
- Suggest and justify an alternative
production system for Botswana’s - Production creates wealth to fuel the development process.
economy.
- The higher the level of production the higher the level of development
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Describe factors of production (defined)

- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural
resources found on it
- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed
towards the production of goods and provision of services / OR work done
by people to produce goods and services
- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide services
(e.g. tools, machinery, factories) and money saved up and used to buy such
things
- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in
the production process with the intention of making profit.

*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable

Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the Describe each type of land ownership shown in Fig. 1.
production process
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as;
- Collective land ownership is when people in the local community own
Land: and use land together, for example, in Tanzania after independence
families owned chunks of land together, shared work and farming
- If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock machinery.
- If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for
livestock - Private land ownership is the land owned by individuals and
- There has to be land to start a production process companies, for example, Molapo estate in Francistown and Phakalane in
Gaborone.
Capital:
- Public land ownership is when the state or nation owns land. There are
- Capital / money is needed to pay workers rules on who has the right to fields. For example, Botswana and Lesotho
- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools of Land Board/Land committee.
- We need capital goods to start a production process
Labour: - Renting land ownership is when people use land through paying the
owner some amount of money or annually
- There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process
- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production - Share cropping land ownership is when people use somebody’s land to
grow crops, for farming and pay the land owner with part of the harvest
or crop.
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Suggest problems that people might face when they own land communally Suggest reasons why hunting and gathering is practised by very few societies

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- The land may be degraded/people ignore good practices
- Increased population/ people are more than wild animals /shortage of
- Overgrazing/overstocking land
- Establishment of game reserves and national parks
- Soil erosion - Environmental laws that controls hunting of wild animals
- Government development plans which need people to be settled
- Banks reject it as a form of security for loan - Cordon fences that restrict movement of wild animals
- Modernisation of hunter gatherers, for example, need to attend formal
- Deforestation, for example, cutting down trees for firewood schools
- Outbreak of diseases attacking wild animals
- Over harvesting of veld products/depletion - Provision of water by government, for example, boreholes.
- Encroachment of pastoral farming into wildlife areas.
- Conflicts over usage - Overgrazing that has depleted edible plants.
- Construction of cordon fences that has disrupted migratory routes of wild
- The land can be taken anytime by the government animals.
- Increased population that has reduced the land available for a nomadic
- Land cannot be sold life.
- Government resettlement programmes like Remote Areas Dwellers
- Failure to develop the land (R.A.D)
- Increasing levels of education amongst the Basarwa.
Describe the use of any three factors of production in a hunting and gathering - Anti-poaching laws that prevent Basarwa from hunting.

Ideas such as: Describe characteristics of production among hunting and gathering societies

- Land : Hunter gatherers hunt wild animals and collect fruits and plants in Ideas such as
their territories - Simple technology/tools/labour intensive

- Labour: Labour is provided by members of tribe/labour is divided - Gender based division of labour/women gather/men hunt
according to gender where men hunt and women gather
- Communal use of land/hunting areas
- Capital :Hunter gatherers own simple tools for hunting/own simple
bows, poisoned arrows, clubs etc - Dependence on natural resources

- Entrepreneurship : Hunter-gatherers use traditional knowledge and skill - Subsistence production

passed down to them by their ancestors over the years - Craftsmanship production/use of traditional skills

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Describe three ways of raising capital for production Describe ways an entrepreneur can raise capital for production

Ideas such as: - Personal savings/insurance policies

- Saving is abstaining from consumption and putting the money in the - Selling of shares
bank to earn interest. - Loans [from financial institutions/banks]
- Grants/donations
- Borrowing from the banks and financial institutions. - Leasing
- Hire purchase
- International loans from other countries, the World Bank and - Debenture [loan from the public]/family members/friends
International Monetary Fund. - Sale of assets

- Investment is putting money into a business with the hope of earning

profit. Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your
answer.
- Shares are putting money in the business to get a certain percentage of
profit made. - Low/simple technology is the use of hand tools to produce goods and
services, for example, hoes, knives.
- Taxation is done by the government. It taxes workers and companies to
raise money for development. It is cheap and made form local materials

Explain the importance of capital in production - Intermediate technology: is the use of simple manually operated machines
to produce goods and services, for example, hand sewing machine, ox-
Ideas such as: drawn mould board plough.
- Money is used in infrastructural development
It is also cheap but more efficient than low/simple technology and can be
- Money buy equipment used in small scale operations

- Money is used to buy raw materials - Advanced/Complex technology is the use of very big and
sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to produce goods and services
- Money is used to pay workers on a large scale.

- Money used to pay utilities such as water and electricity bills - Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven, for example, uses
electricity and/or oil, for example, a tractor, combined harvester, computer,
- Equipment is used to transform or change raw materials into semi- etc.
finished and finished goods

- Buildings house the machines/products

- Cars are used for transportation

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Describe three factors determining appropriate technology Study Fig. 2 which is an extract about Rural Industries Innovation Centre
(RIIC)
- Levels of development, developed societies tend to concentrate on
complex technology while developing societies concentrate on simple Located in Kanye, in the Southern District of Botswana, Rural Industries
and intermediate technology. Innovation Centre (RIIC) is the national appropriate technology development
and dissemination centre in Botswana. It undertakes new and renewable energy
- Education and skills/Availability of appropriate skills and
knowledge, complex technology needs highly educated and skilled activities with projects in solar cooking and pumping, biogas, energy
people to operate and maintain while simple technology and intermediate management, and solar cold room.
technology need less skills and education.
Source: RIIC’s website http:// www.ripco.co.bw
Fig.2
- Capital/Cost/Affordability, complex technology is expensive to buy Describe factors which might make solar energy appropriate for Botswana.
and maintain therefore only the rich countries can afford it.

Developing countries are poor hence the technology they can only afford Ideas such as:
to use simple and intermediate.
- Botswana has many months of sunshine/ sunshine is readily available
- Employment creation, developing countries like Botswana have high
unemployment levels hence need simple and intermediate technology
that are labour intensive. - It is clean /environmentally friendly.

Complex technology would be inappropriate as it would lead to high

- RIIC can develop/install/maintain any required solar machines.
rates of unemployment.

- It is easy to use.
- Environmental risks/Adaptability, for example, simple technology
causes less pollution while complex technology causes pollution.
- It is affordable.
- Availability of raw materials
- It can be set up in rural area [where most Batswana live]

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Suggest problems that the Rural Industries Centre might face in their effort
to disseminate new developments.

Ideas such as:

- It takes long to conduct proper needs assessment to decide products and
technologies to develop
Fig.3
Advantages of labour intensive disadvantages of labour intensive
- Feasibility of developing some technologies requested by clients is low
production production
due sophistication/lack of knowledge or skills by RIIC - In Labour intensive production, little - Labour intensive may lead to
capital is needed because of the use of poor quality work and products
simple technology. because of the use of simple
- Batswana are slow to adapt to new technologies/are traditional so they
technology and unskilled labour.
fail to support RIIC/Low literacy making people to be rigid - It creates employment to a large
number of people
- It is the slow method of
- Recession/ shortage of money to conduct research/ high cost to RIIC - It is cheap to run and maintain / little production it relies heavily on
capital required since simple human manual effort
technology used
- Batswana shun most non-agricultural technologies
- It leads to low level of
- It provides with an opportunity to production because of the use of
train on the job simple technology.
- Most Batswana may lack money to buy such technologies
- It causes less pollution or destruction - It makes people tired because the
of the environment work is strenuous.
- It requires little skills to enter or run

- It promotes human interaction

- It encourages craftsmanship

- It uses local skills & knowledge

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 Describe any three forms of specialisation in production
Advantages of capital intensive Disadvantages of capital intensive
production production - Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a specific
task
- Greater opportunity to use - Causes pollution to the
machinery / quick & efficient environment because of the use of - Product specialisation is where a company or business concentrates on
method of production advanced technology. the production of a specific commodity or service

- Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the

- Production of quality goods - Lead to high unemployment rate
production of a specific product or service
because the advanced technology
- Mass production makes goods requires only few people to - Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same area
cheaper operate. concentrate on the production of a specific product or service
- Acquire skills of operating - Lead to loss of craftsmanship. Describe any three forms of specialisation
machines / skills development /
creates a lot of skilled manpower - Specialisation by Individual is when a person concentrates or gives
- It is expensive to buy and great attention to one task only e.g. a Development Studies teacher, a
- Work is made lighter and more maintain. dentist, an optometrist, etc
enjoyable because of the use of - Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company
machinery concentrates on or gives great attention to making a single commodity
- It requires skilled manpower. e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries,
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.
- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on producing a
Describe any three types of labour certain good(s) / commodity (ies) which they have comparative
advantage over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia
Ideas such as: produces fish, etc.
- Specialised Labour refers to people who are experts or highly skilled - Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same geographical
people, for example, engineers, doctors, teachers, nurses and lawyers. area concentrate on or give great attention to a particular product e.g. The
- Skilled Labour refers to people who are highly trained in practical work Middle East countries produce oil./where the majority of people in a
related to production, for example, artisans, surveyors, electricians, auto particular area are engaged in the same type of work due to specific skills
mechanics, fitters and turners. or resource availability e.g. basketry in North West Botswana, phane
- Semi-Skilled Labour refers people who are trained on-the-job for harvesting in the Central & North East Botswana
specific tasks. For example a spanner boy who eventually become a - Specialisation by Process is when a company concentrates on or gives
fully-fledged mechanic. great attention to various aspects of a product e.g. at a car assembly plant
- Unskilled Labour refers to workers who have no training at all. Mostly there are different areas of specialisation in the process of assembling a
used as manual labourers, for example, farm workers, cleaners and car; there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the
garden boys. windscreen, the wipers, the gearbox etc.

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State advantages of division of labour Describe advantages of specialisation of labour

Ideas such as; Ideas such as:

- Work can be done faster and perfectly because the worker perform only
- Work can be done faster and perfectly one task.
- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other
- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential - Little time is wasted moving from one task to the other.
- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of
money and time) - There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.
- Quality goods and services are produced
- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery - It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.

Explain disadvantages of division of labour - Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced
technology.
Ideas such as; - There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.
- Work becomes monotonous and boring
- Loss of craftsmanship - Increases worker’s proficiency because of constant repetition.
- It increases the chances of unemployment
- There is a lot of interdependence - Creates a lot of employment opportunities, for example, teaching.

Explain disadvantages of specialisation of labour

Ideas such as:

- Doing the same job repeatedly leads to boredom.

- Workers lose the initiative to exercise judgement and responsibility.

- Increased risk of unemployment because of the greater use of machinery.

- Loss of craftsmanship because of the increased use of machinery.

- Increased dependency easily leads to disruption of production, for

example, if one worker is absent.

- Concentration on one task makes it difficult for one to acquire other

Fig.4 skills.

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Describe the factors that increase the efficiency of labour Describe any three roles played by an entrepreneur.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Increased leisure/rest - Organisation of land, labour and capital to produce goods and services.
- Education/training, the higher the level of training and education the - Decision-making on what to produce, how to produce and where to
higher the level of productivity produce.
- Motivation, workers can be encouraged to work harder by being offered - Management/leadership of the day to day running of business or
incentives such as higher wages, rewards, promotion at work and enterprise.
bonuses/13th cheque - Risk bearer which is the ability to take risks and steer the business to be
- Improved working conditions, for example, well ventilated a success.
workplace/ventilation
- Improved technology, if workers use simple technology then productivity
will be lower. Workers who use advanced technology will be more
productive.
- Good leadership
- Specialisation/Division of labour
- Workers welfare, workers must have peace of mind for them to be
productive at work, for example, pension and medical aid schemes
- Good work ethics ( coming to work on time)

Suggest factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in

Botswana Fig.5

Ideas such as What are the qualities of a good entrepreneur?

- Poor work ethics/laziness/culture of laziness/absenteeism from work Ideas such as:

- Alcoholism/drug abuse - Innovative/creative in the running of the business
- Dirty unattractive working conditions - Initiative/self-motivated
- Low wages/salaries - Good organisational skills/good planner/good manager/interpersonal
- Poor supervision/management skills
- Lack of training - Risk bearing/capability to bear risk
- Lack of machines/equipment/tools to use - Good motivator of employees
- Crippling effect of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Covid-19 - Good decision maker
- Poor/congested transportation routes causing late arrivals at work, for - Hard worker/productive
example, Gaborone/ poor infrastructure - Able to move with the times
- Lack of motivation - Good leader/loyal to workers/good communicator/responsible/lead by
- Conflict among workers example

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Study the figure below which shows economic production systems and Describe the advantages of market economic production
answer questions that follows.
Ideas such as:

- The economy responds quickly to the people’s needs and wants.

- Entrepreneurs always try to use the resources as efficiently as possible in
order to get the most profit out of them.
- High quality goods and services because of fierce competition.
- Entrepreneurs are always motivated to make a success of their businesses
because they want to make profit.
- Highly productive because of the use of mass production methods.
- Capitalist countries have achieved the highest levels of development in
the world, for example, japan and U.S.A.
- Anyone has the chance to become rich provided he or she has the
business skills.

Explain the disadvantages of market economic production system

Fig.6
Ideas such as:
Describe the characteristics/features of market economic production
- It ignore production of basic needs so people might suffer/shortage of
- Private property is when individuals have the right to own and control basic needs/profit motive so it ignore production of basic needs
the means of production, for example, labour, land and capital. - The system is controlled by money o only those with money can
- Freedom of choice is when people are free to choose what to produce, participate/ small businesses collapse due to competition/monopolies
how to produce and where to produce. - Inequality between the rich and the poor increase so there will be
- Freedom of enterprise is when people are free to start businesses of unbalanced development
their choice. - Profit motive results in exploitation of workers/unemployment
- Self- interest is when people are motivated by the need to make profits - Too much competition results in unethical business practices
for themselves. - Profit motive leads to damage of the environment
- Competition is when businesses compete against each other. - Lack of serious planning may result in duplication of production
- Price mechanism is when the laws of supply and demand determine the activities
prices for goods and services. - Free market may lead to illegal substances finding their way into the
- Government role is minimal which means there is little government market
interference with the running of the economy. - Too much competition lowers prices of goods and services
Rule: 1 mark for disadvantage and 1mark for explanation
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 Study the figure below which shows world economies and answer the Describe the advantages of planned economy/socialism
questions that follows - It satisfies all the people’s basic needs, for example, food, shelter and
clothes.
- The benefits of production are distributed equally among the whole
population.
- Everyone has the right to work or employment.
- The goods and services are made available at low prices

Describe the disadvantages of the socialist economic system

- It is too bureaucratic/red tape
- It encourages laziness / lack of self interest
Fig.7 - There is lack of competition, which results in poor quality goods
- It stifles creativity/initiative
State five characteristics of planned economy: - Lack of personal choice or freedom / restricted choice
Describe the characteristics of planned/socialist economic production system - Inefficient use / waste of resources as they are not allocated by price
- Planning gaps/some places are left undeveloped/unattended
Ideas such as:
Describe the disadvantages of planned economy
- Government is the only entrepreneur/ businesses are funded by the
government - It is difficult to plan for the whole country and these results in a lot of
mistakes.
- Prices of goods and services are controlled by the government - It suppresses individual freedom to think and act.
- State appointed managers are inefficient because they are appointees
rather than entrepreneurs.
- People work for the good of the society/ the aim of the production is to - There is technological inefficient because managers are prohibited
supply people’s needs/ collective interest coming up with new ideas or make changes.
- Very luxury goods are produced hence the people’s lives are
- Competition between businesses is prohibited uncomfortable.
- A very limited choice for consumers since all goods and services are
produced by the state.
- The means of production are owned by the government on behalf of the - There is a low productivity level because of over-employment, inefficient
people management and low morale of the workers.

- The government controls all parts of the economy NB: However most of the socialist are moving towards the Capitalist mode of
production.

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State the features/characteristics of mixed economic production system Describe the features that shows that Botswana follows a mixed economic
production system.
- There is both private and state/public ownership of resources.
- There is freedom of enterprise. - The feature that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic
- The government also operates enterprises, for example. State production system is that parastatals operating side by side with the
corporations/ parastatals. private businesses. For example, Botswana Power Corporation and
- The government plans for the economy, for example, National Choppies.
Development Plans.
- The government interferes in the running of the economy through the - The prices determined by market forces while the government controls
following ways, Taxation of businesses, Legislation, for example, prices for some goods and services, for example, petrol and maize meal.
company laws and labour laws, Quality control, for example, through the
Botswana Bureau of Standards, Price monitoring, and Provision of basic
infrastructure, for example, roads, power, railways and water. - The government schools and universities such as University of
- Government provides social services for the people such as education, Botswana and Botswana International University Of Research Science
health, sanitation and social welfare. and Technology operating alongside private schools and universities such
as Botho College and Baisago University College.
Describe the advantage of mixed economic production system
Ideas such as: - The government hospitals and clinics operating alongside private
- It redistributes the benefits of production through the taxing of hospitals and clinics. For example, Nyangagwe Hospital in Francistown
businesses.
and Riverside Hospital in Francistown. The government prepares
- Helps the poor through the welfare system.
- The government provides the basic needs of the people. National Development Plans while individuals implement them.
- The government protects the workers from exploitation.
- Consumers obtain quality goods and services.
- The environment is protected from unnecessary damage by laws. - The government set regulations for business operations such as quality
- People are free to establish enterprise of their choice. control, price monitoring while individuals are free to make other
decisions.
State the disadvantages of mixed economic production system
Ideas such as:
- The government may discourage investment through laws and heavy - The government gives free food or basic needs to destitute while other
taxation. people must buy for themselves. The government exempts the poor from
- Government always ends up in debt because of public expenditure. paying school fees whilst other people pay.
- The welfare system encourages people to be lazy and irresponsible.
- State enterprises are inefficient and a drain to the economy.

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Explain the benefits of choosing a mixed economic production system Study Fig. 8 which shows a sole proprietor form of enterprise

- The government social welfare programme ensures that everybody has

access to basic needs.

- The government labour laws protects workers from exploitation through

coming up with labour laws.

- The benefit of choosing a mixed economic production system is having

environmental laws that prevent damage to the environment.

- The presence of government businesses or parastatals ensures availability

Fig.8
of essential goods and services, for example, water and electricity.
With the aid of fig. 8, describe the characteristics of sole proprietorship
Ideas such as:
- The government price control ensures that basic needs are sold at
- Business owned by only one person
affordable prices, for example, water, electricity, mealie meal and petrol. - Profit/loss are for the owner alone
- The owner is the one responsible for providing all capital needed to set
up and run the business
- The government laws and regulations prevent immorality, for example, - The owner uses his/her labour/assisted perhaps by one/two worker/
banning of pornographic materials. The element of freedom of enterprise family members
- The business tends to be small in size although it is not always so/small
allows high achievers to excel.
scale
- The business has unlimited liabilities/responsible person’s assets are at
risk
- Registered under the name of the owner
- Decisions are made by the owner/ owner manages the business

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Describe the advantages of a sole proprietor Describe disadvantages of a sole proprietor

- This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually - Individuals usually have small amounts of capital and this might hinder
self- motivated and has every reason to make the business become as the expansion of the enterprise.
efficient as possible.
- The success of the business depends on the owner’s abilities, and on his
- The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his time
or her death or retirement, the business might be affected by the person
and energy to the business as he or she wishes. who inherits it. If the inheritor is not a good business person, the
- The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making a new company will obviously collapse.
policy for the business. This allows the owner to put decisions into effect
without having to convince others. - Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for all
- Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the owner the debts and losses of the firm.
to have more closer and personal contact with both the employees and
- Liability is limited; this means the owners assets are at risk.
customers.
- In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start. - Sole trader is at times has difficulties to get money or loan to finance the
- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country. business since banks need security.
- Sole trader creates jobs.
- There are no economies of scale. This means the sole trader cannot buy
Suggest the problems of operating Sole proprietorship in a developing in bulk to experience discounts.
country
- The division of labour may be difficult to organise because of the small
Ideas such as: size of the business, resulting in little sharing of the workload, hence the
owner is overworked. This may affect productivity and labour efficiency.
- Wrong decisions may be made (due to lack of check points for decision
making)/Lack of consultation
- It may be difficult to raise enough capital (for expansion alone)/less State the advantages of a private company
capital
- The business lacks (assured) continuity/when the owner dies, the Ideas such as:
business also dies
- The business also lacks credit worthiness (to get loan) - They have a lot of potential in increasing public awareness of an issue.
- The owner is over-worked as he/she is everything to the business/never - The private sector is profit and efficiency driven, and as such tends to
goes on holiday have a highly productive staff.
- Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for all - The private sector is demand and client driven and therefore very
the debts and losses of the business/unlimited liability responsive to the people’s needs.
- The business will not enjoy economies of scale - The sector is very flexible compared to others in that it has to amend its
- Competition from large scale businesses service to fit the public whenever a need arises.

