See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/303457285

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVER BETWA AND PAHUJ AROUND

JHANSI CITY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Article · April 2011

CITATIONS READS

7 2,221

3 authors:

Jamshed Zaidi Shree Ganesh

environmental science Bundelkhand University Jhansi
23 PUBLICATIONS 117 CITATIONS 14 PUBLICATIONS 39 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Amit Pal
Bundelkhand University Jhansi
35 PUBLICATIONS 594 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Jamshed Zaidi on 24 May 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Available online at http://www.journalcra.com
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 3, Issue, 5, pp.027-031, May, 2011
3

ISSN: 0975–833X
RESEARCH ARTICLE

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVER BETWA AND PAHUJ AROUND JHANSI CITY,
UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
Jamshed Zaidi, Shree Ganesh and Amit Pal*
Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284 128, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Jhansi which is situated in Central part of India of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India
th
Received 12 March, 2011 having two rivers namely Betwa and Pahuj in East and West part of the city respectively. The
Received in revised form present investigation was carried out on both of the river to find out the assessment of water
19th April, 2011 quality. The sampling locations were chosen carefully in order to get maximum representation of
Accepted 27th April, 2011 the diverse eco-hydrological environments within the river system. Our investigation showed that
Published online 14th May 2011 the water of Betwa and Pahuj River are alkaline in nature with higher concentration of cations.
Nitrate was dominant at site III followed by Site II and I and it can be attributed due to high rate
Key Words: of decomposition and anthropogenic pressure. In both the river Dissolved Oxygen was dominant
Bundelkhand region, at site I and II compare to site III due to abundance of animated life and the microbial activity,
Betwa river, which result in the depletion of the dissolved oxygen.
Pahuj river,
Water quality. © Copy Right, IJCR, 2011 Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh comprising of seven

districts viz., Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jhansi, Lalitpur
Water is the most vital resource for life. Approximately 97.2%
water lies in oceans as salt water. While 2.15% in frozen ice and Mahoba which is known as socio-economically backward
from and the remaining 0.65% remain as fresh either on region of the country. It is situated in the South West of the
River Yamuna and slope South-West to North-East. The water
surface or ground water. Available fresh water resources are
quality of Lakes/Pond/River has deteriorated sufficiently to
very limited. The demand for fresh water has increased day by
cause serious disturbance to the biodiversity of
day and will increase with the rapid growth of population,
Lake/Pond/River environments due to lack of proper planning
agriculture and industry. As a result the fresh water reserve
and negligence of regulations, an appreciable amount of
depletes day by day too. The requirement of clean water per
environmental degradation and ecological damage to
person is about 2.7 lit per day, thus the global requirement is
about 5 billion cu. m. only for drinking purpose. Agriculture is Lake/Pond/River water in this region (Kumar et al., 2010).
also one of the major consumers of fresh water resources. Aquatic ecosystems are getting polluted day by day due to the
growth of the industrial corridor, nutrient loading and rapid
Water as resource is under relentless pressure due to
anthropogenic activities especially in developing countries
population growth, rapid urbanization, large scale
(Kumar and Pal, 2010). Chemical contamination of the
industrialization and environmental concern (Rai and Pal,
environment is a pervasive insidious side effect of human
2002). It is one of the most important commodities which man
population growth and technological development. With this
has exploited than any other resource for the substance of his
background present proposed study has been undertaken for
life (Mathur and Maheshwari, 2005). Water pollution has now
examine the water quality of river Betwa and Pahuj which are
reached a crisis point specifically in developing world. Almost
most important rivers flowing with in Jhansi city of
every water body is polluted to an alarming level. Thus,
Bundelkhand region of Uttar Paradesh with the fallowing
estimation of quality of water is extremely important for
objectives-
proper assessment of the associated hazards (Warhate et al.,
2006). In societies like our India with developing economics,  For examine the water quality of Betwa and Pahuj River.
the optimum development, efficient utilization and effective  Find out seasonal and spatial variation in water
management of their water resources should be the dominant chemistry.
strategy for economic growth. But in recent years unscientific  To provide a base line data for the formulation of future
management and use of this resources for various purpose conservational and management policies.
almost invariably has created undesirable problems in its
wake, water logging and salinity in the case of agriculture use MATERIAL AND METHODS
and environment pollution of various limits as a result of Study area
mining, industries and municipal use (Kumar et al., 2008).
Jhansi is well known district of Bundelkhand region of Uttar
Pradesh with a geographical area of 502.75 thousand hectare.
*Corresponding author: [email protected] The district is situated in the South West corner of the region
028 Jamshed Zaidi et al., Assessment of water quality