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Study the fig.9 below which is an extract on parastatals Explain some parastatals have been privatised

- To increase wealth/GDP/GNP of a country

- To raise capital from sale of shares
- To reduce the burden of running production for the government/reduce
Fig.9 expenditure of the country /reduce government spending on daily running
of businesses
With the aid of the above extract, describe characteristics of parastatals - To encourage more people to own shares as a way of promoting citizen
empowerment
- They are established by an Act of parliament/set up by the government - To encourage competition in some business areas where there is
- They are owned by the government/assets are publicly owned monopoly
- Chief Executive Officer (CEO) handle daily operations/daily - To reduce trade union power since private companies are less likely to
management give into demands by unions
- They are funded by the government - To increase efficiency in production since private productions will
- Profit goes to the government respond to market forces/ to reduce bureaucracy
- They focus on the provision of useful goods and services - To reduce political interference from the businesses
- Large scale businesses - To attract foreign direct investment (FDI) so that individual companies
pay tax
Suggest benefits (advantages) of operating parastatals to a developing
country
Study the fig.10 below which is an extract on provision of electricity by
- Parastatal prevent duplication of production which is wasteful Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
- Parastatals allows for economies of scale because they are large
- Parastatals ensures that essential goods and services are available even
though are expensive to produce/provide, for example, water supply and
electricity supply
- Parastatal provide sufficient capital for large scale development/ source
of income for the government
- Parastatals rescue dying industries in order to protect employment
- Parastatals helps to create employment
- Parastatals helps the government to implement its policies
- Parastatals industries of strategic importance are in the hands of the
government rather than private individuals, for example, atomic Fig.10
power/electricity
- Parastatal also serve as a strategy to promote industrialisation in the
country
- They are source of foreign exchange
- They encourage infrastructural development
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Give reasons why in most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such Describe the disadvantages of parastatals
as Botswana Power Corporation (BPC)
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- They tend to waste state funds if they are not run properly, which is a
- To avoid exploitation of consumers/to offer electricity at affordable price great cost to taxpayers.
- They often lead to monopolies whereby the government owns most of the
- To ensure continuous supply
profitable enterprises and competes with small companies and this might
- To achieve economies of scale lead to the collapse of the small companies.
- Parastatal mostly tends to provide goods and services of poor quality due
- Electricity is strategic ,so it is better in the hands of the government than to monopolies.
of individuals/ electricity is an essential service - Most are too expensive to run and over stretch the taxpayer’s money.
- Lack of initiative amongst workers leads to inefficiency in production.
- The government has sufficient or enough funds to carry out such a large - Uniform products may not satisfy everyone’s taste.
scale service

- To ensure provision of electricity to remote areas even when it is Study the fig.11 below which shows the relationship between Multi-National
uneconomic/to promote government policy of rural electrification Corporations (MNCs) and developing countries.
Suggest problems that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of
power supply

Ideas such as:

- Lack of entertainment/most televisions and radios are off due power cuts
- Failures to do house chores which need power/disruption of life (Allow
examples)
- Poor security due to lack of lights
- Lack of cell phone/telephone network/lack of communication
- Shopping is disrupted/most of shops are closed
- Disruption of study
- Provision of health services is disrupted (Allow examples), for example,
x-ray machines and theatre for operations will not function without
electricity
- Easy flow of traffic is disrupted/traffic lights stop working
- Damage to electrical appliances
- Production is disrupted/machines stop working Fig.11

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Explain how Multi-National Corporations benefit (advantages) host countries State the advantages of a joint venture
or developing countries Ideas such as

- They pay tax to the host government. (Benefit to the government) - Cost sharing in buying materials or goods
- They increase employment opportunities. (Benefit to the people) - Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
- They bring new technology to the host countries. (Technical knowhow) - Increased resource base
- They bring in foreign currency when they export from the host country. - Economies of scale, for example, experience discount when buying in bulk
or buying many goods.
(International trade) - They reduce unnecessary competition between companies selling the same
- They enjoy greater economies of scale. products which allow them to share the profits and losses.
- They give support, mostly financial to the local social clubs and - Joint ventures can expand easily and make more profits because they have a
associations. (Money) lot of capital.
- They offer goods and services of better quality and variety to customers. - Joint ventures can save money by buying products at low prices because they
- They widen the country’s income base increasing Gross National buy in bulk.
Products. - They create a lot of employment by hiring many people because they have
capital
Describe the problems (disadvantages) that Multi-National Corporations
cause to developing countries. *To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

- At times they dominate economies by monopolistic practices. Describe the advantages of partnership in business:
- Sometimes they bring in their own expert instead of training locals for
managerial positions within the host country. Ideas such as;
- Attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the expense of local
- Share business skills / skills / division of labour
industries.
- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through dependence on - Share risks / consultative decision making
foreign technology. - Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
- They may take all the profits back to the country of their origin. - Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
- Sometimes they interfere with the policies of the host country. - Individuality maintained
- Some are too powerful for the host country to control. - Greater chances of securing loans
- There is continuity
- Partnership allows for division of labour
- In partnership create continuity is assured.
- It is easy to set up.
- There is shared decision making.
- Secrecy in business is maintained.
- There is a greater chance of security for loans.

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Describe the advantages of partnership Describe the advantages (benefits) of being a member of a co-operative.

Ideas such as Ideas such as:

- The decision may be delayed by consultation. - Skills sharing/ members learn new skills
- Easy to raise a high amount of capital/group investment
- The withdrawal of one or some partners may cause the partnership to - Opportunity for division of labour/sharing of tasks
dissolve. - Members share ideas
- Lack of capital may limit expansion. - Collective decision making/ good decisions are made
- Unlimited liability. - Improves marketing of products
- It may be difficult to find a suitable partner. - Easy access to financial assistance from financial institutions
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
Study Fig. 12 which shows a weaving co-operative.
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Collective saving gives opportunity for bigger interest rates
- Cost sharing, for example, transport is shared so the cost is shared
- Bulk buying of raw materials or inputs makes them cheaper
- Poverty alleviation
- Employment creation

Suggest how a government can ensure that co-operatives are successful.

Ideas such as:

- Provide entrepreneurial skills or upskilling

- Provide storage facilities
- Provide funding or financial assistance
- Improve transport networks
- Provide technological assistance or invest in technological development
- Assist with quality assurance or standards, for example, Botswana
Bureau of Standards (BOBS)
Fig.12 - Mentoring or giving expert advice or incubation strategy
- Market the products or services/ provide a market for the cooperatives
- Provide subsides

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Study Fig. 13, which shows some of the government policies in Botswana. For three of the policies shown in Fig. 13, suggest two ways by which each
policy may improve production.
 Citizen Empowerment

- Increase businesses as locals are given financial assistance

- Increased production as citizens are trained or become skilled
 Localisation

- Locals are likely to work harder for their country or national

pride
- Local businesses are given financial assistance
- Locals are trained or given courses
Fig.13  Privatisation of parastatals

Describe each policy shown in Fig. 13. - Efficient use of resources will result in high production
- Possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) to fuel
 Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals with
production through more capital or technology transfer
skills and other means so that they can participate in the economy of the - Improved quality of goods and services
country/development/ creating social, political and economic
opportunities so that nationals take part in the development/economy  Women and property ownership

 Localisation is when the government replaces foreign workers with - More women owned businesses will increase production in the
nationals/citizens/locals/ the government reserves some businesses for economy
- Increased production in women inclined industries, for example,
locals
Fashion and Design, Interior design, Beauty Parlours, Knitting
 Privatisation of parastatals is when the government transfers ownership and pottery
of its businesses to individuals/companies usually through selling. - Inherited funds can be used as capital for investment
- Government allows females or women to own big or large
 Women and property ownership is when the government allows
possessions or assets/material/goods
women to own big possessions, for example houses and forms or
The government recognises the rights of women to own big possessions [Accept any two correct points per policy]
such as businesses and houses.
[RULE: Do not penalise for repetition of terms] -
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Describe the advantages of privatisation/Explain the benefits of privatisation The role of government in privatisation:
- Sets up regulatory price mechanism
- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit - Makes laws that govern privatisation process
- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment - Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Reduces public bureaucracy or delays in decision making - Empower citizens
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship - Provide loans/grants
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the
quality of goods and services Describe ways by which privatization can benefit developing countries such
- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them as Botswana
- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
- Removes burden from government. - Improves infrastructural development
- Increases foreign direct investment - Allows citizens to own businesses/citizen empowerment
- Private companies take social responsibilities - Country’s revenue is increased due to payment of tax/from government
enterprises
Describe the disadvantages of privatisation: - Efficiency is improved/quality goods/services improves.
- There is massive job losses due to redundancy - Government burden of running enterprises is reduced.
- Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats - Improves the country’s GDP/GNP/economic growth/income.
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor - Improves the country’s foreign exchange/exports.
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity - Reduces government monopoly
- It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to
- Reduces political interference
emergence of private monopolies
- Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs - Reduces bureaucratic red tape
- Skills development
Suggest problems that may be caused by privatisation - Technological advancement
- Many privatised assets are sold too cheaply so tax payer loses/ - Privatization attracts Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]
encourages corruption
- Sometime shares /businesses can be in the hands of foreign companies so Describe the benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana:
profits will go out of the country. - It promotes the socio-economic development of locals
- Shares are often bought the rich businesses so locals fail to - It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
participate/widens the gap between the rich and poor - It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too
- Privatisation may result in lower wages/poor working conditions for much respect for foreigners
workers/exploitation of workers - Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Attempts to make profit often result in higher prices making consumers - Creates employment for citizens
suffer - Development is in accordance to culture
- Sometimes privatisation simply changes state monopoly to a private - There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end
monopoly of contract
- Privatised businesses often reduce workforce/loss of employment - Locals acquire necessary skills
- Private companies are profit driven so they fail to take care of the - Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
environment, for example, pollution - Saves money wasted on foreigners
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Suggest challenges that the government may face when trying to follow the Explain ways through which your government empower citizens
How does your government empower citizens?
localisation policy.
Ideas such as: Ideas such as:
- shortage of skilled locals
- Guaranteeing locals access to credit facilities e.g. National Development
- Poor work ethics among citizens Bank (NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)/
providing loans at low interest rates to nationals
- Shortage of funds to implement the policy
- Organising markets for local producers
- Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example, - Giving locals tax holidays which is allowing newly established from pay tax
for a certain period of time and subsidies is covering part of expenses on
medical doctors
materials used in production
- Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries rather - Protecting infant industries, for Import Substitution Strategy and Export
Oriented Strategy can be used to protect local industries from competition
than at home
- Making some production exclusively for locals, for example, saloons and
- Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example, when transportation such as buses and taxies industry
a fresh local graduate replaces an experienced expatriate graduate
Suggest factors that make it difficult for the government of Botswana to
- The policy creates conflict between home government and other empower citizens
governments/ it strains foreign relations/ promotes xenophobia. Ideas such as:
- Fronting (when foreigners use citizens to invest in businesses reserved
[RULE: Award slowing down of the economy/productivity if it is the only only for citizens by giving them money to look as if they are once
answer] owning them)
- Insufficient market/lack of markets
- Lack of commitment from bureaucrats/ lack of political will or
Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana
support/information not reaching the people enough
- Conflicting government programmes/ lack of proper coordination of
- Promotes socio-economic development of locals
programmes by the government
- Creates employment for locals
- Corruption/nepotism/favouritism/bribery/misuse of money
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too - Lack of proper monitoring
much respect for foreigners - Laziness/laxity by locals to access government programmes/lack of
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions cooperation from the people
- It saves money used on expatriates - Lack of money for programmes by the government
- Lack of money by the people

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Describe ways by which the government of Botswana empowers citizens. Study Fig. 14 which shows different types of production.
Ideas such as:
- Training/educating citizens
- Provision of financial assistance to locals
- Providing opportunity for locals to vote in elections
- Provision of information through radio, television, newspapers on various
issues
- Provision of health services to fight/ cure/control/treat diseases
- Teaching locals their rights
- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders
- Marketing of local goods and services to outside markets Fig.14
- localisation Describe each type of production shown in Fig. 14

- Primary production is the extraction/removal/collection of raw materials

What problems may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in from the environment without changing their form
Botswana?
- Secondary production is the transformation/processing, manufacturing,
- Fronting is when citizens are given money by foreigners to start a business changing of raw materials into semi-finished and finished products and
and become silent partners or shareholders. goods

- Insufficient market to sell the goods produced by locals or nationals or

citizens - Tertiary production deals with provision of services to support
production [Allow examples]
- Poor business skills/ lack of entrepreneurial skills by locals
- Quaternary is the activities concerned with research, compilation,
- Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats or those in power or the processing, dissemination of the research information to improve human
government or politicians resources or production.

[4 at 1mark each]

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Identify and define the sectors of production Suggest ways by which the productivity of the secondary sector could be
improved in Botswana.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Primary Sector involves the extraction of raw materials, for example, - Training workers/entrepreneurs , for example, Local Enterprise Authority
mining, fishing, farming (LEA)
- Importation of raw materials
- Secondary Sector deals with the manufacturing of - Provision of cheaper utilities ,for example, water and electricity
products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-finished or finished - Provision of funding/ loans at low interest rate, for example, through
goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc. Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) and National
Development Bank (NDB)
- Tertiary Sector is the services provision sector or where goods and - Provision of serviced land/infrastructure, for example, availability of
services are distributed to the customers, for example, transport, banking, water, tarred roads, telecommunication network and electricity
Metsef etc. - Reduction of bureaucratic process/delay in decision making/red tape
- Use of improved /better technology
- Quaternary Sector involves the use of information technology where there - Inviting foreign investors/Multi-National Companies (MNCs)
is use of computers - Marketing/ finding market for locally produced goods
- Use of import substitution strategy and export oriented strategy
State three benefits of the secondary sector
Describe ways by which Botswana has benefited from primary production
Ideas such as:
- Promote economic linkages (Economic linkages is when industries that Ideas such as:
produce goods and services depend on each other ) - Employment creation/improved standard of living of workers
- Foreign exchange/export of raw materials such as diamonds, cooper,
- Value added products produced/ semi-finished and finished goods will be nickel and soda ash
produced/ goods that are ready for use - Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads, improved
telecommunication network such as internet
- Increased returns/ helps to maximise profit by selling finished goods - Botswana famous for beef production and diamond mining
- Stimulation of industrial growth, for example, meat processing and
- Control of the prices diamond polishing
- Food from production
- Stability in prices & demand enjoyed - Acquisition of skills through training
- Technological advancement
- Source of income
- Increased GDP/GNP/GNP per capita

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Explain why investing in livestock farming in Botswana may be risky. Describe the benefits of a growing tertiary industry

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Meat/beef prices can fail easily
- Livestock can be attacked by diseases, for example, foot and mouth - Increased market
- Livestock can be attacked by pests, for example, tsetse fly - Greater opportunities for new business/diversification
- Drought can result in death of many animals - Job creation
- Drought can reduce the quality of meat (grade/value)
- Infrastructural development
- Other livestock producers can bring too much competition
- Demands by importers , for example, European Union (EU) market can - Tax earning
make sales difficult with their terms and conditions - Foreign exchange
- Skills development
Study Fig. 15 which shows stages of industrial development - Skills development
- Technological advancement
- Improvement in production
- Reduced imports

Suggest reasons why countries of the south still export mainly primary
product

Ideas such as:

- Unfair trade patterns/ countries of the South are viewed as a source of

raw materials
- They are seen as market for manufactured goods/Neo-colonialism
- Lack of technological capacity/machines
- Lack of capital/debts
Fig.15 - Lack of industrial skills/ training
Using Fig. 1 only, describe the employment trend for each of the sectors of - They suffer from rigidity/unwillingness to accept and effect change
production shown in the post-industrial stage. - Principle of comparative advantage
Ideas such as:
- The primary sector employment is decreasing /falling/dropping/slow
- The secondary sector employment is decreasing/falling/dropping
- The tertiary sector employment is increasing
- The quaternary sector employment is increasing/rising/fast

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Describe the benefits of having foreign reserves by countries Module 3: Rural Development
- The money is invested in International Financial Markets using
international financial brokers to buy shares, bonds and equities hence TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
generating profit. Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
- Foreign reserves as savings accrue/earns interest that is paid to the to:
country/loaning to other countries - Explain rural development;
- Foreign reserves helps a country to earn foreign exchange/ Foreign Rural Develop an understanding
Development and appreciation of the - Describe types of traditional rural
Exchange Earner nature of rural
- Foreign reserves helps to enhance country’s credit worthiness [helps societies under the following headings:
development.
land use and ownership, division of
countries to be able to get loans from other countries and international
labour, cultural activities, technology and
financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary
dependence on the environment;
Fund (IMF)
- Foreign reserves helps to secure the country’s financial future/helps - Explain the concept of colonialism;
during emergencies
- Discuss the impact of colonialism on
Describe ways of promoting investment by citizens rural development with specific reference
- Credit schemes/ facilities/ loans/grants/financial assistance, for example, to Botswana;
Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)
- Training in business skills, for example, Local Enterprise Authority - Discuss changes in rural areas in
(LEA) Botswana since independence;
- Providing infrastructure/serviced plots, for example, plots with tarred
- Discuss positive and negative aspects of
roads, water, telecommunication networks and electricity
rural development;
- Protectionism/protection of infant industries/localisation/citizen
empowerment - Discuss strategies to solve problems of
- Marketing of local products, for example, Botswana Export Development rural development;
Investment Agency (BEDIA)/buy local products campaign
- Reserving some businesses for locals/citizens only, for example, - Assess different rural schemes,
transportation industry such as taxies and buses and saloons programmes and projects:
- Tax holidays/rebates/tax lowering ( Tax holiday is when newly
established businesses are exempted from paying tax for a certain period - Investigate the changing family roles in
of time) rural areas.
- Government subsidy
- Encouraging import substitution industrialisation and export oriented
industrialisation
- Lowering inflation [reducing prices of goods and services]
- Affordable utilities, for example, water and electricity
- Political stability
- Privatization
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Describe the positive effects of rural development Suggest ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer
societies
Ideas such as:
- The positive effect of rural development is that employment is created - Agricultural Communities get food from domestic animals and plants while
- Empowerment of rural development [allow examples] hunter-gatherers get food from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables
- Reduce/alleviation of rural poverty
- Access to health care facilities/ clean drinking water/ sewage - Agricultural Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter-
facilities/increased life expectancy gatherers are nomadic, build temporary structures as shelter
- Access to educational facilities/increased literacy rate/increased school
enrolment - Agricultural Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (for
- Reduces rural-urban migration example, iron tools) while hunter-gatherers use simple technology
- There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial production
- There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go down
due to different goods to choose from Describe the division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies
- Reduces the gap between the rich and the poor
- Increases production of raw materials for industries Ideas such as;
- There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide
alternative source of income - Men generally hunted with boys
- Women and girls gathered wild food
State the aims of rural development - Children took care of the aged & sick
- Men protected their families from enemies/attacks
- To increase productivity in agric. - Women gathered water and firewood
- To improve standard of living
- To free women from triple work load Describe ways by which subsistence production can be improved
- To give women (and the rural populace) practical skills
- To provide credit facilities Ideas such as:
- To create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing
industries - Provision of extension services, for example, agricultures demonstrators,
- To create employment social workers
- To reduce rural-urban migration - Loan and credit schemes, for example, National Development Bank (NDB)
and Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)
Explain the importance of rural development - Provision of Training, for example, Local Authority Enterprise (LEA)
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads
- It brings services closer to the rural populace - Formation of syndicates
- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas - Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
- It help reduce rural-urban migration - Formation of cooperatives
- It increases agricultural productivity -
- It increases the country’s self -sufficiency in food

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Describe the characteristics of subsistence farming Describe three characteristics of commercial farming
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as;
- Agriculture is seasonal
- Labour intensive production - Large scale production
- Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology - Produce is for sale/for profit/for market
- Division of labour is gender based - Advanced technology is used
- Communal ownership and use of land - Paid/hired labour is used
- Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or - Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated seeds
rainfall for watering - Large plots of land
- Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds - Land is privately owned
- Use of family labour or animal power - Capital intensive
- Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops - Monoculture
- Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small - All year round production/perennial
- Mixed cropping - Division and specialisation of labour
- Production for family consumption - Irrigation
- Use of traditional methods, for example, broadcasting
(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics)
What are the problems faced by subsistence farmers?

- Unfavourable climatic conditions Describe the benefits of commercial farming

- Lack of machinery and tools Ideas such

- Poor soils - Mass production

- Lack of fertilizer - Employment creation

- Limited variety of crops - Economic linkages

-
- Shortage of land - Research and development / infrastructure

- Hand tools make work tiresome - More income generation

- Poor farming method - Food self-sufficiency

- Pests and diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides - Forex acquisition

- Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities
- Quality / improved yield/products
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What are the problems faced by commercial farmers? Describe positive aspects of rural life
Ideas such as;
- Unserviced land Ideas such as;
- Poor soils
- Pests - Cheap lifestyle
- Diseases - Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village /
- Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.) kinship ties
- Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall - Homogeneity of society
- Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs - Dependence on the environment
- Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge - Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs
- Shortage of market/lack of processing industries - Extended family structure which brings social security
- Foreign competition for market
Describe negative aspects of rural life
Explain how government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial
farmers in Botswana Ideas such as;

Ideas such as; - Cultural instability leads to moral decay

- Provide Funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development - Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the countryside
Agency(CEDA) and National Development Bank(NDB) - Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of
farming
- Provide Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele, Impala - Rural poverty is common
- Urbanism
- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural Innovation
Industries Centre (RIIC) , Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC) Describe ways by which a country may benefit economically from being
colonised
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
Ideas such as
- Marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural Marketing
Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) - Organised markets
- Large scale farming/plantation agric./ranching
- Control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease - Commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping
- Paid employment
- Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and Veterinary - Technological advancement/skills development
Officers - Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads and improved
telecommunication networks
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products - Resource development, for example, mining

- Provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP

- Control of pests , for example, quelea birds
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What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas in Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women.
countries in Southern Africa?
Ideas such as:
State three negative impacts / effects of colonialism
- Women’s work increased/tripled due to migration of men
Ideas such as; - Women suffered tripartite oppression [allow examples]
- Women were employed in less paying jobs, for example, cashiers and
- Low agricultural production / land dispossession / Europeans took good maids
quality land from Africans - Women earned less than men though doing the same job
- Delay in decision-making - Female headed households increased due to labour migration
- Oppression of women / tripartite oppression - Sex imbalances in rural areas [more women than men found in rural
- Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture areas due to labour migration]
- Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work for - Agricultural production declined
low wages on farms/plantations/mines - Migrant labour brought diseases [STDs]
- Sex imbalance [more women than men in rural areas] - Social problems like breakdown of marriages occurred
- Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were - Decision making was delayed waiting for men to come back from where
exported cheaply to the developed countries they are working
- Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land - Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child]
- A change in the direction of trade
- Loss of craftsmanship Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period
- Tax enforcement
- Family breakdown / infidelity Ideas such as
- Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families - For infrastructure development, for example, construction of railway line and
- Resistance e.g. liberation struggles tarred roads
- Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men - To carryout mining activities
- Shunning of traditional beliefs
- For agricultural production , for example, plantation, ranching
Rule:
- The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came about as a - For permanent settlement of European population
result of colonialism
- There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated - For strategic reasons, for example, the road to the North in Bechuanaland
Protectorate and Suez Canal in Egypt which provided the shortest route to
Asia

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

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Study Fig. 1, which shows the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European nations Describe the negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in
which colonised African countries African countries

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing

countries is that of introduction of hut tax resulting in migration of labour.

- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing

countries due to introduction of cash crops, for example, cotton

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing

countries is that of land dispossession or Africans lost their land.

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing

countries is that of family breakdown due to labour migration or migrant
labour.

- Introduction of unhealthy diets, for example, alcoholic beverages.

- Abolition of initiation schools

- Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers

- Loss of culture
Fig.1
- Increased workload for women due labour migration as women were not
Give reasons why European nations colonised Africa allowed to join their husbands who worked in South African mines
Ideas such as: - Loss of property such as cattle.
- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals and
other natural resources, for example, copper, gold and diamonds.
- The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour.
- The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for industries
in Europe.
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence.

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Describe the causes of rural poverty Describe ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in
rural areas to solve their problems
Ideas such as: Describe ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems of
- Population pressure rural poverty
- Lack of alternative income
- Lack of skills & technology Ideas such as;
- Unequal access to land
- No investible capital - Provision of health facilities/clinics
- Land dispossession - Old-age pension
- Rural industrialisation
State five social causes of rural poverty - Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by
agriculture Demonstrators
Ideas such as: - Provision of farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised
- Illiteracy fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- Large families/population pressure - Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for
- Traditional beliefs/witchcraft/rigidity example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency.
- Migration to towns and cities [by the able bodied/breadwinners] - Redistribution of land
- Government policies that encourage laziness - Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- Diseases/ill-health/death of breadwinners - Encourage family planning
- Improvement of transport facilities
State five problems associated with rural poverty - Drought relief programme(Namola Leuba) / job creation
- Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients
Ideas such as: - World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance

- Soil degradation & erosion

- Deforestation

- Water pollution & scarcity

- Wastage & rubbish disposal

- Rural-urban migration

- Increase in women fertility leading to high population growth

- Loss of animal species

- Poor pastures / poor food production

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Study fig. 4 and use it to answer question (a)(i) and (a)(ii) below. Study Fig. 5, which shows element of integrated rural development.

Fig.5

Describe each element of integrated rural development shown in Fig. 3

- The element of integrated rural development which is land reforms deals

with redistribution of land to help landless people or deals with helping
people to have access to land.
Describe the changes brought by Rural Integrated Development
- Modernising farming deals with teaching people new methods of growing
- Improvement in roads and transport infrastructure
crops and raising livestock or introducing credit schemes to help farmers
- Introduction of cash crops improve their activities or to improve agricultural production.

- Provision of social services - Water resource management deals with helping rural people to construct
small dams or providing safe water to the people.
- Farm modernisation
- Storage and markets helps with the establishment of selling points for
- Establishment of cooperatives farm produce and buildings for keeping farm produce, for example, grain
silos and Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB).
- Training of locals to continue development
- Rural industries is the setting up factories in the countryside to create
- Setting up of industries employment or jobs.

- The provision of social services deals with building of schools and clinics
- Introduction of credit schemes
to improve the education and health of people in rural areas

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Explain the problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as Explain the challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying
development occurs. to provide safe water in rural areas.

Ideas such as: - The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to
provide safe water in rural areas is that it is expensive or of lack of funds,
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development for example, dam construction or piping is expensive.
occurs is that of loss of culture due to modernisation.
- There are few big rivers
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development
occurs is that of increase in crime. - Unreliable rainfall

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of economies of
occurs is that people may be forced to relocate to give way to industries and scale.
other infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred roads, schools and
dams. - Vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe work or livestock

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - Relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by
occurs is that of high cost of food. people.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - Culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts.
occurs is that of commercialisation of life.
Explain why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development
- Severe and persistent drought.
occurs is that mobility of people increases and this could encourage spread
of diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS. - Dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government
to provide them with everything.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development
occurs is that of pollution. - Most of the grants were used for non-agricultural activities.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development - They mostly benefited the rich and literate farmers.
occurs is that of deforestation and soil erosion.
- Most farmers did not co-operate.
- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development
occurs is that of low production in agriculture. - Some farmers were resistant to change.

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 Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in Describe the advantages [benefits] of joining a farmers’ cooperative
rural areas to improve their standard of living.
- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in cheaper / collective purchase of farm inputs
rural areas to improve their standard of living is through fund income - They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck
generating activities or provide capital for people to start businesses. and share its use
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay for
- The way by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in their own
- They may market their produce together and save on transport and other
rural areas to improve their standard of living is by employing rural people
costs
in projects. - They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming methods/They
may be able to invite government extension workers to talk to them and
- Train people in practical skills share ideas
- They may get government grants and credit through joining a cooperative /
- Buy rural products or crafts They may obtain loans/credit through the cooperative
- They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collective
- Provide basic needs to the needy, for example, food and shelter work on irrigation, dam building etc.
- Sharing of profit and loan repayment
- Teach people to utilize local natural resources or veld products
Describe the services provided by cooperatives
- Promote environmental awareness
- Sales of agricultural equipment
- Advocate for human rights - Government extension services
- Credit schemes/provision of loans
- Improve infrastructure, for example, roads. - Marketing and selling of produce
- Storage of produce
- Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs
- Maintenance of vehicles
- Buying of produce from farmers

Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since
independence
- Rural electrification
- Provision of piped water
- Tarred roads
- Telecommunications
- Allocation of land by land boards
- Designated land use
- Commercialisation of agriculture
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Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana.
Ideas such as;
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the Botswana is that of rural electrification.
other
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
- Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc. piped water.

- Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc. - The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
tarred roads and bridges.
- Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer
services from - The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
telecommunications networks.

How can investment in rural areas be encouraged - The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of construction of schools.
Ideas such as:
- Financial assistance, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development - The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
Agency (CEDA) construction of market centres such as Botswana Agricultural Marketing
Board (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
- Provide training/entrepreneurial skills
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of
- Tax holidays for those investing in rural areas/incentives for those construction of dams such as Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam, Dikgatlong dam
investing in rural areas and drilling of boreholes.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Open up market for rural goods Botswana is that of recreational or entertainment facilities, for example,
stadia such as Masunga Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports Complex.
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred road networks
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
- Commercializing agriculture/agricultural development schemes Botswana is that of rural industries.

- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of clinics and hospitals.

- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that modern houses.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in
Botswana is that of airports and airstrips.
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Study Fig. 7, which is an extract on rural development. Explain the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.

Since Botswana’s independence in 1966, the major challenges facing the country Ideas such as:
has been rural development, and the critical issue that needed urgent attention has - Road construction to improve transport
been, and still is, poverty alleviation. In an effort to achieve rapid social and
economic development, as well as promote social justice, various policies, - Borehole drilling to supply clean water
programmes and strategies have been formulated to address development issues in
the country. - Connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply
clean water
Fig.7
- Markets stalls to provide shelter for small scale businesses operations
Describe how rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence.
- Dam construction to supply clean water
Ideas such as:
- Wide tarred roads have been constructed - Bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather conditions

- More schools have been built - Construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people/attendants from harsh
weather
- More health services have been provided/clinics/health centres/hospitals
built - Construction of community halls to provide venues for activities

- Increased agricultural extension service - Construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist
learners to qualify for upper levels of education
- Increased livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural
infrastructure - Construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve
people’s health
- Provision of agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana
Agricultural Marketing Board, Botswana Meat Commission - Construction of houses by Village Development Committees to provide
accommodation
- Establishment of rural industries/shops in rural areas
- Rural electrification to provide power
- Rural electrification, improved/modern housing

- Improved telecommunications

- Provision of piped water

- Agricultural disease control

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 Describe challenges which result from development in rural areas. Suggest ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed
Ideas such as: as a result of the development process.
- Loss of culture, for example, changes in diet
Ideas such as:
- Increased population/ migration - Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters look after large livestock

- Overharvesting of natural resources - Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters do paid work/jobs

- Increased crime - Husbands/sons/grandfathers/fathers babysit/look after children

- Commercialisation of life/ increased cost of living - Grandmothers/mothers/wives make decisions

- People living in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous groups - Children attend school
thereby decreasing unity/ understanding
- Grandfathers/fathers/husbands grow food crops
- Deforestation due to infrastructural development/ industrialisation process
- Husbands do household chores
- Complexity of life as opposed to the simple traditional life
- Mothers/grandmothers head families/ female headed households
- Pollution [allow example]
- Child headed families
- Poor sanitation/hygiene

How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural economy in Rural development schemes in Botswana;
Botswana? - SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola Leuba),
Ideas such as; NAMPAAD, CEDA

- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health & low
productivity

- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries

- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less cattle and
by products to sell and earn a living

- Lack of / shortage of draught power

- Rural urban migration

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 Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation Urbanisation Explain the dynamics
of urbanisation and its
- Explain urbanisation, urban
growth, rural-urban, urban-
impact on urban migration and primates
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES development in
cities;
OBJECTIVES Botswana and the
SADC region.
Learners should be Learners should be able to: - Discuss the effects of
able to: urbanisation;

Industrialisation Describe the process - Explain the industrialisation; - Suggest possible solutions to
of industrialisation and problems of urbanisation;
its impact on - Evaluate different strategies for
development.
industrialisation including - Explain the formal and informal
import substitution, export sectors of the economy;
oriented industries, small and
large scale enterprise, multi- - Account for the growth of the
national companies, local formal and informal sectors;
investment and joint venture;
- Discuss the problems of the
- Describe the characteristics of informal sector of the economy
modern industries including and suggest possible solutions;
mechanisation, advanced
technology, a wide range of raw - Compare and contrast the
materials, synthetic products, process and impact of
division of labour, automation, urbanisation in Botswana to that
robotics, feminisation of the of other developing countries in
labour force, sub-contraction, the SADC region.
cottage and co-ordination of
specialised tasks;
- Discuss the effects of
industrialisation;
- Discuss the successes and
challenges of newly
industrialised countries;

- Investigate the impact of

industrialisation on their
locality.

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Study Fig.1, which shows some of the strategies for industrialisation. - Import substitution is the strategy that the government can encourage
the setting up of factories to produce goods to replace those bought
outside the country.

- State enterprises are the strategy whereby the government can establish
parastatals to produce goods and provide services in the country.

Describe the benefits of industrialisation to developing countries

What are the advantages of industrialisation?

Ideas such as

- Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax

Fig.1
- Employment creation
Describe the industrialisation strategies shown in Fig. 1.
- Economic linkage / up & down stream industries [it is when industries
- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where depend on each other ]
government can organize and fund people to produce goods at home - Infrastructure development, for example, construction of tarred roads
(cottage industry) or craft industry, for example, weaving and pottery. /
The government fund people to produce few goods. - Import reduction

- Multi-National Companies are companies that the government can - Improved balance of trade [ it is when imports are equal to exports]
invite to establish industries that produce goods and services in the
country. - Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill

- Joint venturing is the industrialisation strategy whereby the government - Participation in international trade / gain global recognition
works with other businesses to produce goods and services/ the
- Encourage foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies
government encourages businesses to work together to produce goods
and services. - Mass production
- Export orientation is the strategy the government can encourage - Foreign exchange / increased returns
investors to set up factories to produce goods for sale outside the country.
- High quality goods
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Describe the advantages of export-oriented industrialization Describe the disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization:

- Creates employment for locals - It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing

- Improves infrastructure
- Encourages local inventions / innovations - Goods may be of poor quality
- Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the local
poor - Face stiff foreign competition
- Source of foreign exchange
- Improves technology / focus on science and technology - Environmental problems/pollution
- Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency and
output / productivity Describe the characteristics of modern industries

Explain the problems caused by import substitution strategy in developing Ideas such as:
countries: - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for
Describe the disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation example, fruit and vegetable canning.

Ideas such as; - Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.

- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings,
- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange machinery and various types of equipment.

- Countries have to import more in order to be self- sufficient / may lead to - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more
increased costs of imports of machinery and oil efficient and to make products within a short time it needs to divide its
workers into different tasks.
- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment
- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine
- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive controlled by computers. In such industries goods are not handled by
people at all during the whole production process.
- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition
- Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
- Environmental damage increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently
their numbers are constantly increasing. This is because increased
mechanisation has done away with much heavy labour.
- Displacement of people
- - Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible
- Result in unemployment due to use of machine to replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic
fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from
petroleum.

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 - Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some Describe the negative effects of industries on the environment.
companies find it increasingly hard to complete some tasks alone. They
hire some companies to do part of the job. Ideas such as:

- Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly carried - The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air
out at the home of the worker. Here a big industry could supply raw pollution, land pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
materials to the cottage industry operator, to turn them into finished
goods for a fee and then return it to the big industry for selling. This is - Deforestation or cutting down of trees/ soil erosion
done to minimise costs.
- Depletion of natural resources or natural resources getting finished
- Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are
made up of large numbers of independent specialists, for example, in a - Poor sanitation due to growth of overcrowded cities
mining industry, there are people specialising in engineering, research,
sales, accounting, advertising, etc. - Acid rain
Describe factors that a country should consider in order to set up industries. - Disturbance of the ecosystem/ loss of habitat
- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is - Creation of heat island/ raised temperatures in towns
the availability of raw materials or natural resources used to produce
goods. - Climate change
- Availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital
Explain the importance of land in the industrialization process.
- Availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour,
semi-skilled labour and unskilled labour. Ideas such as:

- Availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services. - Space/ area is needed for building factories/factory site

- Availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production - Part of the land surface is used for construction of infrastructure, for
process
example, road, railway lines
- Availability of transport and telecommunication networks
- Natural resources are used as raw materials in the factories
- Availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient
- Farmers grow crops on the land and these are used as raw materials in the
- A stable political environment
factories
- Availability of land
- Water is used for cooling machines/ cleaning in the industries
- Availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery
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 Suggest the benefits of having many industries in a developing country such Study Fig. 2 which is a picture showing a large industry.
as Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- The benefit of having many industries in a developing country such as

Botswana is job creation.

- Availability of a variety of goods and services locally/ reduced imports

- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads

- Increase of GNP/GDP/GNP per capita/ GDP per capita

- Locals learn skills

- Technological advancement

- National pride

- Taxation by the government

- Foreign exchange from exports Fig.2

- Utilisation of local resources With the aid of Fig. 2, describe the negative effects of having many industries
in a country.
- Self -reliance Ideas such as:

- Diversification of the economy. - People have to relocate to give way to industrial activity
- People may forget the importance of agriculture/craft production
- Culture may be lost/changed
- Large cities grow up around industries [often with various problems of
poor housing/overcrowding/bad sanitation/diseases] Allow examples
- Industries cause environmental pollution
- Industries deplete natural resources
- Land degradation
- Loss of agricultural land
- Machines dehumanise the people

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Suggest factors that promote the industrialisation process Describe the negative effects of industrialisation

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Availability of funds/capital for investment - Depletion of ozone layer/global warming/greenhouse effect
- Availability of labour, for example, both skilled and unskilled - Pollution of the environment
- Technological capacity - Cultural distortion
- Availability of a market/large population for market - Negligence of agriculture/craft production
- Developed infrastructure, for example, tarred roads - Depopulation of rural areas/ rural-urban migration
- Good transport system - Dehumanisation
- Availability of raw materials - Population dislocation/displacement/resettlement
- Fast life leading to stress/
- Family breakup/divorce
Study Fig. 3 which shows a petro-chemical factory, and use it to questions - Diseases associated with pollution
below. - Development of shanty areas/poor housing/overcrowding/poor sanitation

Suggest ways of solving problems mentioned above

Ideas such as:

- Legislation/ environmental laws
- Have culturally oriented associations
- Provide financial assistance to farmers
- Creation of jobs in rural areas
- Conservation/preservation of natural resources
- Creation of social clubs within the work place to relieve stress
- Family life associations/counselling centre to keep families together

Fig.3

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Describe negative effects of industrialisation on the environment
Ideas such as

- Pollution [Accept examples] destroys ozone layer/global warming

- Deforestation/desertification/land degradation
- Soil erosion
- Loss of scenic value/scaring
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources
- Destruction of animal habitat/loss of species

Suggest possible solutions to each problem stated above

- Pollution -Environmentally friendly production methods
- Pollution- pollutant tax/ carbon tax/polluter pays’ principle/elongated
chimney
- Desertification/deforestation- afforestation/tree planting/alternative
source of energy
- Soil erosion- rehabilitation of the land/proper drainage system
- Land degradation- land reclamation
- Depletion/overuse of natural resources- use of synthetic raw
materials/products/alternative source of energy
- Environmental education
- Reuse/recycle/reduce

Describe the success of Newly Industrialising Countries

Ideas such as:

- There is creation of employment.

- Introduction of new technologies.
- More exports.
- More foreign exchange.
- Variety of goods are available locally

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Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising State three characteristics of a primate city
Countries.
- An area where government would normally set up its administration , for
Ideas such as: example, parliament / cabinet
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high
inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/weak - An area where a national university & technical training schools are located
currencies/high fuel price
- Primate city has the best infrastructure and communications networks and
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign most of the financial investment
debts/debt crisis
- Primate is an area where many government department and private
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor companies’ headquarters are found

- Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies Describe three causes of urban growth
(MNCs) who move their investment out of the country/ capital
flight/neo-colonialism - Affluence / rich people can commute
- Cheap land in the periphery
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment - Development of infrastructure
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be - In-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business District ( CBD)
controlled by the government - Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- Exploitation of workers by the employers - Less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
- Urban drift/urban poverty - Urban decay
- Corruption - Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies - Cheap service levies in the periphery, for example, water, electricity,
- Declining real income rates

Describe the problems caused by urban growth on urban areas

- Deforestation
- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Pollution
- Traffic congestion / jam
- Town / urban decay
- Spiralling crime/increasing crime rates
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Longer travel time to and from work / longer commuter times

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Describe the problems caused by urban growth on rural areas Describe the positive effects of urbanisation on towns

- land becomes expensive / rent hikes Ideas such as

- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life - Pool of cheap labour/reservoir of cheap labour
- Cultural erosion - Large market/increase in market
- Detribalize / acculturation - Development of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and piped water
- Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower - Strengthen of the informal sector
agricultural production - Cultural exchange
- Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land dealings - Emergence of vocal groups, for example, Emang Basadi
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby villages
Describe the factors which force people to move from rural to urban areas in
Describe the positive effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas developing countries.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Reduction of rural unemployment/less unemployment - Lack of employment
- Fewer mouths to feed - Lack of entertainment
- Bring home remittances/money - Shortage of social service, for example schools and clinics
- Technological development/bring new technology to their villages - Drought
- Rural investments by migrants/job creation by the investors, for example, - Fear of witchcraft
shops/supermarkets - Traditional life
- New life style/modernisation - Rural poverty
- Acceptance of change by rural dwellers - Poor markets
- Develop appropriate technology - Expensive goods and services

Describe disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas Describe the negative effects of rural-urban migration in towns and cities in
What are the problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas? developing countries.

- Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity Ideas such as:

- Rural depopulation/low productivity in agric/shortage of workforce - Unemployment
- Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline - Overcrowding
- Increased workload for women (triple workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those - Increase in crime
who remain - Shortage of accommodation/shanty areas
- Loss of craftsmanship - Over load of social amenities, for example, clinics and school
- Loss of culture - Land/water pollution/air pollution/pollution
- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs - Cultural distortion
- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution - Poor sanitation/hygiene

*To earn marks ideas need to be developed

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Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas Negative effects of urbanisation on towns and cities

Problem Solution - Shortage of resources, for example, land, housing, water

- Shortage of labour in agric. / low - Improve technology - Increase in unemployment leading to crime , for example, prostitution,
production in agric. - Improve prices for agricultural selling dagga
products - Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding
- Rural industries / job creation in - Pressure on social amenities, for example, schools, clinics, sewage systems
rural areas so that men work - Pollution (air, water and land)
- Break-up of families nearby - Squatting [occupying land illegally]
- Marriage under customary law - Acculturation/loss of culture
should be strengthened by - Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
modern law - Street kids / juvenile delinquency
- Reproductive health education
- Introduction of STDs e.g. use of condoms *To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

- Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas *Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation

- Economic empowerment or job What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and
- Increased rural poverty creation for people in rural areas cities?
- Financial assistance
- Introduction of socially - Provide serviced land / land reform
undesirable behaviour e.g. - Legislation - Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles
prostitution - Decentralisation of govt. services
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas)
- Extension services
State the effects of urbanisation on towns and cities - Destruction of squatter settlements
- Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch
Ideas such as - Encourage use of public transport
Positive effects - Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys /
- Reservoir of cheap labour/provides cheap labour Catalytic converters on car exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or alternative
sources of energy
- Increase in market - Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
- Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns - Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres

- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (allow

one example connoting urban bias)
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Study Fig. 1, which shows push and pull factors of rural-urban migration and Describe the problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities.
answer the question below
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pressure on
social amenities, for example, schools and clinics

- Shortage of housing

- Poor sanitation

- Easy spread of diseases, for example, some people may decide to practise
prostitution due to high unemployment rate.
Fig.1
Describe the factors that attract people to urban areas. - Pollution for industries that produces goods

Ideas such as: - Traffic congestion due to poor planning of roads.

- The factor that attracts people to urban areas is employment opportunities
because there are many industries that provide goods and services. - Shortage of jobs

- Better health facilities, for example, clinics and hospital both private and - Crime rate increases
public owned.
- Overcrowding due to shortage of land
- Better educational facilities, for example, public schools and private
schools. Suggest the ways in which governments can help the informal sector
- Chances of better relationships Describe the solutions to problems of the informal sector
- Better transport facilities Ideas such as
- Low prices of goods
- License them / Government recognition
- Better entertainment and recreational facilities - Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through Local
Enterprise Authority [LEA] (in Botswana)
- Security offered in towns - Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- Provide grants/loans and credit schemes, for example, Citizen
- Modern lifestyle Entrepreneurial Development Scheme (CEDA)
- Regulation
- Better housing - Promote grouping
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply
- Less beliefs in witchcraft - Grants/loans from the government

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State the problems of the informal sector

Ideas such as:

- Market shortage/they face tough competition from the formal sector/face

competition amongst themselves/competition to the formal sector

- Their goods are not insured/uninsured

- They are usually affected by harsh weather conditions

- They lack management and marketing skills

- They lack capital to expand their business

- They are usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because of

non-compliance

- Pollute the environment

- They disturb traffic

- Competition to the formal sector Describe the characteristics of the informal sector of production such as one
shown in Fig. 2.
- Engage in illegal activities, for example, crime increase
Ideas such as:
- Health hazard/open space/food poisoning
- The do not belong to a trade union
- Lack of places of operation
- They operate in small scale
- The work is done in temporary shelter/everywhere/anywhere
- Low wages/ irregular wages - Payment of taxes is unnecessary
- People are often self employed
- Non-unionised - The hours of work are flexible
- People use traditional skills/talents to do work, for example,
weaving and sewing
- They are unregistered businesses
- Irregular wages/no fixed wages
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Suggest reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector Describe ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development of a
country such as Botswana.
Ideas such as:
- They pay tax to government
- Women lack education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector - They improve infrastructure by building permanent structures
- Women lack capital to establish formal business/women can afford the
little capital in informal activities - They train workers/skills development/scholarships/sponsor students
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in informal
activities right at home, for example, selling fruits on the front of their - They increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
home
- Women can cope with flexible working hours - They sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social responsibility
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal
businesses, for example, bank account and tax registration - They increase international trade/earn foreign exchange
- Most women have responsibility to care for children as single parents so
they are forced into formal production - Workers are paid regular wages/their living standards are
- To supplement low income improved/employment creation
- Technological advancement
Suggest the reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana. - Availability of variety goods / services

Ideas such as: Suggest reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of the
economy.
- Presence of Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors
- Financial assistance , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the
Agency economy is due to lack of education and training or high illiteracy rate.
- Government takes initiative to register businesses
- In some cases registration is a requirement for operation - Women are less credit worthy
- Tendering process demands registration so businesses are
compelled/forced to register - Societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of children
- Business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to start
formal businesses - Women’s low self- esteem or fear
- The need to export goods/services/demands registration of business
- Tax holiday - Women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture
- Government setting up parastatal
- Myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women

- Early marriages

- Lack of capital

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What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making With the aid of Fig. 3 describe the characteristics of formal sector of the
positions? economy

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is - Work takes place in building/permanent work-place
- Workers have written contracts with their employers
that women issues are ignored
- Jobs require education/training/technical skills
- Birth rate will be high - Regular wages are guaranteed
- There are fixed hours of work
- Unequal participation in decision making - Work run according to labour laws/controlled by government
- Workers can belong to trade unions
- Poor status on human rights - Mostly operates on a large scale
- Pays tax
- Domestic violence/ conflict between men and women - Use of advanced technology/better technology/capital intensive
- Businesses are registered/licensed
- Lack of role models for the girl child
Suggest reasons why there are few women in the formal sector in Botswana

Study Fig. 3, which shows some formal sector activities Ideas such as:

- Low levels of education/illiteracy/lack of skills/lack of

qualifications
- Cultural stereotypes/traditional beliefs/myths [allow one
example such as women are weak etc]
- Societal expectations/practices, for example, women expected to
stay home while men fend for the family/women still expected
to do household chores [accept 1 example]
- Company preferences/some companies are still reluctant to hire
more women
- Lack of job opportunities near home
- Lack of money /capital to start businesses
- Low self-esteem/ lack of confidence by the women
- Lack of female role models

Fig.3

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Suggest reasons for the growth of the informal sector in Botswana Using Figs 1A and 1B and your own knowledge, state the differences between
Ideas such as: the informal and formal sectors of the economy.