at 24º11' - 25º57' N latitude and 78º10' - 79º23' E longitudes. Analytical design

Population of Jhansi is near about 4, 79,612.The western area
of the district is covered with hillocks. Jhansi is located in the Physical and chemical properties of water have been done
plateau of central Indian area dominated by rocky reliefs and according to standard methods (APHA, 2005) and Hi-Media
minerals underneath the soil. The city has a natural slope in (WT 023) kit and their specific range for water analysis are
the north as it lies on the south western border of the vast presented below (Table 1).
Tarai plains of Uttar Pradesh. The elevation rises on the south.
The region relies heavily on Monsoon rains for irrigation RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
purposes. Under an ambitious canal project (Rajghat canal),
the government is constructing a network of canals for Detail physico-chemical properties of river Betwa and Pahuj
irrigation in Jhansi and Lalitpur and some area of Madhya have been presented in Table – 2 and 3 respectively. It was
Pradesh. observed that both the river water have showed slightly
alkaline in nature i.e. pH ranges from 6.9 to 8.6 in Betwa river
Being on a rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme while 7.03 to 8.76 in Pahuj river. The conductivity, being the
temperatures. Winter begins in October with the retreat of the measure of total ionic potential in the water, the highest
Southwest Monsoon (Jhansi does not experience any rainfall specific conductivity was obtained at site III during peak
from the Northeast Monsoon) and peaks in mid-December.
Table 1. Methods of water analysis (Hi-Media Kit)

S.No. Type of test Range Reagent Provided

01. pH pH test strips of range 2.0 to 10.5

02. Turbidity (visual comparison method) 0-25 NTU standards 5 Bottles : bottle marked sample bottle for standards of 0, 5,
10, and 25 NTU for turbidity comparison.
03. Chloride (Titration method) ---- 4 reagent bottles: marked CHL-A, CHL-B, CHL-C (2
bottles)
04. Total hardness (Titration method) 25-600 mg/l (ppm) CaCo3 4 reagent bottles: marked TH-A, TH-B, TH-C (2 bottles)
05. Fluoride (visual colour comparison 0-2.5 mg/l (ppm) 2 Reagent bottles: marked reagent FL-A, FL-B
method)
06. Nitrate (visual colour comparison 0-100 mg/l (ppm) One reagent bottle : marked reagent Fe
method)
07. Iron (visual colour comparision 0-2 mg/l (ppm) One reagent bottle: marked reagent Fe
method)
08. Residual free chlorine (Titration 0-3 mg/l (ppm) 4 Reagent bottles: marked reagent RCL-A, RCL-B, RCL-C
method)