- Shortage of job opportunities/job losses [in the formal sector] Ideas such as:
- Lack of skills to enter the formal sector - Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or
- Easier entry requirements [allow one example] documented or the owners hold licence to do it.
- High opportunities for self-employment/can be profitable - Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is
- A chance to use one’s natural skills/craftsmanship protected by the law.
- Cheap to set up/run it/limited overhead costs - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has
- Easy access to supporting structures, for example, stalls fixed working hours.
- Access to government initiatives to support informal sectors ,
- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses
for example, licensing
complex technology
- Lack of money to start formal businesses
- Small/low salaries in the formal sector - Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on
- Flexible working hours a large scale
- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal
Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show the informal and formal sectors of the sector has permanent buildings
economy, and answer questions below. - In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector
people are trained for the work
- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but
in the formal sector tax is paid
- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal
sector trade union exist
- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the
formal sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

Fig.4
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Suggest possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector, Explain why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in
such as the person in Fig. 1A. developing

- Lack of capital/small gain/profit

- Lack of entrepreneurship skills - The informal sector requires little capital to start
- Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh
weather - They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills
- Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among
- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work
themselves
- Lack of security so cases of theft are common
- There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal
- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology
sector/creation of employment for the unskilled
- Harassment by law officers
- Lack of credit worthiness - The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and
- Lack of recognition by the government. crafts.
Describe ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the - Their operations can be done anywhere.
economic development of Botswana.
- The goods are mostly affordable.
- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, child
care/ provide services
- They Use simple and intermediate technology
- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/
traditional skills/ use less business skills

- They create jobs for other people/self -employment

- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like cotton,

wool, reeds for weaving/ increases market

- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at
home for supermarkets

- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others

- They form self- help group

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 Module 5: Women in Development specific reference to pre-
TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES independence and post-
Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to: independence eras;
Women in Development Develop an -discuss the role of
understanding and women in traditional -account for the
appreciation of the role societies with reference emergence and
of women in to labour, food development of the
development. production, arable lobbyist, educational,
farming, animal legal and welfarist
husbandry and family women’s organisations;
welfare;
-examine the role of
-discuss the impact of women’s organisations in
traditional values, the prevention of
customs and practices, HIV/AIDS and other
taboos and myth on communicable diseases;
women’s position in
society; -select one of the
women’s organisations in
-assess the impact of Botswana and evaluate its
colonialism on the role and effectiveness;
position of women in
society in relation to -explain the role of
education, land women in the formal and
entitlement, wages, informal sectors of the
labour, migratory labour economy;
and commercial farming;
-account for the disparity
-discuss issues relating to in the wealth distribution
emerging roles of women between women and men
such as equal access to in Botswana;
jobs, new policies,
women oriented schemes -discuss women’s
and female headed problems in Botswana
households; and suggest possible
solutions.
-assess the role played by
women in the politics of
Southern Africa with
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Describe the roles of women in a traditional society. - Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the
chance to enrich themselves by using this natural resource for commercial
Ideas such as: purposes

- Domestic chores
- Gathering wild fruits - Women were denied the chance to go to school as they were thought
- Bearing/raising children incapable of learning (smaller brain and therefore less intelligent than men)
and this has resulted in the low literacy rate among women today.
- Labour at community activities, for example, funerals and weddings
- Caring for the old/sick/family welfare - Women were forbidden to pass through a herd of cattle when on monthly
- Food production/arable agriculture/crop farming period. This was a way of discouraging women from owning any cattle and
- Taking care of small livestoc this has resulted in lower standards of living today/poverty among women
- Construct walls of mud hut/house
- Custodians of culture - A woman is oppressed/looked down upon as she is believed to be a product
of man (Eve was made from Adam’s rib)
Describe three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices,
taboos and myths on women’s position in society today Study Fig.1, which shows some traditional beliefs about women.

Ideas such as;

- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-

determined destiny that they should be passive in politics and assume lower
position in the workplace

- Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is
indeed the breadwinner in the family

- Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had
been made to believe they have smaller brains than men

- Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly

convinced them that they specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for.
This has also pre-determined the type of work women do hence their
involvement in the lowly paid jobs

- Their pre-occupation with children and domestic work has also denied
women the chance to advance in public life
Fig.1

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Suggest how each traditional belief shown on Fig.1 may negatively affect the Describe the negative effect of colonialism on women in developing countries
position of women in Botswana.
Ideas such as
Ideas such as:
- Education, Europeans believed that women’s place was in the
- Eve was made out of Adam makes women inferior to men/ woman to be kitchen, and that they had weak brains, therefore educating them
follower of man was not a priority.

- Women having smaller heads-women denied a chance to go to school/ Consequently, they remained ignorant about family planning
girls in school put into easy subjects/ women trained for low paying jobs. and reproductive health. Girls were only given specific training
for domestic work, especially in the homes of the colonizers.

- Women too busy being mothers- women denied high positions/women - Land Entitlement, land was a communal property in pre-
outside decision making or leadership/ few women in the formal sector/ colonial societies. The introduction of the right to individual
women tied to the home/ women dependent on men/women’s health at ownership of land by the colonizers was not extended to
stake. women.

- Women lose energy in bearing children- women discouraged from This impoverished many as they could not carry out any activity
attaining high education/ few role models for the girl child. on the land without permission from their male counterparts.

Suggest the positive effects of colonialism on women in developing countries. - Migratory labour, when men went to work outside in the
Ideas such as: mines and farms in South Africa, their wives were not allowed
to join them.
- Modern health care/family planning
- Paid employment Women thus remained at home and assumed the roles
- Women became literate previously done by men. In most cases, decisions and thus had
- Improved technology to wait for their husbands. Marriages also broke up.
- Commercial farming/cash crops
- Reduction of abusive traditional practices (due to Christianity) - Commercial farming, generally there was low agricultural
- Property ownership, for example, land in urban areas. productivity since the able bodied men were absent.

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State the reasons why men are wealthier than women in Botswana. Describe the roles played by women in the pre-independence politics of
Southern Africa
- Men have technical skills for a long time/ when colonialists introduced
education, more boys than girls were taken to school Ideas such as:
- With education and training , men learnt about ways of accumulating
money [wealth] which they later invested in other areas - Women occasionally ruled as queens even though most rulers were men,
- Men have always owned property, for example, land, cattle/inheritance for example, Queen Mantatisi of Batlokwa
benefitted men - In some countries women took part in the struggle for independence and
- Many years of leadership have made men to be better decision- often fought side by side with men, for example, Kenya, Mozambique,
makers/has helped them to use their money wisely Angola and Namibia
- Some women leaders even fought against colonial conquest, for
Describe the causes of female-headed households example, Queen Ndzinge of Angola against Portuguese
- During wars for independence women provided hide-out/protection for
- Marital problems leading to / resulting in divorce / husband or father leaving guerrillas or freedom fighters/take care of refugees
family for another woman or family - In South Africa, women like Mrs. Winnie Mandela and Mrs. Rose
- Death of the husband / father / male partner Sebukwe led other women against discriminatory apartheid laws/ they
- It might be a result of incest / adultery / illegitimate children instigated other women to stage demonstrations/marches and in the long
- The ease with which one can have a child out of wedlock or before marriage run formed Women’s Movements
- The choice to have a child and remain single - They also nursed the wounded soldiers
- Economic independence by women / most of them can now work and - Women fomed over 25% of the cadres of the Zimbabwean African
support their children National Union (ZANU)
- Loss of interest in marriage by women - Provided food and water for soliders
- Disappearance of male partners
- Education / emancipation of women from sexual bondage Describe the ways in which the role of women has changed in Botswana

Describe the problems faced by female-headed families - Heads of families/female headed families have increased

- There is little time to spend with the children at home - Dikgosi /traditional leaders/managers/parliament/leadership positions
- Indiscipline of the children especially the boy child leading to a high
incidence of juvenile delinquency - Soldiers/doctors/drivers/politicians/same jobs as men
- Vulnerability to attack by criminals / abuse
- Low standard of living due to lower levels of education by women. This - Women now make decisions on family planning/contraception
results in poverty that may lead to engaging in illegal activities by women,
for example, prostitution, selling dagga - Land/property ownership
- Women’s low self esteem
- Unequal distribution of wealth/property - Women are in business/have access to credit facilities

- Disrespect by society / tradition or culture militates against emancipation / - Participate in kgotla meetings/voting
discrimination / stigma
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Study Fig.2, which shows selected types of women’s Non-Governmental Botswana Council of Women (BCW) provided training of women on
Organisations in Botswana. practical skills/gives information to women/conducts beauty
contents/runs day care centres
Women And Sport Botswana (WASBO) promotes participation of
women in sports
- Lobbyist Women’s Organisation-Emang Basadi
Emang Basadi focuses on influencing the government to remove or
change policies or laws that are oppressive to women/ Advocates for
women’s rights
- Legal Women’s Organisation- Women Against Rape (WAR)
War Against Rape (WAR) focuses on teaching women about the laws
that protect themselves/how to defend themselves/ensure that
perpetrators/rapists are charged.

[1mark for example; 1 mark for description of activities of the example]

Suggest challenges that women’s organisations such as the ones shown in

Fig.2 face as they work to help women in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

Fig.2 - Shortage of funds
- Ignorance of women about their rights
State one example of each type of women’s Non-Governmental organisations
- Shortage of skilled people/ dependence on volunteers/ lack of volunteers,
shown in Fig.2 and describe its activities.
for example, bookkeepers
Ideas such as - Lack of support from the public
- lack of buildings for operations
- Welfarist Women’s Organisations- YWCA, BCW, WASBO, Kagisano - lack of public awareness about the NGO/confusion about their
Women’s Shelter objectives/stereotyping
YWCA: provision of day care centres to allow women to go to work/ - Selective locations (make them inaccessible)
school/ - Division among leaders/members/pull her down syndrome due political
Kagisano Women’s Shelter provides counselling and shelter for abused affiliation
women - Lack of continuity (when the leader dies all programmes stop)

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Describe problems that women in modern Botswana face. - Lowly paid jobs

- Rape /sexual harassment  Train/educate women (so that they get qualifications for better
- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse jobs)
- Lowly paid jobs  Affirmative actions
- Lack of capital for investment  Provide role models (of women in high posts) for girls)
- HIV and AIDS infection
- Low level of education/illiteracy - HIV and AIDS infection
- Cultural stereotypes
- Single parenting/female headed households  Teach women to insist on the use of condoms during sexual
- Pull her down syndrome encounters
- Teenage pregnancy  Educate/encourage women to use female condoms
 Educate women to insist on HIV and AIDS testing before sexual
Suggest solutions to each problem that women in modern Botswana face. encounters/marriages

- Rape /sexual harassment - Low level of education/illiteracy

 Law against victimising or blaming raped or sexually harassed  Adult literacy programmes/distance education
women/make laws that protect women
- Cultural stereotypes
 Harsh sentences for rapists/sexual offenders
 Educate women to avoid situations where they can be  Gender awareness workshops/ infusion of gender education in
raped/sexually harassed the curriculum
 Educate women or girls to report incidents
 Educating men - Single parenting/female headed households
 Counselling rape victims
 Women oriented schemes [allow examples]
- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
- Pull her down syndrome
 Adjust Botswana laws to punish men who beat women
 Educating men  Encourage change of mind-set
 Counselling rape victims and perpetrators - Teenage pregnancy
 Provide safe houses/shelters for physically abused women
 Empower or train women to fight back, for example, teach  Avail contraceptives
women defensive strategies
[Rule: Allow two examples of education]
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State the roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against Describe the problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in
[prevention of] HIV/AIDS in Botswana Botswana

Ideas such as; - Lack of funds

- The Botswana Council of Women trains female trainers through - Male stereotypes
workshops to become peer educators on HIV/AIDS awareness and
prevention - Domestic violence

- The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of - Shortage of representation in the government e.g. councils, parliament
HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage pregnancies. It engages on basic training
on skill development and on the publication of youth magazines that - Pull-her-down syndrome i.e. jealousy from fellow women
contain information on HIV/AIDS
- Susceptibility to diseases due to the female anatomy
- The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project pioneers community
responses to gender crisis, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS Describe the activities that it performs to empower women

- The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community Ideas such as

mobilization, education and information on HIV/AIDS and sexual
violence. It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight against - Fund raising
HIV/AIDS - Lobbying e.g. Emang Basadi (advocate for 30% women representation in
parliament; petition the govt. on laws that discriminate against women;
Allow general points such as: conduct workshops / seminars about universal suffrage & empowering
women, etc)
- Encourage parent-child discussions - Education
- Legal services e.g. Women Against Rape (organises lawyers to represent
- Counselling the sick victims, taking govt. to court etc)
- Networking: address common meetings & share expertise
- Building orphanage centres - Training (in some specific skill/field e.g. bread making, hair dressing)
- Counselling e.g. rape victims
- Representing women in National Organizations such as National Aids
Coordinating Agency (NACA)

- Raising awareness against abuse and rape

- Mobilising funds for the sick, the needy and the susceptible

(Any 3 at 1 mark each)

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Suggest the ways by which gender equality can be achieved

Suggest the ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved

Ideas such as;

- Education (equal access to all)

- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men)
/ reversal of stereotypes
- Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)
- Legal rights
- Equal treatment at work place
- Political rights
- Through affirmative action
- Involvement of women in decision making
- Sexual freedom / right to say NO to sexual activities
-
*Each point must be fully described, and must always start with the female
and link or move to male. Max of 2 for the same idea

Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?

Ideas such as;

- Educating women will result in healthier children and a drop in infant

mortality rate (IMR)

- Educating women will result in a large number of skilled people

- Women often do most of the farming and development programmes need

to be directed towards them so as to improve food production

- Women should be given equal opportunities

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 and secondary health care, traditional and
Module 6: Population, Health & Education modern health systems;

- discuss the impact of the health on

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Botswana’s development;
OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
- discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on
to:
Botswana’s economic development;
Population Develop an understanding - explain the concept of population;
and appreciation of the - discuss how the health system is
effects of population on - explain the stages of the Demographic addressing the HIV/AIDS scourge in
development. Transition Model; Botswana;
- account for the different population - Demonstrate the ability to analyse and
structures presented by different population interpret health statistics.
pyramids;
Education Appreciate the role of - explain the concept of education;
education in development
- describe and interpret population pyramids
in Botswana - discuss modern and traditional formal,
for developing and developed countries; non-formal and informal education;
- discuss the main factors which influence - describe the structure of the formal and
population distribution and population non-formal education in Botswana;
density in the world;
- discuss alternative approaches to the
- discuss prospects and challenges presented provision of education in Botswana
by rapid population growth in Botswana
including vocational education and job
and suggest possible solutions;
shadowing;
- explain the impact of the population
- discuss the impact of information
growth on Botswana’s development;
technology education on the development
of Botswana;
- demonstrate the ability to collect, analyse
and present population statistics;
- discuss the role of environmental
education on development of Botswana;
- discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on the
population structure of Botswana; - explain the role of education in addressing
the problems of HIV/AIDS.
- Explain the effects of overpopulation on
the environment.

Health Explain the role of health - explain the concept of health;

in development.
- discuss factors that influence good health
such as the provision of clean water,
sanitation, nutrition, entertainment,
education, availability of personnel, stress
and poverty;

- discuss preventative and curative primary

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 POPULATION Suggest the possible solutions to the problems of rapid population growth
rate
Describe the benefits/advantages of rapid population growth
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as: - Improving agricultural production.

- Increased market base. - Creating new settlements, for example, towns, villages, cities.

- Increased provision of labour.

- Establishing agencies and schemes to help decrease the cost of building
- Advanced technology. houses, for example, Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC) and Self
Help Housing Agency (SHHA).
- Increased military or security superiority
- Providing serviced land, for example, in urban areas through such
- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive development programs as Accelerated Land Servicing Program.
of humanism as human ideology
- Establishing rainwater and runoff harvesting measures such as building
Describe the challenges/problems of rapid population growth more dams.

Ideas such as: - Improving schemes aimed at reducing poverty, especially in rural areas,
such as the Drought Relief Programme.
- Depletion of natural resources.
- Food shortage and malnutrition or starvation. - Train more doctors and nurses who might improve medical technology.
- Shortage of houses and high rentals, high prices for land and building
materials. - Train more teachers and lecturers to improve local educational
- Shortage of water. technology.
- Increased in illiteracy rate due to shortage of schools and lowered
educational standards. - Establishing more industries to create more job opportunities.
- Shortage of medical facilities.
- Pollution, for example, due to dysfunctional sewage systems.
- Rapid spread of communicable diseases. - Implementing population policies to control population growth
- Increased unemployment rate or poverty or underemployment.
- Shrinking energy reserves.
- Increased crime rate.
- Scarcity-induced inflation.

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Describe the factors which influence population distribution Describe the problems for the natural environment that may result from
Describe the factors that lead to uneven distribution of the world’s overpopulation.
population
Ideas such as
Ideas such as;
- Soil erosion
- Climate - weather conditions
- Desertification
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals / employment /
industries - Deforestation/loss of vegetation

- Resources – availability of water, food etc. - Pollution (air, water and land)

- Relief of the land - Extinction of species/destruction of the bio-diversity/ecosystem

- Accessibility - Overuse/over-harvest of resources e.g. water, land, minerals

- Fertility of the land [especially people involved crop production]

Give three reasons why population density may differ from one place to another
- Colonialism / political factors / the drawing of international boundaries
Ideas such as:
- Historical factors – wars e.g. Mfecane
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals/employment/industries
- Slave trade - Resources –availability of water, food [allow examples]
- Relief of the land
- Jihads/religion/government policy - Fertility of the land
- Rainfall
- Government policy, for example, Central Kalahari Game Reserve - Temperature
(CKGR) - Wars/conflicts
- Infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Social amenities, for example, schools and hospitals
*Ideas need to be developed to earn marks - Recreational facilities, parks, gymn rooms and cinemas
- Security
*statements connoting migration are unacceptable - Schools
- Educational services

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Describe the environmental factors that influence population distribution in State three negative impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure of Botswana
Botswana Ideas such as:
- Fewer children or reduced birth rates or narrow base.
Ideas such as: - Reduced working-age group.
- People avoid windy areas - Reduced life expectancy.
- East has more rainfall/west is dry - High infant mortality rate.
- People avoid areas with high temperatures - Increased orphan-hood.
- People are attracted to areas with open grasslands for livestock grazing - High dependency ratio.
- Availability of water from big rivers attract people - Increased death rates.
- Flat land for agriculture attracts more people - Reduced population growth rate or population decrease
- Poor/infertile soils in the west lead to sparse population/fertile soils in the
east lead to dense population Study Fig. 1, which is the population pyramid for Botswana in 2014.
- Northwest sparsely populated due to animal diseases and pests

Describe the negative effects of overpopulation on the environment of

Botswana

Ideas such as:

- Pressure on vegetation leading to deforestation
- Overworked soils/loss of nutrients/fertility
- Depletion of natural resources/extinction of certain species
- Overgrazing/overstocking resulting in soil erosion/soil erosion
- High demand/high extraction of minerals leading to ugly landscape
- Pollution
- Disturbance of the ecosystem
- Desertification/land left bare

Describe any three effects of rapid population growth

Ideas such as
- Increased demand or market for goods and services
- Attraction of investors (Foreign Direct Investment)
- Enjoyment of the benefits of economies of scale or promotion of large
scale production which is more efficient
- Full utilisation of transport or communication networks
- Power, water and other services can be operated at a low cost so the Fig.1
government will establish them
- Availability of cheap labour
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Describe the population structure shown by the pyramid. Describe five strategies which governments may use to reduce population growth.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,
- Many youth or high number of young people China’s One Child policy
- Few members of the work force or few economically active people - Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
- Fewer women than men among the workforce have two children are exempted from paying school fees
- Few old people - Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision
- More old women than men free condoms in clinics and hospitals
- Promotion of general education
With the aid of Fig. 1 only, suggest why Botswana could be viewed as a - Public education on population issues or sex education
developing country. - Provision of old age pension
Ideas such as: - Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages
- Women empowerment
- Botswana pyramid has a wider base or high birth rate
- Botswana pyramid has a reducing middle section Study Fig. 2, which shows a population pyramid for Botswana in 2001.
- Botswana pyramid has very narrow top or apex or low life expectancy
- Botswana pyramid has a triangular shape
- Botswana pyramid has concave sides
- High dependency ratio

Describe ways by which rapid population growth may promote development

of a country

Ideas such as:

- Increased demand or market for goods and services
- Attraction of investors (Foreign Direct Investment)
- Enjoyment of the benefits of economies of scale or promotion of large
scale production which is more efficient
- Full utilisation of transport or communication networks
- Power, water and other services can be operated at a low cost so the
government will establish them
- Availability of cheap labour
Fig.2
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Describe the population characteristics shown by the pyramid. Describe the problems that Botswana is experiencing as a result of its
population structure.
- High birth rate
- Birth rate is beginning to reduce Ideas such as:
- High death rate
- Low life expectancy/ few old people - High taxation of workforce to cater for many youth/ too many
- Life expectancy for females is higher than that of males/ more old dependants/ government burdened on welfare programmes.
females than males - Overload of social services e.g. schools and hospitals.
- High dependency ratio. - Unemployment due to expanding population.
- More females than males - Deforestation due to high demand for trees (from expanded population)/
The 0-4 age group is similar than the 5-9 and 10-14 age groups. Suggest depletion of natural resources.
reasons for this reduction. - Poor sanitation/ littering/pollution.
- Starvation/ hunger/ poverty
Ideas such as: - Shortage of farm land /grazing land/ land

- Increased use of contraceptives/family planning/provision of free Suggest actions that the government of Botswana could take to solve
contraceptives. problems resulting from its population structure.

- More women are educated so they are empowered/ are aware of their Ideas such as:
reproductive health.
- Introduce family planning/ birth control/ contraceptives/ few children/
- More career women so they lack time to care for babies. one child policy.
- Law restricting number of children.
- People are afraid of pregnancy because of HIV and AIDS - Promote formal education to change the traditional mind set on large
family.
- High infant mortality rate due to HIV and AIDS/ Other diseases - Improve health service to reduce death rate or increase life expectancy.
- Improve agricultural methods to ensure high yields from small fields/
- High cost of living discouraging birth rate/Highly ambitious people agricultural extension service.
control birth rate to maintain high living standards. - Encourage reforestation/ afforestation
- Laws against child labour/ improved technology - Introduce environmental laws
- Train people for self-employment/employment creation/financial
- Change of traditional mindsets on the size of the family. assistance
- Reduced infant mortality rate/ improved health facilities - Recognition of the informal sector by the government.
- Government pension reduces the need for a large family - Provide more social services to reduce overload (on social services)
- Land redistribution/resettlement programmes.
- Welfare programmes/food baskets for the destitute/ government help the
(Rule: Award once for issues on high Infant Mortality Rate. Marks allocation poor with basic needs.
5/5 6/4 4/6) - Women empowerment/ skilled manpower

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Study Fig. 3 which shows a demographic transition model and use it to Describe the benefits for a country of having a large population.
answer the questions that follow.
Ideas such as:

- Increased market base.

- Increased provision of labour.

- Advanced technology.

- Increased military or security superiority

- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive

development of humanism as human ideology.

Suggest the ways by which governments can achieve low population growth
rates.

- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,

Fig.3 China’s One Child policy

Suggest reasons for the falling death rate at stage 2. - Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
have two children are exempted from paying school fees
- The provision of clean water to reduce water borne diseases such as
cholera.
- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision
- The provision of good nutrition, for example, supplementary feeding for free condoms in clinics and hospitals
babies in clinics such as Tsabana, cooking oil and beans.
- Promotion of general education
- The provision of improved hygiene and sanitation prevent the spread of
diseases.
- Public education on population issues or sex education
- The provision of better health care, for example, training of more doctors
and nurses. - Provision of old age pension

- The improved literacy levels, for example, building of more schools and - Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages
training of teachers.
- Women empowerment
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 Study Fig. 4, which is an extract on population characteristics of Botswana Apart from HIV and AIDS, suggest other reasons why Botswana had a low
in 2012. life expectancy in 2012.

The World Economic Forum (2012) reports that in 2012, Botswana’s life - High incidents of alcohol consumption/smoking/drug abuse/life
expectancy was 53.1 years and that the country was at position number 132 out of threatening habits
144 countries. Infant mortality rate was 36.1 per 1000 live births, putting
Botswana at position number 104 out of 144 countries. - Poor nutrition/people eating unbalanced diets/underfeeding/starvation

- People drinking contaminated water

Fig.4
- People living passive lives/lack of exercise
Describe the actions that the government of Botswana is taking to address the
problem of high infant - People stressed by challenges of life
Mortality rate.
- Shortage of health facilities/medication
Ideas such as:
- Ignorance or lack of cooperation resulting in missing medical check ups
- Provision of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme to stop or curb mother to child HIV infection/ provision of - Poor sanitation/hygiene
milk formula/ART/HAART
- Back-breaking jobs
- Monitoring of under 5 years growth, for example, provision of
supplementary feeding such as Tsabana, vaccination of babies against - High rate road accidents.
killer diseases such as polio and measles, weighing
Describe how HIV and AIDS might affect the population structure of
- Medical care for pregnant mothers/ antenatal care Botswana.

- Education of mothers/parents/guardians on baby care Ideas such as:

- Public education, for example clean environment, delivering at health - Reduced Birth Rate as people fear unprotected sex/ fewer babies/reduced
facilities, boiling water before giving to child youth
- Increased Death Rate/reduced population
- Training/employing specialists/health personnel such as nurses and - Few old people/ low life expectancy
doctors - Reduced workforce/bread winners/death of active members as they are at
the highest risk
- Provision of health facilities - Few women in the workforce group
- More orphans

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Suggest challenges faced by hospital and clinics in the fight against HIV and Describe the reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1.
AIDS.
- Infant mortality rate is high so there is need to have more babies
Ideas such as: - Provision of labour/children used as source of labour in agriculture
- Lack of funds/high expenses of purchasing Anti -Retroviral (ARVs) - Religious beliefs, for example, Children are a gift from God
- Stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS - Low levels of literacy
- Traditional practices that promotes HIV and AIDS such as a brother - Traditional beliefs and customs/ children as a form of prestige
inheriting a dead brother’s wife regardless of HIV status and polygamy - Old age security
- Overcrowding in health facilities, for example, shortage of beds - Early marriages
- Shortage of the health personnel or overworked health personnel - Chasing for a boy/girl
- Ignorance/illiteracy, for example, people ignore the PMTCT programme - Poverty so children expected to work for their families/parents expecting
or refuse to use condoms bride price
- Culture/Religion which counter HIV/AIDS fight, for example, which
discourages open talk about sex especially children State the reasons for the high birth rates in developing countries.
- Poor disposal of clinical waste/health personnel at risk.
- Lack of knowledge and improper use of contraceptives and poor family
Fig. 5 Shows the Demographic Transition Model. planning methods.
- A lot of children were needed for old age security, to provide labour, as a
sign of prestige, to replace those who are dying, to continue the family
name, for religious purpose, etc.
- Early marriages also led to high birth rates.
- Low levels of literacy also led to high birth rates.

Suggest the measures that developing countries can use to reduce their birth
rates.
- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example,
China’s One Child policy
- Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple
have two children are exempted from paying school fees
- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision
free condoms in clinics and hospitals
- Promotion of general education
- Public education on population issues or sex education
- Provision of old age pension
- Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages
- Women empowerment
Fig.5

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Study Fig.6 which shows the Demographic Transition Model. Suggest reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1 of the Demographic
Transition Model.

- Outbreak of killer diseases such as polio.

- Poor diets/famine/low calorie intake

- Poor medical technology/ lack of health facilities/ poor health/ lack of

immunisation programme.

- Lack of safe water supplies

- Low levels of formal education.

- Wars

- Poor sanitation/ hygiene

Describe actions that hospitals and clinics take to fight HIV and AIDS.

- Health talks on HIV and AIDS at hospitals and clinics/ public education
Fig.6
- Display of HIV and AIDS posters in hospitals and clinics/ surrounding
Describe the relationship between the death rate and the birth rate from areas.
Stage 1 to Stage 4. - Counselling of HIV and AIDS victims and the affected family members.
Ideas such as: - Testing people for HIV and AIDS
- In stage 1 they are both high.
- Proper disposal of used hospital equipment , for example needles
- In stage 2 the death rate drops while the birth rate remains high.
- Provision of Anti Retro Viral Drugs (ARVs) to HIV and AIDS patients
- In stage 3 the birth rate begins to drop while the death rate is low.
- Running the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
Programme to protect unborn children
- In stage 4 they are both low.
- Distribution of free condoms

- Encourage/ conduct male circumcision

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Explain the negative effects of HIV and AIDS on economic development in Describe the changes in population characteristics between 1991 and 2001
Botswana.
- Crude Birth Rate was higher in 1991 than 2001/Decrease/Declined
- Death of skilled manpower. - Crude Death Rate was lower in 1991 than in 2001/Increase/Accelerate
- Loss of production time as people spend time in funerals and caring for - Infant Mortality Rate was lower in 1991 than in 2002/Increase/Accelerate
the sick. - Life expectancy was higher in 1991 than in 2001/Decrease/Declined
- General Fertility Rate (per woman aged 15-49) was higher in 1991 than
- High government expenditure on health which means that funds are in 2001/Decrease
diverted from development projects to support health care - Urban population was lower in 1991 than in 2001/Increase
- Dependency Ratio was higher in 1991 (93) than in 2001 (71.5) Decrease
- Less tourists visit the country for fear of HIV and AIDS.
Suggest reasons for the increase in life expectancy from 1981 to 1991
- Low productivity at work because people are sick or stressed by HIV and
AIDS - Improved health facilities/medication
- Eating balanced diet/supplementary feeding/better nutrition
- High expenditure by families on funerals - Better employment opportunities/higher income levels
- Provision of safe water
Study Fig. 7 which shows population characteristics in Botswana in 1981, - Improved sanitation/hygiene
1991 and 2001 - Immunisation programmes
- Health education/education
- Training of health personnel/availability of health personnel
- Improved technology(reduced back breaking jobs)

Describe the factors that could have caused the high general fertility rate in
1991

- Culture, for example, high number of children used a proof of

womanhood/cultural stereotypes, for example, women seen as child
bearer/source of pride
- Parents chasing after a boy/a girl/striking gender balance/gender
preference
- Need for labour
- Old age security
- Bride price
- Lack of family planning
- Poor education/illiteracy
- High infant mortality rate (IMR)
Fig.7
- Early marriages
- Teenage pregnancies
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Suggest actions that the government of Botswana can take to reduce the HEALTH
dependency ratio
How does good health contribute to the development of Botswana?
Ideas such as:
- Family planning campaigns/provision of contraceptives/population Ideas such as
reduction
- Promote women empowerment/education for women - Saves time for production / when people are healthy they will focus
- Promote general education /vocational education attention on work thereby increasing production time, for example, not
- Financial assistance/grants for the unemployed/youth grants waste time on sick leaves and visit to clinics
- Provision of Old age pension
- Employment creation/internships - High productivity / students and workers concentrate much better when
- Provision of food baskets/rations they are healthy
- Business training/entrepreneurial skills
- Less spending by families and government on buying medicines, paying
for medical bills etc.

- Labour availability / pool of healthy workers

Study Fig. 1 which shows factors that influence good health.

Fig1

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Explain how each factor in Fig. 1 helps people to have good health. Describe how any three development indicators are used to measure health.

Ideas such as: - Morbidity – The higher the morbidity the lower the health
- Doctor-patient ration- The higher the ratio the lower the health
- Clean water helps to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera / clean - Population per hospital bed- The higher the population per hospital the
water helps to facilitate proper functioning of body system, for example, lower the health
digestive system/ clean water prevent skin diseases - Infant Mortality Rate- The higher the IMR the lower the health
- Sanitation controls breeding of germs in the environment /sanitation - Calorie intake- The higher the calorie intake the higher the health
prevents diseases - Life expectancy-The higher the life expectancy the higher the health
- Entertainment lowers stress/ lowers blood pressure as people are happy - Maternal death- The higher the maternal death the lower the health
- Balanced diet helps to repair ageing tissues/ balance diet protects the
body from diseases/ balanced diet provide energy Explain challenges encountered in setting up and running hospitals and
- Fitness programmes improves the immune system/ fitness clinics in developing countries.
programmes lowers stress/ fitness programmes increases heart rate to
optimum level - Shortage of trained personnel, for example, doctors and nurses
- Hospitals and clinics treat people when ill or injured/ Hospitals and
clinics counsel people to reduce stress/ clinics and hospitals helps to - Very high population so facilities are overloaded
control the spread of infections, for example, distribution of condoms to
reduce HIV infections - Health personnel are overworked
Suggest ways by which people in Botswana could be encouraged to eat
- Dealing with high number of incurable diseases
balanced diets.
- Very expensive to build hospitals and clinics
- Supplementary feeding is provided in schools and clinics
- Posters to teach people the importance of eating balanced diet
- The training of personnel is lengthy and expensive
- Media nutrition programmes, for example, television, radio and print
media
- Communicable diseases, for example, TB/put health personnel/ other
- Agriculture extension workers help people to grow various types of food
patient at risk
- Community Based Organisations could teach or encourage people to
grow vegetables or raise chickens
- Traditions/some religions stop people from receiving medical treatment
- Destitute/orphans given food baskets

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Suggest the reasons why investing in modern health care is difficult for Suggest the ways by which Botswana government promotes better nutrition
Botswana
How does the government ensure everyone has access to adequate food?
Ideas such as:
- Hospitals are expensive to build/shortage of health facilities/poor health - Supplementary feeding at clinics, hospitals [e.g. tsabana] & schools
facilities - Food basket for the orphans
- It takes long to train doctors/health personnel expensive to train/shortage - Old age pension
- Destitute funding
of training facilities - Drought relief
- Health personnel expensive to train, for example, nurses and doctors - Education
- Drugs are costly to make/to buy
- It is complicated /needs expensive complex technology/poor technology Fig. 2 shows the Primary Health Care Umbrella. Use it to answer question
- Health personnel leave the country for greener pastures/shortage of below
skilled labour/brain drain

Describe any three features of Botswana’s primary health care system

Ideas such as:

- Traditional health mostly operates at the healer’s home.

- In traditional health treatment is based on belief, hence unscientific, and

conservative.

- Simple technology is used.

- The healing materials is acquired from the environment, and mostly

used in their raw form.

- It is usually hereditary, and within family or relatives, hence it is

surrounded by mystery.

- The information is memorised. Fig.2

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Using your own words, describe three different elements of a primary health care Describe the differences between a traditional and a modern health system.
system
Ideas such as: - In traditional medicine, healing/diagnosis is based on the beliefs of
- Water and sanitation is the provision of safe water eliminates or the patient/people whilst in modern medicine it is based on scientific
reduces waterborne diseases whilst hygiene removes breeding places for causes of the diseases.
pests. - In traditional medicine, healers are people who have acquired skills
- Health education is informing people about diseases and their handed down by their forefathers whilst in modern medicine healers
prevention maintains good health. are nurses and doctors trained in colleges and universities.
- In traditional medicine, herbs/roots/ other natural products are used
- Nutrition promotion is encouraging people to eat balanced diets for treatment whilst in modern medicine drugs/ other medicines are
improves their health. used.
- Traditional medicine is conducted in the homes/forestry/ any suitable
- Basic education is provision of literacy- because literate people learns place whilst modern medicine is conducted in clinics and hospitals.
simple ways of avoiding diseases. - Traditional medicine healing/consultation is oral whilst in modern
medicine there is documentation/ records kept.
- Food security is ensuring that people have enough food to eat helps - Traditional medicine uses simple skills/ technology to heal whilst
them to be healthy. modern uses advanced skill/technology to heal.

- Immunisation is provision of vaccines prevents diseases such as polio. Explain how HIV and AIDS negatively affect development in Botswana.

(RULE: Any three from the umbrella at 2 marks each- 1mark for mentioning - Loss of foreign direct investment (FDI)
and another 1 mark for description) - Reduce productivity
- Over expenditure on health, for example, money used on for Anti Retro
Viral drugs (ARVs)/ orphanage/ food baskets/ research
- Reduced workforce
- Diversion of development funds into the health sector stall other vital
developments
- Traumatised society due to AIDS deaths affecting money aspects of
development
- Reduced domestic market due to loss of active people with purchasing
power
- Underutilisation of resources/ facilities due to decrease in population
size.
- High dependency ratio/increased poverty rate due to loss of
breadwinners.
- Reduced earnings from tourism.
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Describe ways in which health care services and women’s organisations are Study Fig.3, which is an extract from Botswana’s 2015 budget speech .
helping in the prevention of HIV and AIDS in Botswana.

Ideas such as: The budget is intended to address key priority areas of human capital, the fight
against HIV and AIDS including elimination of mother to child transmission,
- Dissemination or passing of information/teaching people about HIV and poverty eradication, provision of water and power supply, employment creation
as well as maintenance of existing infrastructure.
AIDS.
- Preventing transmission from mother to child/ provision of milk formula.
- Home based care activities promoting safe handling of patients.
- Counselling for prevention Fig.3
- Care for orphans to free them from abuse and infection.
- Researches, for example, TDF 2 programme, Botswana and Harvard Describe each key area mentioned in Fig.3
collaboration.
- Provide routine testing Ideas such as:
- Distribution of free condoms
- Promotion of female condoms - Human capital is when the government will train workers or people to
- Workshops on changing male perceptions/ attitudes towards women. work in various production activities
- Women empowerment on resisting decisions imposed on them.
- Lobbying for harsh punishment on rapists. - Fight against HIV and AIDS is when the government will control or
- Commemoration of World Aids Day prevent the spread of the HIV and AIDS diseases, for example, by
- Safe male circumcision providing free condoms and Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
Rule: Emphasis should be on prevention. (PMTCT)

- Poverty eradication is when the government improve people’s standards

of living or provision of people’s basic needs.

- Provision of water and power supplies which the government carry out
through connection of water pipes and electric lines/ drilling boreholes

- Employment creation which will be done by the government through

the establishment of activities that will provide jobs for people

- Maintenance of existing infrastructure in which the government will

repair roads and bridges that are already there or existing infrastructure

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 Suggest ways by which provision of water promotes development.
- Illiteracy/ignorance of the people causing lack of support for primary
Ideas such as: care programmes, for example, some parents refusing to take children for
vaccinations/ people refusing to use condoms
- Water use for irrigation in agriculture
- Control waterborne diseases, for example, diarrhoea and cholera
- Strong beliefs in secondary health care/hospitals/injections and pills
- Water used as raw material in industries/cleaning (for beverages)
- Water used for cooling purposes in thermal power production/ air
- Traditional medicine sometime works against primary health care, for
conditioning
example, traditional doctors may advise people to stop bathing as a
- Water used for steaming the thermal power production
procedure
- Water used for domestic purposes/promotes good health
- Water used for swimming pools/ in tourists industry/hotels/holiday
- Large population making programmes difficult to manage
resorts/water sports

Describe how good health promotes the development of Botswana. - Political instability
Ideas such as:
- Healthy/fit workers are more productive Study Fig. 4 which is an extract on good health
- Healthy students do well at school
- A healthy nation cuts expenditure on health services(so more money for Good health means more than simply absence of disease. Health includes
physical, mental and social wellbeing. Healthy, well-adjusted people are cheerful,
development projects)
confident and active. They get on well with people around them.
- Good health attracts tourists who bring foreign exchange
- Healthy people are happy people so they cooperate with the government Fig.4
( they spend less time complaining/relate well with others)
- Healthy environment attracts investors With the aid of Fig. 4, describe the benefits of healthy people to the
development of a country
Suggest challenges that developing countries might meet as they work to
Ideas such as:
provide primary health care.
 Healthy people are productive/mass production
Ideas such as:
 Healthy people are innovative/quality labour/availability of labour force
- Shortage of volunteers to work on primary health care  Healthy people cause less conflicts with the government
programmes/health personnel  Healthy people work well with others [on the community projects]
 Healthy students succeed in school [as they concentrate]
- Lack of funds to run primary health care programmes/people lack of  Healthy people save /reduce government expenditure on health
funds to support primary health care programmes  Attracts investors
 Attracts tourists
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Explain the importance of water supply to the health of people in Botswana Suggest ways by which the community can participate in primary health care
delivery
 Need for sufficient water to prevent dehydration/proper running of body
systems [allow one example] Ideas such as:
 Clean water to ensure non-transmission of diseases [ allow one example
such as cholera/Covid-19]  Attend pre/post-natal clinics
 Clean water needed for hygiene [ allow one example such as
bathing/washing/cleaning/cooking]  Forming [village] health committees
 To use for watering crops/irrigation for higher yields/for more food
 Digging [protected] wells/bore holes
 Clean water to mix with powdered baby milk
 Good sanitation
 Giving families balanced diets
 To use watering livestock/more milk/meat
 Provides minerals/nourishes the body
 Use of contraceptives
5/5 6/4 4/6
Explain how any three development indicators are used to measure health
 Taking their children for immunization, for example, polio and
 High life expectancy indicates good health/low life expectancy indicates measles/people taking themselves for immunization/ taking part in
poor health Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission [PMTCT]
 High infant mortality rate shows poor health/low infant mortality rate
shows good healt  Taking part in clean-up campaigns/submission of waste for
 High calorie intake shows good health/low calorie intake shows poor collection/pay for waste collection
health
 High death rate shows poor health/low death rate shows good health  Health education by the community, for example, community members
 High maternal death rate shows poor health/low maternal death rate teaching on TB control and malarial prevention
shows good health
 High morbidity rate shows poor health/low morbidity rate shows good  Backyard gardening/people taking part in food production
health
 High population per hospital bed shows poor health/low population per  Digging pit latrines/rubbish pits/kraals
hospital bed shows good health
 High doctor-patient ratio shows poor health/low doctor-patient ratio  Exercising
shows good health
 Complying with health protocols, for example, Covid-19
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning a correct indicator and 1
mark for its usage]  Attending health related meetings/workshops/seminars
 Breastfeeding
 Testing for diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS
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 EDUCATION Suggest ways by which a country can promote traditional education.

Study Fig. 1 which shows traditional informal and modern formal education. Ideas such as:

- Inviting elders such as Dikgosi to address students on cultural issues/

traditional values

- Hold kgotla meetings to motivate parents to send their children to

initiation schools

- Conduct drama or plays on traditional or cultural issues or dikhwaere

- The government or ministry of sports and culture to fund initiation

schools

- Celebrating cultural days in schools or communities for people to learn or

appreciate culture
Fig.1
- Construction of traditional structures or houses in government
With the aid of Fig. 1, describe characteristics of traditional informal
institutions
education.

- Teachers are parents or elderly people

- It takes place at any suitable place/sometimes done at initiation schools
- Children learn by copying or observing their parents or elders
- Teaching is done orally or through word of mouth or stories, poetry and
riddles
- It focuses on teaching culture or values or beliefs
- Children are taught survival skills
- It is gender based/ girls are taught by female relatives whilst boys are
taught by male relatives

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Study Fig. 2, which is about traditional education in South Africa, and What are the disadvantages of traditional education?
answer questions that follows.
Ideas such as:

- The disadvantage of traditional education is that it focus on the past or

lacks dynamism or promote rigidity.