The mercury generally reads about 40C minimum and 210C summer against the lowest at site I during winter in Betwa
maximum. Spring arrives by the end of February and is a river. Maximum water conductivity was recorded during May
short-lived phase of transition. Summer begins by April and at site III and minimum was recorded during January at site II
summer temperatures can peak at 470C in May. The rainy in Pahuj river. Conductivity was increased downstream in both
season starts by the third week of June (although this is the river may be attributed to higher concentration of soluble
variable year to year). Monsoon rains gradually weaken in ions and high nutrient enrichment. The conductivity mainly
September and the season ends by the last week of September. depends on ionic concentration or dissolved inorganic
In the rainy season, average daily high temperature around substances. Alkalinity plays an important role in buffering
360C with high humidity. The average rainfall for this city is capacity of water (Hutchinson, 1967) where upstream sites fall
about 900 mm per year, observed almost entirely within the under soft medium water type and downstream site fall under
three-and-a-half months of the Southwest Monsoon. Jhansi hard water increased catchment influences on the stream
which is situated in Central part of India of Bundelkahnd water. The natural water most of the alkalinity is due to CO2.
region of Uttar Pradesh having two rivers namely Betwa and The free CO2 react water partly to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Pahuj in East and West part of the city respectively. The which further gets dissociated in to hydrogen (H+) and
present investigation was carried out on both of the river to bicarbonate (HCO3) ions. The HCO3 ions thus formed get
find out the quality of water. Betwa River is located in the east further dissociated into H+ and CO3 ions.
of Jhansi city. Monthly water sample have been collected from
3 different point of Betwa River around Jhansi city (About 5 At site III of Betwa river maximum alkalinity was recorded
Km stretch) as fallows-. during May and minimum was found during January at site II
Site1. Kachcha Ghar; whereas in Pahuj river maximum alkalinity was observed
Site2. Orchha Resorts and during May in site III and minimum was recorded during
Site3. Knot Ghat respectively. January at site II. In the present study total hardness increased
Pahuj River is located in the west of Jhansi city. Monthly towards the onset of summer and it was maximum (157 mg/l)
water Sample have been collected from 3 different points of in site II of Betwa river and148 mg/l in site III of Pahuj river.
Pahuj River around Jhansi city (About 5 Km stretch) as The hardness of water is mainly governed by the content of
fallows – calcium and magnessium salt. Hardness may be due to the
Site1. After railway (Garia) dam; persence of Ca++ and Mg++ salts from detergents and soaps
Site2. Dhobi Ghat (Sipri) and used for laundering on the bank of the stream precipitated as
Site3. Pahuj Dam. calcium carbonate.
029 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 5, pp.027-031, May, 2011

contamination .During the present investigation an increase

the concentration of Nitrate-nitrogen were observed in
downstream of the rivers. Such increase may be due to rapid
decomposition of organic matter (Kumar and Pal, 2010;
Sharma, 2003; Shyamala et al., 2008). It also emphasized that
when the dead organic matter decomposes in water, it forms
complex proteins which get converted into nitrogenous
organic matter and finally to nitrate by bacterial activity.
Dissolved oxygen is of great important in all aquatic
ecosystems as it regulates most of metabolic processes of
organism and also the community architecture as a whole
(Hutchinson, 1967). The main sources of dissolved oxygen in
water are diffusion of oxygen from air and photosynthetic
activity taking place in water. The diffusion of oxygen from
air mainly dependent on temperature, salinity, total dissolved
salt and water movements etc. In the persent study, the
maxmimum concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed
Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites in Betwa and Pahuj River in January (above 7 mg/l in both the river) that could be
(not in scale) attributed to vigorous photosynthetic activity of the
autotrophs. A marked decrease in dissolved oxygen content