- The traditional education is restrictive due to its being gender based or

discriminating.

- The disadvantage of traditional education is that information gets

Fig.2 distorted due to its being oral or lack of record keeping.

Describe the main features of traditional education. - The traditional education discourages industrial initiative or creativity
and innovation.
Ideas such as:

- The main feature of traditional education is that it takes place in initiation - The disadvantages of traditional education are that emphasises on skills
schools, for example, bogwera and bojale. out of touch with the modern world or low literacy rate.

- The main feature of traditional education is that it is oral, for example it - The traditional educational uses unethical teaching methods.
uses stories, dance and songs.
Explain the importance of modern formal education to a country.
- In traditional education teachers are all elderly people who are
Ideas such as:
experienced.
- National building
- The main feature of traditional education is that it prepares boys and girls - Career training
for adulthood. - Gives people self-confidence
- Improves literacy rate
- The traditional education is based on culture. - Develops peoples potential
- Increases skilled labour force
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is by hands on or - Encourages participation in politics
practical. - Improves health awareness or understanding of local or global issues
- Offers peaceful resolution of conflicts
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is continuous.
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 Study Fig.3, which is an extract on education and answer question that
Compare formal education with non-formal education follows

Formal education Non-formal education

- Carried out in learning institutions - Carried out anywhere

- There are specialised buildings - Learning takes place anywhere, even under a
e.g. classrooms, Art & HE labs, etc. tree

- Enhances knowledge, skills and - Meets specific needs e.g. literacy, numeracy
values Fig.3
- There are examinations and - Certification is there and determines one’s
certification at end of programme progression to the next stage Describe any three kinds of formal education provided in the Botswana system of
education.
- School fees paid - School fees paid
Ideas such as:
- There is a syllabus - There is a syllabus
- The kind of formal education provided in the Botswana system of
NB: Do not use a table when asked to compare in an examination education is that of education with production where learners carry out
productive work as part of their lessons.

- The formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is

that of vocational training where learners are taught practical skills so
they can get jobs, for example, plumbing and brick laying.

- The technical training is where learners are given technical knowledge

to work as technicians, for example, in agriculture, industry and
telecommunications.

- The kind of formal education provided by Botswana education system is

that of job shadowing or apprenticeship where learners works with
experienced workers in order to learn from them hands on.

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What are the characteristics of non-formal education? What challenges do governments of developing countries face in their efforts
to provide formal education?
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learner’s progress at
their own pace. - The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to
provide formal education is that of lack of funds/ it is expensive.
- In non-formal education there is self-learning.
- The governments of developing countries face the problem of increased
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are numbers of enrolment in their efforts to provide formal education.
accepted.
- In developing countries the governments are faced with the challenge of
- The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or resistance from some religious and tribal groups in their efforts to
anywhere. provide formal education.

- The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional - The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to
or examinations are optional. provide formal education is that of high drop-out rate, for example,
teenage pregnancy.
- The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or
there is distance learning in non-formal education. - The governments of developing countries are faced with the challenge of
lack of qualified teachers in their efforts to provide formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is
emphasis on teaching practical skills for improving people’s standard of - The challenge faced by developing countries in their effort to provide
living. formal education is that of lack of educational resources, for example,
teaching equipment.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or
tutored by experienced workers with some educational training. - Developing countries governments face the challenge of lack of
infrastructure such as buildings in their effort to provide formal
education.

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Suggest factors that might slow down the introduction of Information Describe the importance of environmental education to the development of
Technology (IT) in Botswana schools Botswana.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- Shortage of information technology (IT) teachers to teach information
- The importance of environmental education to the development of
technology (IT) Botswana is that it encourages use of appropriate technology.
- Information technology equipment are also to expensive, for example,
computers - In Botswana environmental education improves health through
prevention of diseases or primary health care.
- Large populations of students in schools/lack of IT equipment
- Some schools are located in remote areas or places without proper - The importance of environmental education to the development of
supporting infrastructure, for example, electricity and telephone Botswana is that it will promote the conservation of natural resources.
connections
- The environmental education in Botswana will encourage tourism which
- Information technology [IT] equipment is easily stolen/theft generates income for the government.
- Some students/teachers have a phobia for electronic machines
- The importance of environmental education in Botswana will promote
Describe the importance of Information Technology (IT) in the development awareness of global environmental agreements.
- The environmental education in Botswana will empower locals or
of Botswana.
leadership.
Ideas such as:
- Stores a lot of data - The importance of environmental education to the development of
Botswana is that it enables community based organisations (CBO’s) to
- Easy analysis of complex information
generate income for locals.
- Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another
- Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments
made possible
- Increased productivity
- Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
- Improvement of technology/skills development

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Suggest ways in which environmental education can be promoted in Explain ways by which environmental educational education promotes
Botswana. development.

- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana - Job creation
is by including it in school curriculum. - Capacity building- people develop leadership skills
- Promotion of health- waste management promotes good health
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through - Environmental activities- beautiful environment relieves stress thereby
billboards and posters. improving the health workers

- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana Describe the negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic
is by publishing books on environment. development

- Loss of skilled manpower

- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through
television and radio programmes, newspapers and magazines. - Leads to a decline in production / low productivity

- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana - Loss of breadwinner(s)
is through clean up campaigns.
- Increased expenditure on health and community projects / re-direction of
government funds to care for the sick and orphans / welfare department
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through
overburdened
workshops, for example, kgotla meetings.
- Possible decreased level of international investment
- The way in which environmental education can be promoted is by having
school environmental clubs and through community based organisations - Decline in the population, thereby reducing the pool of labour
(CBO’s).
- Time wasting on caring/worrying about the sick
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted by celebration of
- High funeral costs incurred by families
environmental days, for example, tree planting day.
- Discourages tourism / scares away potential investors

- High pension, medical aid, insurance claims

- Reduce market base/reduce the population

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Describe the positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic Explain the role of education in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS
development
Ideas such as:
- Establishment of training centres
- Networking - School curriculum
- A change of attitude
- Trained personnel, for example, nurses, doctors and laboratory technicians - Educational programmes, for example, television programme such as Talk
- Research and development Back and Re Mmogo
- Infrastructure development, for example, construction of clinics and hospital
- Fewer mouths to feed - Allows students’ participation in extra-curricular programmes such as
- Creation of employment, for example, lay counsellors PACT
- Inflow of capital / earning of aid (forex)
- Improvement of technology - Media [ for example, newspapers, radio, television, magazines, ]
- Encourages use of contraception and thus helps reduce population growth
among others - Billboards
- Mushrooming of businesses
- Meeting with other stakeholders
Explain how schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS.
- Research and development
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through infusion in the
syllabus. - Creating awareness
- In school HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by clubs such as PACT.
- Training personnel, for example, nurse, doctors and laboratory technicians
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through provision of
counselling. - Change of attitude / stigma
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by having essay
competition on HIV/AIDS themes.-Schools can raise HIV/AIDS - Inflow of information
awareness by encouraging voluntary testing.
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through posters, - Protecting the innocent
billboards and pamphlet development.
- Convince people to go for HIV/AIDS testing
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through drama, songs, and
dance and beauty contests. - Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by commemorating World
Aids Day, Month of Youth Against AIDS, and prayers for HIV and
AIDS.

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 Community Based Understand the nature of - identify and describe types of
Module 7: Politics &` Development Organisations Community Based Community Based Organisations;
Organisations and their - account for the existence of Community
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES impact on development Based Organisations;
OBJECTIVES in Botswana and in - select and describe the work of one
Learners should be able Learners should be able to: Southern Africa. Community Based Organisation;
to: - discuss the impact of Community Based
Government and Explain different forms - explain the concept of politics, state and
Organisations in the development of
Development of governments and their government;
Botswana.
influence on - discuss and evaluate types of
development. governments; The Private Sector Understand the nature - identify types of private sector;
- discuss ways in which social, economic
and impact of the private - account for the existence of the private
and political aspects interact to change sector on development in sector in Botswana;
society; Botswana and the - discuss and assess the role and impact of
- identify and explain decision making Southern African the private sector on the development of
processes with specific reference to Development Botswana and other countries in the
Botswana; SADC region;
Community (SADC)
- discuss the role of government in the
- Compare government and private sector
economy with specific reference to
strategies for development in Botswana.
Botswana’s role in the provision of
social services and the mobilisation of
resources;
- discuss the social structures such as
class, ethnicity, status, and
profession/trade;
- discuss challenges of nation building on
the basis of tension, conflict resolution
and consensus;
- Evaluate any one of the following Acts:
Chieftainship Act, Citizenship Act,
Marriage and Property Act and Tribal
Land Act.

Non-Governmental Understand the dynamics - explain Non-Governmental Organisations;

Organisations in of Non-Governmental - account for the existence of Non-
Development Organisations and their Governmental Organisations in Botswana;
impact on development - discuss the work of lobbyist, welfarists,
in Botswana and in conservationists and developmental Non-
Southern Africa. Governmental Organisations;
- Examine and evaluate government and
Non-Governmental Organisation strategies
for development in Botswana.

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Political systems – characteristics Describe the characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative
democracy
Monarchy
Ideas such as;
Ideas such as; - Regular elections at regular intervals, for example, every 4 / 5 years
- A system in which the country ruled by a King / Queen / Emperor - Secret ballot
- King/Queen/Emperor traditionally has divine power/divine right of kings - People elect representatives
- S/he personally made laws & administered justice - Consultation / people involved in decision making
- Gains position through inheritance - There is a number of political parties / opposition parties exist / opposition
- Constitutional monarchs represent country as Head of State, but role is is legal / pressure groups are allowed
mainly ceremonial - Universal adult suffrage (right to vote in all elections) / 18+ allowed to vote
- Freedoms are guaranteed e.g. freedom of speech, opinion, association, etc.
Parliamentary Democracy - Equality before the law / there is rule of the law; everyone follows an
agreed procedure
Ideas such as; - Party with majority forms government / executive
- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people - The leader of the party with majority becomes the president / head of govt.
by the people is the president
- There is voting for parliamentary reps. in free elections / universal adult - There is limited use of force
suffrage
- Political party with largest number of votes forms government. What are the disadvantages of multi-party democracy / representative
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes democracy?
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the
judiciary Ideas such as;

Republic - Waste through campaigns/elections/expensive to conduct regular elections

- Decision making is slow due to consultations / consultation of people at
Ideas such as; grassroots is time consuming / little consultation at grassroots
- This is where Head of State is a president elected directly by the people or - It can lead to ethnic conflicts/parties can be formed along tribal, ethnic,
their elected representatives religious, racial, political ideologies and other divisive tendencies
- President can only hold office for a limited number of years - Majority could be wrong
- Possibility of disruption of continuity e.g. development plans change with
Dictatorship new government.
- Possibility of dominance of one party / development projects used by ruling
Ideas such as; party as election bait / use of national resources to canvass for support
- When one person or a group of people control the government - Rigging of elections / cheating
- No elections held, so people have no power over the government. - Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassinations
- There is use of force/army/secret police - Clientalism: gives unfair advantage to the ruling party
- Opposition is highly suppressed
- Human rights not respected
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Why is it important to involve people in decision making? Describe the characteristics of a democracy.
Ideas such as;
- To get different ideas Ideas such as:
- Ownership of projects since they had input - A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the
- Accountability / checks & balances people by the people
- For transparency
- To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified (& - There is voting for parliamentary representatives in free elections /
addressed) universal adult suffrage/ All citizens who are 18 years or older have a right to
- To empower people/capacity building vote ( This is called universal adult suffrage)
- To ensure acceptance of what is happening - Political party with largest number of votes forms government.
Describe the characteristics of a monarchy - Regular elections are held, for example, in Botswana every 5 years
Ideas such as: - Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes
- The king/Queen is the ruler/ The leader is a king or queen
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the
- The position of King/Queen is hereditary/ The positions of monarch are judiciary
hereditary as it passes from King to the eldest son or eldest daughter/
Leadership is hereditary or leaders inherit the position from their parents/ Describe the advantages of multi-party democracy
The new leader takes over upon the death of the King or Queen
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
Ideas such as:
- The rulers are for life
- The monarch is a ceremonial figure. - There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions.
- In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of - People elect representatives to represent them in parliament.
the government. - There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is
- The King or Queen makes laws involved or consulted.
- The ruler has absolute power - Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic
prosperity.
Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.
- People can elect a different government into power if they are not
- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen satisfied with the current one.
- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary - People are free to form different political parties.
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made - There is usually social justice and equity as everyone is treated equally.
- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

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Describe the disadvantages of multi-party democracy Study Fig. 1, which shows a kgotla meeting in Botswana, and use it to answer
questions that follows
Ideas such as:

- There might be a problem of bureaucracy/ delay in decision making

- It is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time consuming and
financially waste.
- There can be tribal or religious conflicts as political parties may be
formed along tribal or religious lines.

- Some government officials are corrupt, they accept bribes to make

decisions that favours certain people
.
- Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they
have won many votes when they actually lost the elections and this may
lead to political turmoil or crisis.
Fig.1
- Some people may abuse freedom of speech into character assassination
and mud slugging. What are the characteristics of representative democracy?

Ideas such as:

- Consultation of people at grassroots level is a delay and a financial waste.
- People can choose their leaders
- Development projects become election baits than genuine people wants. - Universal adult suffrage (all citizens who are 18 years or older have a
right to vote)
- Basic freedom, for example, freedom of speech
- Equality before the law
- More than a single political party exist
- Regular elections held, for example, Elections are held every five years
in Botswana
- Party with the majority forms government
- Consultation before decisions are made
- Leaders are accountable to the people

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Describe the disadvantages of representative democracy. Study Fig.2, and answer the question below.

- Elections are costly because a lot of money is used during campaigns and In a dictatorship, the people have no power over the government. The
to prepare materials. government simply tells the people what to do. Hastings Banda in Malawi was a
- Development projects become election baits/use of natural resources to dictator who even dictated what clothes people should wear.
canvass for support
- Parties formed along tribal, ethnic, religious, racial and other divisive Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweti and Van Wyk
tendencies
Fig. 2
- Consultation of the people at grassroots is time consuming/ little
consultation at grassroots Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship.
- Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassination
- Majority can be wrong/irresponsible leaders can be chosen looking at - Use of armed forces/secret police
their riches - Irregular elections/ elections prohibited/illegal/ never held
- Changing governments disrupts development plans - Leaders make laws alone/consultation is minimal/lack of consultation
- Possibility of dominance by one party/ give unfair advantage to the ruling - Leaders are above the law/ leaders lack accountability
- People can be imprisoned without trial
party - Opposition is prohibited/ group of few people/ individual rules
Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship. Describe the disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government.
Ideas such as: - Power is in the hands of one person/few people/people are powerless
- Dictatorships are normally set up by military leaders through a coup
- Government rules without the mandate/ consent of the people
d’états.
- Abuse of power is rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no
- Power is in the hands of a few individuals.
regard for the rule of law
- Political parties are not allowed.
- Leaders claim monopoly of wisdom
- Dictators make their own laws called decrees and have them carried out
- Irrelevant development to the people/wrong decision making since there
as they wish.
is lack of collective /consultative decision making.
- Dictators control courts of laws.
- Corruption is widespread due to lack of accountability and transparency/
- Murders, asylums, exiles and mysterious disappearances are common in
leaders are self- seeking and generally greedy/ nepotism
such countries especially to people who pose as threats or who are seen
- The word of the leader is supreme/ opposition is silenced.
an ‘enemies of the state’.
- Rulers can stay in office indefinitely- no room for change of government
- Opposition is ruthlessly or brutally suppressed or forbidden.
- Dictatorship are usually sustained at the expense of human life
- Elections are never held.
- People are deprived of freedom/ the right to express their opinion/
freedom is curtailed, for example, freedom of worship , freedom of
speech and freedom of association
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 - Political instability/ wars are common Describe the main features of the following forms of government:
- Bad international relations/ bad publicity/ sanctions/ low scores under
human rights ratings Dictatorship

- Decisions are made by one person/the ruler/a small group of people

Describe the ways of changing a dictatorship into democracy - Elections are ignored/ elections are irregular
- The leader is above the law
Ideas such as: - Force is used to silence opposition
Democracy
- Increase political parties or offer money for new political parties to be
formed or promote formation of political parties. - Elections are regular
- Many political parties exist
- There is the rule of law/ the law applies to everyone
- Consult people or get people’s opinions before decisions are made.
- People are consulted before decisions are made/ there is consultation
- Hold regular free and fair elections Monarchy

- The king/Queen is the ruler

- Persuade people or negotiate with people to comply on issues rather than - The position of King/Queen is hereditary
apply force. - The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- The rulers are for life.
- Respect the rule of law [RULE: 2 characteristics for each form of government at 1 mark each]

- Uphold human rights or give people their freedoms, for example, Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.
freedom of speech
- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen
- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

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Describe the role of the government in the economy Describe the role of government in the economy

Ideas such as: Ideas such as;

- The government role is to stimulate economic growth through - Manpower development

developing infrastructure such as roads, railways and
- Economic planning
telecommunications.
- The government role in the economy is to provide social welfare - Raising revenue
services, for example, Government can give people access to health and
education, building health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building - Provision of infrastructure
schools, paying doctors, nurses, and teachers
- The role of the government is to keep peace in the country, for - Setting quality standards
example, the government must avoid the use of force.
- The government role is to plan for development, for example, - Licensing of businesses
Government must try to draw up national development plans, usually for
a period of 5 years. How can developing countries governments encourage self-reliance?
- The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example,
Government must try to create a feeling of national unity and belonging Ideas such as;
among all citizens
- Financial assistance to local producers / subsidies
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example,
ambassadors, joining United Nations and SADC. - Protect infant industries (from local giants)
- The role of government is caring for the environment through
conservation. - Impose quotas on imported goods & services
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate
courts and high court. - Encourage people to buy locally produced goods & services

- Offer good prices to local manufacturers

NB: The role of government as seen above is to enhance social, economic and
- Tax holidays for local entrepreneurs
political development.
- Education with production / improve education

- Infrastructure development

- Establishing industries which utilise locally available raw materials

- Not to borrow from outside
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Describe ways in which the government of Botswana raise capital/ generate Describe the ways by which the national government of Botswana generates
revenue revenue.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, - Taxation, for example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax
income tax paid by employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers
paid by consumers.
- Licensing, for example, business and drivers licenses.
- Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through
licensing, for example, business and hunting licences.
- Fine, for example, traffic offenders such as over speeding and driving
without licence.
- Penalties are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put
in the government revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless - Production and sale of goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods
drivers, those who fail to pay for licences in time and many others. and services/ joint venture

- The government borrows money from other countries both locally and
overseas. The international banks include the World Banks. This money - Tourism/fees, for example, when entering a game reserve and parks.
is then used as part of the government revenue.
- Auctions, for example, selling of government property and goods no
longer in use.
- The government also raises money through state owned companies
(parastatals) such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
- Advertising charges in state media, for example, Daily News and
- The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership Botswana Television
which are jointly owned companies such as De Beers and others.
- Privatisation of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations

- The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign

reserves which generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of - Foreign investment
emergencies such as famine, drought and other incidents.

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Study Fig. 3, which shows levels of government and ways of decision-making Local government
in a democratic country.
- Implement government policies
- Planning of local services
- Provision of local/social services
- Collect local taxes/rates
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
- Support community-based organisations/projects
- Consult the people/Needs assessment
- Pass suggestions of the community to regional/national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure

Fig.3 Study Fig. 4 which is an extra on politics.

Describe two functions of each of the three levels of government shown in Fig.
Politics is about making decisions and distributing resources. It is also about
3.
dealing with conflict. We usually think that politics is the concern of only the
National government government and the political parties. In fact, small scale political processes
happen around us all the time in families, school, churches, clubs and associations.
- Plan/ implement development of the country/budgeting for the country
Source: Development in Context Book 2
- Formulate government policies
Fig.4
- Make decisions in the national interest/make priorities to benefit the
country/nation building
- Makes laws Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the
- Promote social justice/ reduces inequalities between people people in the country.
- Provide social welfare services - Land for settlement or production
- Develop the infrastructure - Provision of health services/medication/Anti Retro Viral
Provincial/Regional government drugs(ARVs)/Clinics
- Education service/schools books/schools
- Implement government policies
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national government, for - Service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers
example, run schools and hospitals - Animal control disease control medication
- Provision of Old age pensions
- Makes regional development plans
- Pass suggestions from local government to national government - Transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Develop and maintain infrastructure in the region/ public works - Communication, for example, television, radio and internet
- Water
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 - Electricity Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic
- Scholarships/bursaries among students development in Botswana.
- Paid jobs in the government/civil service
- Security services Ideas such as:

- Keep peace and security

Suggest two political activities that are done by members of the following
- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
institutions:
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
The family - Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants,
young farmer’s grant
- Decision/debate on how family income should be used/ allocation to - Marketing of locally made goods
members - Invitation of foreign investors
- Decision on how family assets, for example, cars, houses should be used - Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
- Decision on where to go for holidays - Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials
- Decisions on which school children should attend

The school Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve
social development
- Settling quarrels/disputes between parents, teachers, children/students etc
- Prefect selection/selection of class monitors/Student Representative Ideas such as:
Council
- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake
- Choice of various committees
- Decision of school menu
- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life
- Decision of school curriculum/subjects offered
expectancy through better health
- Decision of number of students per class
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
The church

- Decision on how money/offerings/tithes are used - Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Election of church officers
- Decision on times for meetings - Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced
- Decision on how church assets, for example, cars, buildings and other Death Rate
equipment are used
- Settling disputes between church members. - Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy
rate/education
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Study Fig.5 which shows social divisions among people in Botswana.

Suggest how each of the following aspects of a person’s life may be related to his
or her social class.

 School attended
Children of people in high class attend expensive private schools whilst
people in low class can only afford cheap public schools.

 Residential area
People in high class stay in high residential areas or suburbs whereas
people in low class stay in low cost residential areas/ high density areas/
shanty towns.

 Hospital attended
High class people go to expensive private hospitals whilst low class
Fig.5 people go to government or public hospitals when ill.

Describe each social division shown in Fig.5.

 Holiday
Ideas such as: High class people go on expensive holidays, for example, Sun City,
Durban but low class people rarely go on holiday because they cannot
- Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or afford/ they just visit the village or cattle post.
traditions are grouped together.
 Food consumption
- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or High class people eat more food because they have money to buy but low
training separate themselves, for example, lawyers, teachers, accountants class people eat less food because they produce less/are many/they lack
and engineers. money to buy food.

- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on  Means of transport
their possessions /wealth, for example, people are divided into high status High class people own private cars but low class people use public
and low status. transport/ walk very long distances

- Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their
income or wealth.
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Describe the steps involved in each of the following processes in nation Suggest ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in
building: Botswana.