Table 2. Water quality of Betwa River

S. N. Parameter January February March April May

01. Temperature ºC 6.96±0.12 14.66±0.88 20±0.57 23±.1.15 25.33±0.88
02. pH 12.33±0.88 7.33±0.12 7.33±0.12 8.2±0.32 8.6±0.37
03. Conductivity (µS/cm) 578±.26.05 599.33±.20.34 616.33±.19.42 639±.9.86 632.66±.23.95
04. Alkalinity (mg/L) 160±.5.77 177.66±.6.48 182.33±.6.74 18.3±.7.26 196.66±.8.81
05. Total Hardness (mg/L) 116.33±6.06 123.33±.6.76 130±.7.63 139±.7.37 156.66±.11.66
06. Chloride (mg/L) 13.33±3.33 15±2.88 21.66± 4.41 25±5.0 28.33±6.0
07. Nitrate (mg/L) 6.40±0.98 7.15±0.99 7.96±0.61 8.56±0.74 9.63±0.44
08. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7.46±0.48 6.93±0.46 6.30±0.49 5.56±0.47 4.71±0.25
09. Turbidity (NTU) 6.66±1.66 10±0.00 13.33±1.66 18.33±3.33 21.66±3.33
10. Total solid (mg/L) 313.33±6.00 350±9.16 364±8.62 352±6.00 376±3.00
11. Total DS (mg/L) 264.33±6.6 293±4.5 301.33±3.7 284.66±9.2 297±2.3
12. Total SS (mg/L) 49±6.65 57±4.93 62.66±5.36 67.33±5.23 73±6.11
13. Fluoride (mg/L) 0.73±0.12 0.6±0.05 0.73±0.12 0.6±0.10 0.63±0.60
14. BOD (mg/L) 4.7±0.29 4.7±0.29 4.7±0.29 2.1±0.32 2.13±0.17
15. COD (mg/L) 43.33±2.6 40±3.0 35±2.3 33±2.3 31±1.5

The concentration of chloride was comparatively lower for towards the summer could be the result of increase in water
being very low available. Chloride is found widely distributed temperature and increased rate of decomposition. Turbidity is
in nature in the form of salt of sodium, potassium and calcium. commonly linked to total suspended solids (TSS) because
The increase in the concentration of chloride down the stream water with high TSS levels typically looks murkier and have
point towards the faucal pollution. Chloride are least higher turbidity measurements. Common suspended solids are
metabolically utilized because of their inert nature . Inland clay, silt, and sand from soils, phytoplankton (suspended
natural waters have low chloride concentration often less than algae), bits of decaying vegetation, industrial wastes and
that of bicarbonates and sulphates. In natural fresh waters high sewage. Measuring turbidity in streams is an important
concentration of chlorides is regarded as an indicator of sewer indicator of the concentration of suspended sediments in the
pollution. The persent study depicted a narrow fluctuating water. Sediments are a natural part of streams and other water
range in chloride content. However, there was increasing trend bodies and even the most pristine streams in undeveloped
in its amounts from January to May in both the river. In water watersheds will run muddy during high flows. Typically, after
the most important source of Nitrate- nitrogen is biological of rainfall, the turbidity of the river increases with higher runoff
nitrogen organic matter both autochthonous and allochthnous rates.
origin. Domestic sewage and agriculture runoff have been
regarded as the main source of allocthonous nitrogenous Turbidity limits light penetration and hinders
organic matter.Metabolic wastes of aquqtic community and photosynthesis, thereby altering the composition and
dead organism add the autocthonous nitrogenous organic distribution of aquatic plant communities. Excessive fine
matter. There are nitrifying bacteria which are known to play sediment can fill the small spaces between the river bed gravel
significiant role in oxidation of such organic matter. The high and reduce suitable habitat for many benthic invertebrates
concentration of nitrate in water indicates pollution load. (e.g., mayflies, stoneflies, and clams) and spawning fish.
Sediment absorbs solar energy, raising water temperatures and
Nitrate is the most highly oxidized and usually the most reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen. Sediment also
abudant form of combined inorganic nitrogen in surface water carries nutrients, particularly phosphorus and toxic substances,
bodies. The concentration of nitrate contained in fresh water such as PCBs and mercury. These may be released in the
seems to be increased agricultural waste and sewage environment after sediment settles in the river bed (Basin
Information Document, 1997). In our study, the amount of
030 Jamshed Zaidi et al., Assessment of water quality

Turbidity recorded higher amount in May (18 – 22 NTU) and (Adhikari and Gupta, 2002). In the present study also total
lower in January (6– 11NTU) respectively. Total solids are a suspended solids were increased during summer season. The
measure of the suspended and dissolved solids in water. concentration of dissolved solids in River water is important
Suspended solids are those that can be retained on a water because it determines the flow of water in and out of the cells
filter and are capable of settling out of the water of aquatic organisms. Also, some dissolved inorganic elements
Table 3. Water quality of Pahuj River