 Conflict resolution Ideas such as:

There is tension between high class and low class/ the high class - The adoption of Setswana as an official or national language.
promotes its interests creating unhappiness for the low class, for
example, religion and tribal - Introduction of the topic of Nation Building in the school’s curriculum

The low class rebels against the high class through strikes/ other social - The promotion of the national flag, national colours and symbols.
upheavals
- The celebration of various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals
A resolution takes place to bring some equality among the people. such as Domboshaba.

The society is united - The Nationa Anthem is sung at important occasions

 Consensus - The use of one currency

Society develop a set of shared values.

In a traditional/primitive society, the group is more important than the

individual so the common set of values is respected.
In a complex society, division of labour promotes interdependence.

The society is united.

Or
The ruling class imposes its rules on the rest of the society.

The low class and their children accept their position and the rules.

The society is united.

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Study Fig. 6 which shows social structures among people of Botswana Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana can promote ethnic
tolerance

Ideas such as:

 Allocation of land anywhere in the country

 Encouraging/allowing inter-marriages amongst Batswana

 Using indigenous languages in schools/mother tongue/national

anthem/community radio stations

 Promoting/ celebrating indigenous cultures, for example, Domboshaba,

Dithubaruba/attires/food/festivals

 Use of literature in schools written in indigenous languages

 Cultural competitions [during president’s day celebrations]

 Government officers posted anywhere in the country/ policies that all

Fig.6 organizations post officer anywhere

Describe each of the social structures shown in Fig.6  Students admitted for studies across the country
 Status is the position one holds in the society/level of respect people
within the society give to an individual  Teaching tolerance through the media, for example,
television/radio/newspapers/billboards
 Profession/Trade is the division or classification according to job one is
doing/ People who have been trained in the same field or area grouped  Infusion of cultural studies in the school curriculum
together according to their field
 Removal of ethnic/tribal names, for example, tribal barricades such as
 Class is the division of people according to their wealth or the amount of Bangwato and Bamalete
property one has in his or her possession
 All tribes to be represented in parliament and house of chiefs
 Ethnicity is the division or classification of people according to the
tribes/ethnic group they belong to

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State problems faced by developing countries in promoting nation Suggest ways of promoting nation building in Botswana
building
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
 Emphasizing the importance of Setswana language/mother tongue
 Lack of tolerance/many different ethnic groups or tribes
involved/multiplicity of languages/cultural diversity  Celebration of independence day

 Influx of migrants from other countries  Respect of national symbols

 Past conflicts between tribes  Singing of national anthem

 Religious differences/internal conflicts/civil wars or strife  Celebration President’s Day

 Corruption/nepotism/misappropriation of funds for nation building  Promotion of culture

activities
 Encouragement of celebration of indigenous activities, for example,
 Unbalanced development between regions in the country/people may Dikhwaere
be uncooperative
 Holding general elections at regular intervals/allowing
 Increasing number of political parties/discrimination along party consultation/participation in decision making
lines
 Involving the House of Chiefs/Ntlo ya Dikgosi in decision making
 Failure to relinquish power by leaders
 Affirmative action, for example, women, youth, people living with
 Lack of funds for initiatives disability and rural dwellers

 Superior against inferior ethnic groups/ colonial legacy  Reserving certain percentage of seats for women/disadvantaged groups in
parliament/ gender equality
 Increasing population/high population involved- not easy to manage
large numbers  Government initiative to equalize tribes/respect for human rights

 Sports competition, for example, Botswana games

 Conflict resolution

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Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
unite people in the country and build the nation.

Ideas such as: Describe (Account for) the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations
 High population/ increasing population (NGOs) in Botswana

 Many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages Ideas such as;
- Complement government./private sector
 Past conflicts between tribes - Help the poor
- Target micro level/small projects
 Exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural - Awareness campaigns
- Popularise themselves
groups
- To access foreign funding
- Negative attitude from the government, for example, Survival International
 Unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the
areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/ may be un Describe the functions of Non-Governmental Organisations
cooperative
Ideas such as:
 The HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry
out nation building activities, for example, national celebrations - Help in the management and utilisation of a country’s
resources/encourage environmental conservation
- Finance development/supplement/compliment government/private
sector[ Allow specific examples such as project development]
- Help shape national policies
- Advocate for just development/popular participation
- Provide for the marginalized/ serving the poor/they identify themselves
with the disadvantaged/local communities/poverty alleviation/ to help
poor
- For the transfer of skills/development of skills/ train farmers/introduce/
offer extension services/technology transfer/empowerment
- Humanitarian assistance
- Create employment especially for the marginalized/ disadvantaged/
empowerment
- Target micro level/small projects
- Awareness campaigns

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Describe the benefits of NGOs to Botswana What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the
development of Botswana?
Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in
rural areas to solve their problems Ideas such as:
- Deal with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty
- They create employment - Promote environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari
- Help in the management & utilisation of a country’s resources / encourage Conservation Society
environmental conservation
- Promote proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example,
- Finance development/supplement/complement govt. (Allow specific
examples such as projects development) Somarelang Tikologo
- They identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local communities - Help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng market
- Emphasise efficiency & proficiency/development of skills devil’s claw
- Offer training to farmers - Fund development projects, for example, construction of dams/
- Introduce/offer extension services infrastructural development
- Buy veld products from rural people / promote commercialisation of veld - Promote good governance
products
- Encourage the use of appropriate technology
- Humanitarian
- Emphasis efficiency and proficiency/ development of skills - Improve the status of women by economically empowering them
- Protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against them/
equality in power sharing and decision making, for example, Emang
What are the Disadvantages/weaknesses of NGOs? Basadi
- Engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana
Ideas such as; Council of Women
- Rigidity /conservatism – does not want to change how they do things - Help improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The
First People of Kalahari and disabled people
- Duplication of roles/repetition of some services offered by the government - Capacity building in communities/ leadership development
- Provide employment
- Leaders enrich themselves/ leaders use the funds for their own benefit
instead of helping those in need

- Create dependency syndrome/they do not teach people to be independent

but to depend on them

- Interference in internal affairs

- Lack of originality (bring ideas from outside)

- No impact assessment done

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Describe the problems faced by NGOs in Botswana. COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATION.

Ideas such as: Describe three types of community based organisations.

- Leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership Ideas such as:
- Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO
collapse/ personalized  Developmental community based organisations are those that
- NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of focus on improving the infrastructure of the community/ promote the
coordination use of appropriate technology.
- Sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
- Sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most  Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for
deserving people the environment, for example, clean up campaigns or protecting
- Usually the local elite dominate decision making nature resources.
- Limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas
 Welfarist /charities are those that focus on improving living
- Limited funds to cover activities
conditions of people such as giving food, shelter to the destitute/
- Duplication of activities
orphans/ disaster victims
- High staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very
difficult  Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for
profit making.

 Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on

various societal issues.

RULE (Award 1 mark for type and 1 mark for description: award a mark even when
type is given without description or vice-versa: NB marks should be given for type of
CBOs not their names)

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Describe the functions of Community Based Organisations. Describe common weaknesses/disadvantages of community based
organisations in Botswana.
Ideas such as:  The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana
is shortage of funds
- Vehicles through which community participation takes place/promotes
community involvement/participation through cultural preservation,  Lack of support from people
environmental education, waste management
- Technical skill provision, for example, bee keeping and brick laying  Lack of skills
- Administrative skill dispensation, for example, keeping proper records,
conducting meetings and time management
 Sometimes CBOs are politicised
- Teaching and learning to resolve conflicts and solve problems together
- Provision of primary action in community
 CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders
- Improvement of standard of living
 Misuse of funds by leadership
Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations
(CBOs) within the community.  Lack of shelter for operation

Ideas such as:  Labour provided by volunteers who may quit anytime
- Encourage local communities to come up with their needs and wants
(Bottom-up)/ identification of community needs  Poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment
- Locals given chance to plan and monitor their development
projects/capacity building
- Engage in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example,
Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food
security
- Carry out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues
- Information dissemination/ announcements
- Open up market centers for local produce
- Crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
- Infrastructure development
- Utilization of local resources
- Skills development
- Creation of employment

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Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on Community Based Organisations (CBOs) Home Based Care

- Provide medicines for terminally ill

- Cleans up the terminally ill patients
- Counsels patients/family members
- Provides health education
- Provides food baskets for patients/prepare meals/grow vegetables
- Provides protective materials to care givers, for example, gloves
Fig. 1 - Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)
Describe the activities of any one Community Based Organisation which you
have studies Conservation of natural resources

Ideas such as - Harvesting of natural resources

Village Development Committee - Environmental education
- Domestication of veld products
- Fund raising activities to carry out projects - Setting up crafts projects
- Conducts needs assessment - Sourcing funds for community projects on natural resources
- Give feedback to government on development matters - Provision of scholarship for people in the community
- Makes important announcements - Create employment
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building Burial Society
- Provide accommodation
- Provides transportation during funerals
Neighbourhood watch - Provides food during funerals
- Provides airtime during funerals
- Controls crime - Provides labour during funerals, for example, cooking
- Conducts needs assessment - Provides equipment during funerals, for example, plates and pots
- Give feedback to government on development matters - Provides coffins during funerals
- Makes important announcements - Provide counselling/prayers
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment [Rule: Accept any suitable CBO and its activities. Award 1mark for naming
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building and 5 points at 1 mark each]
- Fund raising activities

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Describe the challenges facing Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as THE PRIVATE SECTOR
they work to improve people’s lives in the community
Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of
Botswana.
Ideas such as
Ideas such as:
- Lack of buildings for operations
 Employment creation
- Shortage of funds for activities
- Shortage of skills (for smooth/effective running)/management skills  Skills development
- CBOs are easily politicised
- They may be dominated by some groups, for example, old/elite people  Technological advancement
- Misuse of funds by leadership
- They are looked down upon by people/lack of support  Infrastructural development
- Dependence on volunteers (unreliable labour)
 Ensuring quality production
Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by CBOs can be addressed.
 Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social
responsibility
Ideas such as:
 Relieves government of burdens of running the economy
- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from
government and other others/ private sector  Fast decision making
- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be
mobilized through training, workshops and kgotla meeting  Empowerment of the local entrepreneur
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff
by stakeholders  Boosts foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment
- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and
 Pay tax/ improve government revenue
work together etc
- Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which  Quick response to the demands of the market
creates room for youth
- Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government  Availability of goods and services
or stakeholders. For example, through workshops.
 Diversification of the economy

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Study Fig. 1, which shows types of enterprises in the private sector. What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana?

Ideas such as

 Employment creation

 Acquisition of skills

 Technological & infrastructure development

 Empowerment of local entrepreneurs

Fig.1  Foreign exchange generation

 Govt. revenue from taxes

State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.
Why would government take over some businesses?
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as
 Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is
owned by many individuals/ shareholders  For strategic reasons
 In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a  To sustain non-profit making businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or
private limited company funding is provided by shareholders retrenchments

 A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company  Provision of affordable goods & services
operates on large scale
 For political reasons
 In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private
limited company shareholders choose a board of governors to manage the  To generate income
business
 Compete against each other than rather than working together.
 In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private
limited business, profit is shared by shareholders.

 The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has
unlimited liability

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State the benefits of private sector in the development of Botswana How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?
Ideas such as: Ideas such as;
 Technological development - Create employment

 Employment creation - Investing in regional economy

 Acquisition of skills - Efficiency / increase in production / quality goods

 Development of infrastructure - Drive towards self- reliance, a relief on govt. reliance

- Training (human resource development)

 Empowerment of local entrepreneurs who own businesses
- Increase participation in international trade
 Growth of GDP/GNP/economic growth/GNP per capita
- Pay tax to the government.
 Foreign exchange generation/exportation of goods

 Availability of Quality of goods and services/variety of goods/ - Sponsorship of social activities.

services are provided by locals
- Infrastructure development
 Government get revenue from taxes
Describe the problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region
 Social responsibility [ allow one example such as football, donates to Ideas such as;
orphans ]
- Retrenchments
 Attract Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies - Irrelevant services
- Exploitation of human labour / pay low wages
 Helps with economic diversification - Depletion of natural resources because of fashion/competition
- Profit driven than socially inclined
- They may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals
- Pollution / harm to the environment
- Greed by big investors
- MNC’s profit repatriation
- Brain drain from govt. to private
- Closing down of private companies / liquidation of companies

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 Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International International Develop an -explain international trade;
Trade understanding and
Trade & Foreign Aid appreciation of the -account for international trade;
dynamics of
TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES international trade. - describe global trade patterns (a)
OBJECTIVES
developed countries, (b) developing
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
to: countries and (c) between developed
Regional Develop an - explain regional co- and developing countries ;
Co-operation understanding of the operation/integration;
nature of regional co- -discuss free trade and protectionism
operation and its impact - identify and classify regional co- .
on the development of operation as political, social and -discuss the challenges of
Botswana and other economic; international trade.
Southern Africa. Foreign Aid Understand the concept -explain the concept of foreign aid;
- discuss and assess the role played of foreign aid and its
by regional co-operation or impact on development. -describe the types and forms of
communities in the development of foreign aid;
the Southern African region;
-account for foreign aid;
- evaluate the successes and
challenges faced by such regional -evaluate the implications of foreign
communities as Southern African aid on developing countries.
Customs Union (SACU), Southern
African Development Community -discuss the roles of the specialised
(SADC). agencies of the United Nations

- Suggest ways of strengthening

regional co-operation in the Southern
African region.

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 REGIONAL COOPERATION What are the aims of the Southern African Development Community
(SADC)?
Study Fig. 1 which is about types of regional co-operations
- To achieving regional cooperation

- To reduce poverty / improve quality of life

- To promote common political value systems/institutions

- To promote and defend peace and security

- To promote self -sustaining development

- To harmonise national & regional development strategies/programmes

- To achieve economic growth

Fig.1 - To achieve regional trade

Describe each type of regional co-operation shown in Fig. 1 and give an
- To be able to attract foreign aid
example for each.
Suggest ways by which membership of a regional community may help a
- Economic regional co-operations focus on improving trade between
country to develop economically.
members, for example, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and
European Union (EU) focus on wealth creation. - expanded markets/ access to the sea by landlocked countries
- Revenue from import duty/ from outside the region
- Social regional co-operation focus on promotion of culture in the - Infrastructural development such as tarred roads link capital cities of
region, for example, Sothern African Development Community (SADC) member states and improved telecommunication networks
- Large scale economic ventures, for example, trans-frontier national park
between Botswana and the Republic of South Africa/ large industries
- Political regional co-operation focus on getting independence for
- Increased production due to specialisation
members or maintenance of peace and security, for example, Economic
- Technology transfer between member states
Community Of West African State (ECOWAS)
- Labour movement helping countries with less skilled labour
RULE: SADC can be awarded once. 1mark for description and 1 mark for - Employment creation
example - Availability of goods and services

- Aid from other members, for example, loans/ financial assistance.

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Describe the economic, social and political activities of Southern African Suggest ways by which regional co-operation could operate in bringing
Development Community (SADC) development to its region.

Economic activities helps with the creation of a free trade area/expansion of - Treat all countries equally/ sharing income equally
markets for members - Members could share production responsibilities based on comparative
advantage
- Establishment of new large scale manufacturing industries
- Conduct regional heads of state and ministers meetings
- Joint planning for industries/joint funding of projects - Establish regional projects at large scale, for example, construction of the
Kazungula bridge between the government of Botswana, Zambia and
- Collection of customs duty on goods entering the region from non- Zimbabwe to ease trade between member states
members - Give preferential treatment to citizens from within the region/ school fees
for citizens of member countries to be lower than the fees for citizens of
- Infrastructural development, for example, , construction of Kazungula
non-member countries
bridge between Zambia and Botswana to facilitate easy movement of
goods - Establish a regional army for security or peace keeping
- Free movement of labour - Establish specialised committees or inter-parliamentary committees
- Establish crime fighting agencies
Political activities is when countries speaking with one voice on international - Allow free trade
issues - Improve regional infrastructure, for example, telecommunication
networks and construction of tarred roads that link major cities
- Peace keeping (when a member suffers political turmoil) for example,
Lesotho - Allow free movement of people from member countries

- Provision of guidelines on the conduct of elections/SADC observer Describe the success/advantages of the Southern African Development
mission during election of a member state Community (SADC)

- Increase of women participation in politics Ideas such as:

Social activities helps with promotion of culture - Assisted Lesotho to avoid overthrow of the government
- Creation of oneness among people in the region/emphasis on one - All capital cities linked by air routes and road networks
goals/fight against common challenges - SADC has been able to attract financial aid as a region
- Interpol is reducing crime across borders
- Improvement of education and training/exchange of students/sharing - Sharing of water from the Zambezi River
institutions
- Establishment of Trans-frontier National Park between Republic of South
- Improvement of people standard of living/emphasis on food security Africa and Botswana
- Quick response to crisis or emergencies, for example, Mozambique
- Fight against HIV and AIDS/other diseases/sharing of health facilities floods
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 - Relaxed regulations on labour Describe the achievements of SADC
- Ability to speak with one voice What are the successes of SADC?
- Monitoring of elections in member countries
- Sharing of energy resources - Defence and security e.g. intervention in Lesotho and Democratic
Republic of Congo
- Control of animal and crop diseases - Establishment of the political wing
- Inflow of aid into the region
Give three challenges faced by Southern African Development Community - Helped each other in times of catastrophes / emergencies , for example,
(SADC) in achieving its objectives fuel to Zimbabwe from Botswana
- Cities and major towns linked by tarred roads, for example, Trans-Kalahari
Ideas such as: Highway – from Cape town to Walvis Bay via Botswana
- Energy protocol signed
- There is no common currency/lack of a common currency - Signing protocol in shared water course systems
- Difficulty to reconcile different political systems / ideologies - Establishment of training centres e.g. SACCAR in Sebele & Meat
- Language barrier Inspection College in Lobatse
- Overlapping objectives with other organizations - Sending observer missions to member states’ elections
- Economic disparities amongst member states - Establishment of Trans-Frontier National Park between Botswana and
- Political instability in some member countries South Africa
- Financial constraints / outstanding debts by member countries - Recognition in international community because they speak with one voice
- Ineffective political wing What are the advantages of regional cooperation?
Explain how any three actions can improve regional co-operation in Southern - It promotes trade / trade fairs
Africa. - Exchange programmes / share expertise
- Assistance in times of need, for example, war, drought etc.
- Establish SADC army for keeping peace and stability - Competitions in sports / cultural exchange and development
- Establishment of one common currency- This can facilitate payments - Widens market
between members or trade - Improvement of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads linking cities in
- Establishment of one common language- This can unite the region or the region
give the region a strong identity - Better representation internationally / better bargaining power
- Cost sharing of the project, for example, the Kazungula Bridge which cost
- Discipline of unco-operative leaders- This can promote achievement of
are shared between Botswana and Zambia governments/countries
SADC objectives - Improved security
- Removal of trade barriers- This can increase trade between members - Free movement of labour [people allowed to work anywhere among
- Disease control- This can save financial and human resources member states]
- Improved international relations
RULE: Allow 1 mark for mentioning 1 mark for explanation

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Suggest challenges that countries such as Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Study Fig. 2, which is an extract on regional cooperation.
may face as members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

- South African goods pose stiff competition to local goods in Botswana

- They benefit less because of less exports whilst Republic of South Africa
is more industries/ one benefit more by exporting more goods and
services/ unfavourable balance of trade

- They have immediate needs but to wait for 2years before sharing custom Fig.2
duty revenue.
Suggest ways in which regional trade associations such as SADC help in the
development of their member countries.
- They are excluded from sharing interest accrued on the customs revenue
(in South African banks over 2 year period)/ custom duty collected is - They attract foreign investment to the region
only kept in South African banks and yet interest on the money remains - Expanded market
in South Africa at the time of sharing. - Funding development projects
- Election monitoring
- Decision are dominated by Republic of South Africa since she is the - Sharing of information, for example, low cost technologies
richest member state. - Infrastructural development, for example, road network to link capital
cities
- Use of different currencies - Research and development, for example, in health and agriculture
- Quick response to member county’s emergencies
- Language barrier - Sharing natural benefits, for example Trans-frontier National Park
- Relaxed regulation on labour
- Efforts to increase trade between member countries
- Improved defence/security/ resolve inter- state conflicts

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Describe factors that make it difficult for the Southern African Community - Control of HIV and AIDS scourge, for example, providing citizen in
to achieve its aims. member states with free condoms and Anti Retro-Viral drugs (ARVs)
- Imposing sanctions on uncooperative member countries/ stop trading
- Lack of funds to carry out some projects with uncooperative member states
- Protectionism that slowed down SADC regional trade - Establishment of a common passport
- Persistent drought - Removing all trade barriers/promote free trade for goods produced by
- Rapidly growing populations than resources member states
- Heavy external debts/foreign debts Describe ways by which regional cooperation can be strengthened in
- Civil wars, for example, Democratic Republic of Congo Southern Africa
- HIV and AIDS depleting both human and financial resources
- Failure to discipline some members by SADC - Members adopting a policy to give priority to member states in trade and
- Dominance by rich members , for example, Republic of South Africa other activities/ members only allowed to get goods / services form
outside the region only when such goods are not available in the region
- Difficulty in choosing location of SADC projects
- Each member should have a voting right (on every important issues
- Poverty affecting the region)
- Sovereignty of countries, for example, SADC policy vs members - Intensify road, air, rail construction/ telecommunication (to connect all
countries policy/ different development strategies major centres and sea ports)
- Diverse cultures/ language barrier - Establish industries in less industrialised countries of the region
- High unemployment rate - Serious monitoring of the implementation of policies/agreements
- Corruption/ crime - Establishment of a disease control prevention unit for the region (to
monitor the fight against the disease), for example, HIV/AIDS
Describe ways by which regional communities such as Southern Africa - Generate savings from the region (to avoid too much borrowing)/
establishing regional banks
Development Community (SADC) and Southern African Customs Union
- Common currency
(SACU) can be strengthened. - Common language
- Establish mechanisms to disciple uncooperative members
- Fair or equal sharing of customs duty, for example, Southern African - Election observer missions
Custom Union members - Common official documents, for example, passports, driver’s licences/
- Poverty alleviation/reduce poverty educational qualification classification
- Improved infrastructures such as roads and telecommunications networks - Mobility of labour/ free movement of labour/ people
- Establishment of a common currency - Sharing natural resources, for example, Trans Frontier Park
- Encourage sporting activities among member states/culture
- Adoption of one common official language
- Maintenance of peace and security
- Speedy sharing of custom duties for Southern African Customs Union
(SACU)

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Suggest ways in which the formation of Southern African Development INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Community (SADC) has contributed to the development of the Southern
African region. Describe the reasons for international trade.