S. N. Parameter January February March April May

01. Temperature ºC 10.33±0.88 15.33±0.88 22±0.57 23.16±0.6 25.66±0.9
02. pH 7.03±0.28 7.49±0.18 8.41±0.20 8.71±0.24 8.76±0.36
03. Conductivity (µS/cm) 315±11.93 312.33±4.91 325.66±13.48 336.33±13.29 348±8.5
04. Alkalinity (mg/L) 92.33±10.10 109.66±9.5 119.33±7.6 125±7.7 133.66±8.2
05. Total Hardness (mg/L) 114.33±4.9 118±5.1 123±5.5 136.66±7.05 148.33±13.64
06. Chloride (mg/L) 13.33±3.33 21.66±4.1 25.00±5.0 28.33±6.0 35.00±7.6
07. Nitrate (mg/L) 6.06±0.52 7.3±0.43 7.5±0.34 8.2±0.15 8.5±0.25
08. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 7.06±.53 6.5±0.40 5.73±0.24 4.33±0.24 3.8±0.15
09. Turbidity (NTU) 11.66±1.66 11.66±1.66 13.33±1.66 16.66±4.4 18.33±3.3
10. Total solid (mg/L) 303±20.27 318.33±16.69 315.66 ±13.37 345±4.04 360.66±6.36
11. Total DS (mg/L) 266±18.24 270.66±21.36 262.66±13.17 286.33±4.48 294±8.02
12. Total SS (mg/L) 37.33± 2.02 47.66±4.97 53±1.00 58.66±2.7 66.33±0.9
13. Fluoride (mg/L) 0.56±0.06 0.76±0.08 0.8±0.05 0.56±0.06 0.6±0.05
14. BOD (mg/L) 3.0 ±0.44 3.1±0.48 2.7±0.38 2.3±0.40 19±0.47
15. COD (mg/L) 49.33±4.4 43.66±4.2 40.33±3.5 36.66±2.9 33.66±1.8

such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are nutrients essential

for life. Fluoride level in various type of environment samples
show wide variation in different river system in india. In
general surface water sample in the mountain stream showed
higher levels of fluoride. The mean fluoride concentration is
given 245 ppb in rivers of India (Madhavan and Subramanian,
2001). The fluoride concentration of Chambal river 114 ppb,
river Ganges 199 ppb, and Yamuna river 183 ppb (Saksena et
al., 2008; Sarin and Krishnaswami, 1984) but in present
investigation it was found quite low. The Fluoride at site I of
Betwa river recorded maximum of 0.9 and minimum of 0.5
mg/l at site III. In Pahuj site II showed maximum
Fig. 2. Comparative analytical status of Betwa and Pahuj river comcentartion of Fl content (0.9 mg/l) and minimum 0.5 mg/l
(mean value) in same site. The mean Fl concentration observed almost same
(AL – Alkalinity; TH – Total Hardness; Cl – Chloride; N – Nitrogen; DO – Dissolve in both the river i.e. nearly 0.7 mg/l. BOD determination is
Oxygen; TS – Total solids; TSS – Total suspended solids; TDS – Total dissolved solids; F
– Fluoride; BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand; COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand) still the best available single test for assessing organic
pollution. BOD of water samples value was indication for
column into the stream bottom when stream velocities are low. entry of organic waste in the river. Ganga at Varanasi and
They include silt, clay, plankton, organic wastes, and showed that high values are indication of organic pollution
inorganic precipitates such as those from acid mine drainage. (Mishra and Tripathi, 2007). Lower levels of BOD at the
Dissolved solids are those that pass through a water filter. sampling sites indicated that the Kistobazar Nala is not
They include some organic materials, as well as salts, polluted by sewage disposal, animal waste, etc. and this could
inorganic nutrients, and toxins. It was also found maximum be attributed to sparse distribution of agricultural fields in its
with the increase in temperature (Table 2). The suspended catchment area. Higher level of BOD was observed in Ganga
solids determination is particularly useful in the analysis of river may be due to sewage contamination in river Ganga at
sewage and other waste waters and is as significant as BOD Bihar (Tiwari et al., 2005). Low level of BOD indicating less
determination. It is used to evaluate the strength of domestic pollution status of river Cauvery (Begum and Harikrishna,
wastewaters and efficiency of treatment units. 2008). High levels of BOD were found generally due to waste
disposable at those sites. Low BOD at a tributary of middle
Suspended solids are objectionable in river for many Parana river (Argentina) was reported with the reference of
reasons. Suspended Solids containing much organic matter river water quality facing pollution pressure from nearby areas
may cause putrefaction and consequently the stream may be (Marchese et al., 2008). Researchers observed BOD ranged
devoid of dissolved oxygen. Abbasi et al. (2002) in their between 0.60 to 5.67 mg/l in Chambal river, and suggested
study on Buckingham canal which passes through Chennai that this stretch of the river was free from organic pollution
and carries run off water which is occasionally used for (Saksena et al., 2008). In the present study BOD were
irrigation, laundry and other domestic purposes by decreases during summer season and recorded higher in
economically weak population living near its banks, have January in both the river i.e. 2.13 – 4.7 in Betwa and 1.9 – 3.0
reported lower values at summer and higher values during mg/l in Pahuj respectively.
monsoon season. It has been observed that the lower values of
total suspended solids in monsoon season and higher values in COD test is quite useful in finding out the pollution
winter seasons from sewage effluent channel of Calcutta strength of industrial waste and sewage. Chemical oxygen
 031 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 5, pp.027-031, May, 2011

demand as is the amount of oxygen required for a sample to Bhandari, N. S. and Nayal, K. 2008. Correlation Study on
oxidize at its organic and inorganic matter. High level of COD Physico-chemical parameters and qualitys assessment of
in river Ganga at various places of Bihar mainly due to raw Kosi river water, Uttarakhand, J. Chem., 2(5) : 342-346
sewage, municipal waste, industrial effluents and Hutchinson, G. E. A. 1967. Treatise on limnology, Vol-I, John
anthropogenic disturbances (Tiwari et al., 2005). COD from Wiley.
174 – 429 mg/l showing higher pollution by sewage receiving Kumar, J. and Pal, Amit 2010. Water Quality of Two Century
TD-7 canal at Turkey. COD between 48 from 51 mg/l old Freshwater Pond of Orai, Jalaun district Bundelkhand
(Zaimoglu et al., 2006) showing creation of pollution due to Region, U.P., India, Recent Res. Sci. Technol. 2(2) : 34 –
nearby industries and human disturbances through 37.
infrastructure works at Salado river (Argentina). Little Kumar, J., Gond, D. P. and Pal, Amit 2010. Contamination of
abundance of COD in Kosi river, Uttrakhand indicating Water in Century old Freshwater Lakes of Historical City-
pristine nature and good health of river (Bhandari and Nayal, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India, International Journal of
2008). In the present study COD also increase during winter Recent Scientific Research, 2 : 44-52.
and decrease slowly during summer and ranges between 31 – Kumar, J., Singh, S. and Pal, Amit 2008. Water quality of
43mg/l in Betwa and 33 – 49 mg/l in Pahuj river. Pahuj river is Turamdih and Jaduguda uranium mines and adjacent areas,
comparatively much polluted (Figure -2) than Betwa river as it East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Hlth. 8
is bearing more domestic load due to its proximity to Jhansi : 7-14.
city. Madhavan, N. and Subramanian, V. 2001. Fluoride
Concentration in River Water of South Asia. Current
Conclusion Science, 80 (10).
Marchese, M. R. A., Rodriguez, R., Paola, J. P. and Maria, R.
The present study area comes under semi arid region with low C. 2008. Benthic invertebrates structure in wetlands of a
precipitation (900 mm/yr) and higher evaporation (1800 tributary of the middle Parana River (Argentina) affected
mm/yr). Therefore ground water is in small quantity and by hydrologic and anthropogenic disturbances, J. Environ.
ground water table goes down during summer month (mid Biol., 29(3) : 343-348.
April to June). Surface water is Main source of water in Mathur, S. and Maheshwari, P. 2005. Physico-chemical aspect
Jhansi i.e. Betwa River, Pahuj River, Baruwa Sagar lake, of Pollution in Chambal River, Indian J. Environmental
Lakshmi Tal, Atiya Tal are the source of surface water . Both Protection.25 (10) ; 933-937.
the quality and quantity of this resource should be maintained Mishra, A. and Tripathi, B. D. 2007. Seasonal and temporal
for betterment of the local people. Before management of the variation in physico-chemical and bacteriological
surface water bodies the physico-chemical characteristics of characteristics of river Ganga in Varanasi, Cuur. World