Ideas such as: Ideas such as

- It has promoted trade/ trade fairs - A country can get goods/services it is unable to produce/balance of trade

- Exchange programmes/share expertise - It creates a good international relationship between countries

- Assistance in times of need, for example, wars and drought - It helps countries to gain access to international markets for their primary
products
- Cultural exchange
- It generates income for countries involved in trade/a source of foreign
- Widens market exchange/generate money

- Development of infrastructure, for example, construction of Kazungula - It increases industrialisation/promote infrastructural development
Bridge by Botswana and Zambia governments
- It allows for continuous availability of seasonal goods
- Better representation internationally/better bargaining power/speak with
one voice - It is cheaper to buy from outside than produce locally

- Cost sharing/sharing of resources - It helps to correct negative balance of trade/promote balance of trade

- Improved security/peace keeping/policing, for example, Lesotho and - International trade make it possible to utilise immobile resources, for
Mozambique example, land/ share of resources

- Signing of the energy protocol/signing of water protocol - International trade helps with exchange of technology.

- Free movement of labour

- Improved international relations

- Monitoring of elections

- Securing financial assistance

- Employment creation
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Study Fig. 1 which shows an example of international trade Study Fig. 2 which shows trade patterns between countries

Fig. 2

Describe the trade patterns shown in Fig. 2.

Ideas such as:

- Developed countries mostly export manufactured goods

- Developed countries mostly import raw materials
- Developed countries export value to developing countries is
Fig.1 high/developing countries export value to developed countries is low
Describe each aspect of international trade shown in Fig. 1. - Developing countries mostly export raw materials
- Developing countries mostly import manufactured goods
- Imports are goods or services a country buys from other countries - Developed countries trade more with each other
- Developing countries trade less with each other
- Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries
- Inflows are sums of money or money that comes into the country, for Suggest reasons why Botswana buys goods from other countries
example, payments of exports and foreign aid.
- Outflows are sums of money or money that leaves the country, for Ideas such as
example, payments of imports and tourists expenditure out of the
country. - They could be cheaper to buy than to produce
- The goods are out of season at home
- Invisible trade is the buying or selling of services which are intangible
- The goods are unavailable at home/other countries have comparative
and unseen, for example, tourism and education advantage
- Visible is the buying or selling of tangible goods or goods that can be - Tied aid forces a country to buy goods from donor country
seen/touched. - The need to prolong colonial ties/friendship
- Imported goods are of better quality than locally produced goods
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Describe difficulties experienced by developing countries when they try to Describe the challenges faced by developing countries that rely on a single
take part in international trade export commodity

- Low prices for raw materials/low income/low profit - fluctuating world prices/demand/competition
- Brain drain - import duty/tariffs [it is a form of tax paid for goods before entering a
- Huge debts as they import expensive manufactured goods/negative country]
balance of trade/weak currencies/debts - Quotas [means allowing certain number of goods into a country]
- Dependency on rich countries/tied aid - Prices of raw materials generally low compared to finished products/low
- They fail to industrialise as they always buy manufactured goods from prices of exports
developed countries - Prices set by consumers/developed countries controls prices/exploitation
- They are too attached to colonial powers/neo-colonialism - Natural disasters, for example, weather adversity
- Prices controlled by developed countries - Bulky transportation/handling costs/access to sea ports
- Developing countries produce poor quality goods/poor technology used - Quarantine system
to produce goods/competition - High prices of imports
- Fluctuation of prices for raw materials - Seasonal products
- Substitute products/synthetic products
Suggest ways by which developing countries can increase trade amongst - Countries of the South are equally affected when countries of the North
themselves go through recessions
- Dumping of used goods/machinery
- Remove tariffs/import duty
- Remove quotas/ number of goods entering a country/promote free trade Suggest the ways by which developing countries can solve their problems
- Abolish quarantines/use of embargoes associated with trade
- Make trade agreements with each other
- Form regional/trade blocks/common market - Economic diversification [stop producing and exporting one product to
- Adopt common currency boost economic growth]
- Diversify their economies/produce variety of materials - Import substitution industrialisation/reduce imports
- Improve research/technology/quality - Export oriented industrialisation/increase export trade
- Establish supporting infrastructure between cites, for example, railway - Use local alternatives/encourage local inventions
line, tarred road links/network - Regional cooperation/re-negotiate terms of trade
- Save and invest locally
State three features of the trade pattern of developing countries - Cut/break links with the North
- Restricting trade with developed countries
Ideas such as: - Devaluation of currencies
- export primary products/raw materials - Improvement of infrastructure
- import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods
- fetch little foreign exchange/sell cheap raw materials
- spend more on import, for example, machinery/import more than they
export/negative balance of trade/expensive imports

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Describe the typical trade pattern of a developed country - Weak currencies/ low purchasing power/ lack of capita
- MDCs produce synthetic products/ changes in fashion/tastes
- Export finished goods/products - Stiff competition from the MDCs/ small markets
- Import raw materials/primary products
- Produce substandard goods/ poor quality goods/ less preferred by MDCs/
- Spend less of imports/positive balance of trade
- The generally these countries trade products that both of them poor technology/skills
manufacture but which one of the countries produces at a lower price or - Prices for raw materials are low/ fluctuating
higher quality. - Gives room for dumping of goods from MDCs to developing countries

Describe the way used to control trade Study Fig. 3, which shows a trade situation for country X and answer the
question that follows
Describe the ways by which a country can protect its trade

Ideas such as

- The way by which a country can protect its trade is through import
duty/tariffs (which are form of taxes put on imports to increase their
prices so that imports are more expensive to buy)
- Quotas is a measure that limits the quantity/number of imports that can
be brought into a country by importers’ every year.
- The government can decide to use health and safety regulations to limit
the type and quantity of imports. For example, the government refuse to
allow cattle from Zimbabwe into Botswana because of the Foot and
Mouth disease that is prevalent there. Fig.3
- The political boundaries generally regulate the easy flow of goods and Suggest ways by which country X could correct its negative balance of trade.
services into a country. Traders cross at certain points in order to declare
their goods at the border Ideas such as:

Describe the challenges faced by developing countries in international trade. - Protectionism

- Import substitution industrialisation
Ideas such as: - Export oriented industrialisation/ foreign investment
- Invitation of Multi-National Companies
- Poor infrastructure
- Beneficiation/ value addition to raw material, for example, cutting and
- Developed countries put trade barriers/ protectionism polishing of diamonds
- Declining terms of trade - Foreign aid
- Less control in international trade/ only 20% access to international trade - Devalue the currency

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Describe the advantages [benefits] of international trade. Study Fig. 4, which is a cartoon about trade between developing countries
and developed countries.
Ideas such as:
- Income generation/ earns foreign exchange
- Encourages production/ production efficiency/ increases GDP/GNP/GNP
per Capita
- Countries acquire goods and services they are unable to produce
- Globalisation/ friendship between countries
- Increased variety of goods and services
- Employment creation
- Transfer of skills and technology
- Stimulates production of quality goods and services
- Increases access to bigger markets
- Ensures continuous supply of seasonal goods

Describe the ways in which a country can correct a negative balance of

payment
Fig.4
Describe the ways through which rich countries protect their industry from
- Fixed quota systems / fixed amount /number of goods imported / cheap imports.
exported
- Setting up Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) / government Ideas such as:
subsidies - They limit quantity of goods from poor countries through quota system
- Devaluing the currency/devaluation of the currency(is the most common - They charge high tariffs on goods from poor countries to discourage
solution especially in developing countries as this helps a country to sell entrance
more exports and buy fewer imports)
- They subsidise their own goods to make them cheaper than imported
- Exporting more / Export Oriented Industrialisation (which is setting up of
factories that produce goods that a country outside the country/for goods to discourage imported goods
international market) - They demand high technological requirements so that poor countries fail
- Custom duties / tariffs/import duty ( is a form of tax paid for goods to attain the high standard
entering a country) - They put exchange control measures to limit foreign exchange (forex) for
- Coming up with local substitutes import
- Quarantine system (to control the influx of goods into another country or - They impose high health standards on foreign goods and services
region)
- Exchange control (how much money one is allowed to use in a foreign - They form cartels which restrict imports from outside the cartel
country) - They demand import licences/ permits/ legal agreements

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Suggest actions which poor countries could take, so they benefit more from Describe barriers in international trade
international trade.
- Quotas (number of goods allowed into a country)
Ideas such as: - Customs duties / tariffs (tax paid for goods entering a country)
- Exchange control
- Less Developed Countries(LDCs) should turn raw materials into finished - Health restrictions (quarantine)
products/ add value to raw materials - Political differences/understanding
- LDCs should form regional co-operations to create a market for - Labour laws
themselves - Devaluing of local currencies (to allow a country export more goods and
import less goods)
- LDCs should improve their technology to ensure high quality goods/
invite Multi- National Companies to improve technology/ quality goods Why do countries come up with trade barriers?
and services
- LDCs should form producer cartels to control prices and avoid low - To earn some revenue/raise govt. revenue
fluctuating prices
- LDCs should appeal to World Trade Organisation to make developed - To prevent dumping
- To protect/promote local employment
countries to relax trade barriers
- To encourage local inventions
- LDCs should promote research on their products - To prevent spread of diseases
- LDCs should devalue their currencies to attract customers - To control effects of general depression
- LDCs should diversify their economies/ should avoid dependence on few - To protect infant industries/Import substitution Industrialisation (ISI)
commodities - To reduce imported goods
- To eliminate balance of payments deficits
Describe the different ways by which money can come into a country - To cut on indebtedness

Ideas such as: How have Southern African countries improved their trading position by
forming SADC?
- Exports/foreign exchange/raw materials
Ideas such as;
- Loans/borrowing for other countries and international financial - Encouraging free trade amongst themselves
institutions, for example, World Bank and International Monetary Fund - By removing tariffs between them and opening up their markets to each
(IMF) other
- Protecting their members from outside competition by imposing collective
- Grants/gift tariffs
- Mobility of resources
- Foreign aid (which is the assistance given to a country)/Donor agencies - Inflow of foreign currency / foreign investment
- Integrated transport network
- Tourism - Technology transfer

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Suggest benefits that people of Botswana may enjoy for international trade FOREIGN AID

- They get goods/services made in other countries, for example, cell Describe the forms of foreign aid
phones/electronic goods
- They earn income/foreign exchange/ from selling their products outside - Monetary aid (allow loans and grants separately)
the country, for example, beef and diamonds
- Local producer have expanded market - Technical aid
- Local producers are likely to be trained to improve their quality of their
goods/skills transfer/ to meet global standards - Humanitarian (food, medicine, clothing, tents, etc)
- People enjoy increased variety of goods and services (so that people have
more freedom of choice) - Military aid
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example,
fruits - Aid for specific projects e.g. Ebola, AIDS, Research
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better roads network,
telecommunication in areas of production - Emergency aid e.g. floods, drought/famine, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.
- Improves infrastructure, for example, Trans Kalahari highway/ road for
Republic of South Africa to Maputo/ Proposed railway from Namibia to Describe the advantages of foreign aid
Botswana
Describe the benefits of foreign aid
Suggest benefits that people in Botswana may enjoy from international trade.
Ideas such as;
- The get goods and services made in other countries, for example, cell - Provides much needed technology for Less Developed Countries(LDCs)
/ high level of knowledge
phones or electronic goods
- They earn income or foreign exchange from selling their products outside - Provides capital for investment
the country, for example, beef
- The local producers will have expanded market - Creates employment
- Local producer are likely to be trained to improve the quality of their
goods to meet global standards - Improves relations between countries
- People will enjoy increased variety of goods and services(so that people
- Relieves hardships in times of disaster
have more freedom of choice)
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example, - Improves recipient country’s GDP / GNP
fruits
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better road networks
and telecommunication in areas of production - Bring foreign exchange
- Technology transfer
- Job creation

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Give three disadvantages of foreign aid Study Fig. 1, which shows direction of foreign aid.

Ideas such as;

- Encourages waste of resources / extravagance / often misused by corrupt
politicians and dictators

- Irrelevant projects
Fig. 1
- Indebtedness / neo-colonialism
Describe five different types of foreign aid donors
- Tied aid
Ideas such as:
- Environmental unfriendly
- Rich individuals, for example, Bill Gates who help developing countries
- Urban bias
to fight diseases such as HIV/AIDS through his foundation called Bill
- Interference in domestic politics and Melinda Gates Foundation.

- Encourages dependency & encourages laziness / reduces desire to work - Charities , for example, the Red Cross/ Red Crescent which sometimes
hard help people affected by natural disasters such as flood by providing them
with shelter and food.
- Sometimes reduces a country’s sovereignty or independence

Describe the reasons for giving foreign aid. - Developed countries or rich countries, for example, giving out
Why do countries give Aid? assistance in the form of funds to developing countries to carry out
development projects.
Ideas such as;
- International Non –Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working in
- Humanitarian reasons
specific areas or helping people and countries in those areas, for example,
- For development Survival International advocating for minority ethnic groups.

- Trade links

- Economic gains - Less Developed Countries (LDCs) which are well off offering to help
other countries, for example, Botswana giving fuel to Zimbabwe
- Creation of political satellites
- Agencies of the United Nations
- Creation of employment (Donor countries)
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Suggest ways by which developing countries can use foreign aid to achieve Describe the forms of foreign aid received by Less Developed Countries.
higher levels of development.
- Technical assistance, for example, experts sent to work in a developing
- Use donated funds to invest in industries or production activities country
- Use foreign experts to train locals / to work in the country. - Financial help, for example, interest free loans and grants/ monetary
- Send students to overseas institutions where doors have been opened. - Gift of consumer goods, for example, food aid/ humanitarian
- Use donated funds to construct or improve social services, for example, - Military aid, for example, soldiers sent to keep law and order in a
schools, hospitals and libraries. country
- Use foreign loans to construct transportation routes or use them on - Emergency aid, for example, help given during floods and drought
development projects, for example, building of highways.
- Use funds to import machinery for production. Suggest ways by which the act of giving may benefit the donor country.

- Protection of donor investments or interests in the recipient country.

Describe five different forms of foreign aid
- Creation of employment for the donor country’s citizens.
- Gift of consumer goods, for example, food - Recipient country becomes a secure market for donor country’s goods
- Financial or monetary, for example, loans and grants and services.
- Direct investment which involves establishment of production activities, - Donor country gains prestige or publicity.
for example, factories, farms and mines in poor countries. - Donor country gains support of recipient country in international debates.
- Donor country satisfies international requirements, for example, rich
- Technical assistance where developed countries provide expertise to countries are required by the United Nations Organisations to give out
advise poor countries. percentage of their GNP to help poor countries.

- Education where rich countries sponsor students from poor countries to Describe possible problems that foreign aid can cause to countries receiving
it.
study overseas and send teachers to teach students in poor countries.
- Encourages resource wastage
- Recipients fall into debt crisis
- Specialised services where specialised agencies of the United Nations
- Encourages corruption among government officials
Organisation, for example, World Bank or other agencies carry out
- Encourages inappropriate technology/ irrelevant projects
research for the benefit of the poor country.
- Recipients become dependent/ expect handouts/ laziness
- Increases inequality within the country when it benefits only selected
- Trade where rich nations give poor countries opportunities to sell their
groups.
products on the world market or them.
- Donors may interfere in recipients politics
- Military where rich countries give weapons or solider services to poor
- Tied aid
ones.
- Promotes dumping of discarded resources from donor countries

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Suggest problems that a Less Developed Country, which receives foreign aid, Suggest ways in which rich countries may help poor countries to speed up
can experience. development.
Ideas such as:
Ideas such as:
- Corruption, for example, money misused by leaders - Developed countries (DCs) should send exports to help development in
- Reinforcement of master-servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
ideology - DCs can sponsor LDCs’ students to gain skills/ scholarships/ skills
- Aid is often tied/ conditional/ benefiting the developed countries/ neo- development
colonialism - Technology transfer to LDCs
- Creates dependency syndrome/ loss of self-reliance - Send Multi-National Companies to LDCs/ Foreign Direct Investment
- Some aid encourages inappropriate technology - Provide financial assistance for development projects, for example,
- Less Developed Countries end up in debt crisis schools and roads construction/ monetary aid
- Encourages wastefulness - Provide emergency/ reconstruction aid when crises occur, for example,
- Less Developed Countries become dumping grounds for developed the Haiti example and Doctors without borders
countries - Developed countries should relax trade barriers so that poor countries can
- Less Developed Countries turned into marketing area for donor products/ participate in international trade/ provide reliable market
creates competition with local products - Developed countries should facilitate research for development in Less
Developed countries
Describe the problems faced by poor countries as a result of receiving aid - Developed countries can send peace keepers to war torn countries to
from rich countries. stabilise political environment
Ideas such as:
- The rich countries can reduce interest rates/ debt cancellation of poor
- Aid encourages corruption among government officials countries
- Aid encourages laziness among locals/ dependency syndrome
- Aid encourages wastage of resources
- Aid cause debt crisis
- Aid increases inequality within the country when it benefits selected
groups
- Aid promotes dumping of discarded resources form donors/ inappropriate
technology/ environmental unfriendly
- Donors may interfere in recipients’ politics
- Aid may be tied/ strings attached
- Reinforces master-servant relationship.

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Fig. 2, shows the United Nations Specialised Agencies. Use it to answer
question below - UNICEF: Supports children welfare/ cares for children during national
disasters- to improve living conditions of children/ improve children’s
education

- ILO investigates working conditions and security of workers- to improve

workers welfare.

- World Bank gives financial assistance/ technical advice to countries/

compile population and development records- for reconstruction and
development purposes.
- UNCHR looks after refugees/ comes up with the criteria to identify
refugees- to improve refugees’ welfare.

RULE: (Award 1mark for description of what the agency does and another 1
mark for

Why do countries of the North give aid to the countries of the South?
Fig.2
Ideas such as:
Explain the function of any three of the specialised agencies on the diagram.
- Humanitarian reasons, for example, during emergencies such as floods
Idea such as: and drought/ sympathy
- To encourage more trade between donor and recipient countries
- FAO collects and disseminates information on food and nutrition -to - Protect donor investments in countries of the South/ interests
improve nutrition/ Advises member states on food production- to fight - Gain support of recipient countries against other countries/ political
hunger/ improve nutrition/ Provides food for victims of droughts/ civil reasons
wars- to fight hunger/ Encourages soil conservation- to improve food - Prestige/publicity/friendship
production - Donors may wish to exercise control over recipient countries
- Donors creating employment for their own people
- WHO helps fights diseases/ Encourages research in medicine/ Sends - To satisfy international requirements/redistribution of world’s wealth
medical supplies to victims of malnutrition/ civil wars-(all these to - To support their own industries/ open up markets for their own
promote good health) industries.

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Describe effects of foreign aid on developing countries. Study Fig. 3 which shows specialised agencies of the United Nations
Organisation.
Ideas such as:

Arguments against:

- Corruption/money misused by leaders/ politicians

- Reinforces master servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority
ideology
- Aid is often conditioned/ tied and benefiting MDCs mostly/ Neo
colonialism
- A developing country may get used to handouts instead of self-reliance/
dependency syndrome
- Some aid brings in inappropriate technology
- Developing countries are usually turned into marketing area for donors Fig.3
products
- Encourage wastefulness Describe ways by which each of the specialised agencies shown in Fig. 3 helps
- Developing countries used as dumping grounds countries to develop.
- Debt crisis for developing countries
- World Health Organisation (WHO) helps to controls diseases
Arguments for: /Promotes people’s health

- Aid relieves in terms of hardship/help in emergencies such as floods and - World Food Programme (WFP) distributes food to starving people or
drought. those suffering from disasters/ Advice on nutrition
- Infrastructural development for developing countries such as roads and
schools - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) restores
- International relations, for example, friendship dignity to refugees/ helps to provide basic needs/safety for refugees/
- Developing countries gets technology/ skilled labour for development/ Provides shelter
technological transfer
- Brings in foreign currency/ creates balance of payments - World Bank provides loans to countries for development or
reconstruction/ Provide economic advice to countries
NB: effects of foreign aid on LDC should be both positive and negative. Should
- United Nations Education Scientific Organisation (UNESCO) helps
be balanced, the candidate only scores half the marks, for example, 3 to 2 for
to fund research in education
giving one side only.

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Suggest challenges that the World Food Programme faces in developing Describe the roles played by any five of the specialised agencies of the United
countries. Nations shown in Fig. 4

Ideas such as: Ideas such as:

- misuse of donated food/ people sell donated food for personal gain - UNICEF advocate for the protection of children’s rights/ to meet the
- Cultural barriers where people reject food from other cultures children’s basic needs/ to expand children’s opportunities to reach their
full potential/promote children’s education/ funding children’s
- Large population to feed
programmes/organisations
- Wars/conflicts disturbing food distribution
- Uncooperative leaders/ dictators wanting to control the duties of WFP - FAO ensure that there is enough food for all/ to eliminate
- Leaders wanting to use WFP food aid for political gains hunger/malnutrition/ to collect, evaluate and disseminate information
relating to nutrition/ agriculture/ nutrition research
Study Fig. 4 which shows specialised agencies of the United Nations
- UNESCO contribute to the building of peace/ eradication of poverty/
sustainable development/ intercultural dialogue through education, the
science and culture/ develop/ distribute educational materials
- UNHCR (lead and coordinate international action) to protect refugees/
resolve refugees’ problems (worldwide)/ to safeguarding the rights/
wellbeing of refugees

- WHO help in the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of
health/ diseases control/ approve vaccines/ conduct research on diseases/
medicines/ vaccines

- World Bank helps to eliminate poverty/to provide financial assistance to

poor governments/ to offer loans/ policy advice/ technical assistance to
poor governments/ keeps (financial) data

- IMF helps to ensure the stability of the international monetary system/

the system of exchange rates/ international payments that enables
countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other/ control
exchange rate / provide technical assistance/ provide policy advice to
governments/ provide financial assistance/lend money to developing
countries

Fig.4

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Suggest challenges that the UNICEF is facing in carrying out its role in less
developed countries.

Ideas such as:

- Ignorance of children’s rights/ cultural/ religious practices against

children

- Food shortages (leading to malnutrition in children)

- High population of children/ too many children

- Shortage of safe water

- Inadequate health care

- Shortage of trained health personnel such as nurses and doctors/

unskilled labour

- Shortage of trained education personnel, for example, teachers

- Limited budgets/ lack of funds

- Shortage of educational facilities

- Shortage of volunteers

- Poor sanitation/hygiene

- Political unrest/wars/political instability/ civil wars

- Uneducated adults

- Lack of political will/countries failing to support

UNICEF/Cooperation/misuse of funds by governments

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