the water should be thoroughly studied. The temperature of all Environ. 2(2) : 149-154.
sites was found to be progressive with the advancement of Rai, U. N. and Pal, Amit 2002. Health Hazards of Heavy
summer season. With the increase in temperature of air there Metals, Environews 8 (1) : 05–08.
was automatically corresponding increase in temperature of Saksena, D. N., Garg, R. K. and Rao, R. J. 2008. Water quality
water. Alkalinity value of site of Pahuj river II and III were and pollution status of Chambal river in National Chambal
high compare to Site I but in Betwa river Site III and I were sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, J. Environ. Biol., 29(5) ; 701-
high in compare to Site II which is indicative of their richness 710.
in electrolytes. In Pahuj river Site II and III have hard water Sarin, M. M. and Krishnaswami, S. 1984. Major ion
compared to site I but in Betwa River site II and I have hard Chemistry of the Ganga, Brahmaputra river system, India,
water compared to site III due to the presence of Ca and Mg Nature, 312.
ions. Presence of Nitrate can be attributed due to high rate of Sharma, S. 2003. Agricultural Use of Sewage waters in
decomposition and anthropogenic pressure. After investigation Gwalior: Ionic Quality Assessment, Indian J. Environ.
it have been conclude that that both river Betwa and Pahuj is Hlth., 4(40) : 343-348.
unpolluted up stream while as downstream it is polluted and Shyamala, G., Shivananad, K. P. and Babu, S. S. 2008. A
the main source of pollution is the sewage disposal and Preliminary report on the physico chemical nature of water
agricultural runoff from the catchments areas and need to be pollution in and around Erode own, Tamil Nadu. Natl.
proper treatment before uses. Environ. Pollu. Technol., 7(3): 555-559.
Tiwari, R. K., Rajak, G. P. and Mondal, M. R. 2005. Water
REFERENCES quality assessment of Ganga river in Bihar region, India, J.
Environ. Sci. Engg., 47(4): 326-355.
Abbasi, S. A., Khan, F. I., Sentilvelan, K. and Shabudeen, A. Warhate, S. R., Yenkie, M. K. N., Chaudhari, M. D. and
2002. Modelling of Backingham canal water quality, Pokale,W. K. 2006. Impacts of Mining Activities on Water
Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 44(4) : 290-297. and Soil, Journal of Environ. Science and Engg. 48 (2): 81-
Adhikari, S. and Gupta, S. K. 2002. Assessment of the quality 88.
of sewage effluents from dry weather flow channel, Zaimoglu, Z., Sucu, Y., Davutluoglu, I. O., Hazir, I. and
Calcutta, Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 44(4) : 308 -313. Yuceer, A. 2006. Pollutant monitoring of a drainage canal
American Public Health Association (APHA/AWWA /WEF), receiving industrial and agricultural waste water
2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Incukurova Plain. J. Biol. Sci., 6(4): 646-650.
Wastewater, 21st ed., Washington DC, USA,
Begum, A. and Harikrishna, 2008. Study on the Quality of
Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River, J. Chem., 2(5):
377-384.
*******

View publication stats