Generative AI Chatbot Design and AI Talking Bot

A Summer Internship Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Computer Science and Engineering – Cyber Security

Submitted by:

Avvaru Srilakshmi
22F01A4604

Under the Guidance of

Dr. M. Ramesh
Professor in CSE – CS
St. Anns College of Engineering and Technology

&

Mr. D. Sai Satish

CEO, Indian Servers
President, AIMER Society

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING – CYBER SECURITY

St. Ann’s College of Engineering and Technology (AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by UGC — New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada
CHIRALA, ANDHRA PRADESH – 523187, INDIA
2024
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my internal guide Dr. M.

Ramesh, Professor, Department of CSE – Cyber Security, for all his support and valuable

suggestions during my work and for recommending me to do my work intern at AIMER

Society, Vijayawada.

I also take this opportunity to express my deep felt gratitude to my External guide Mr. D Sai

Satish, CEO Indian Servers for his valuable guidance and advice throughout this work.

I would like to thank to the management who have given us the opportunities to work with

different companies, mentors and experts.

My Parents have been the moving spirit behind this work. This acknowledgement is only a

small way of showing my love to them, as I just cannot repay them.

At the end, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Principal, Management and all those

who were involved directly in bringing the dissertation work to this final form.

(AVVARU SRILAKSHMI)
 CONTENTS
Sl. No. Page No.
College Certificate
Industry Certificate
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER – 1 Introduction of the Industry
CHAPTER – 2 Training Schedule
Literature Survey
3.1 Computer Vision
CHAPTER – 3
3. 2 Convolution Neural Networks
3.3 Artificial Intelligence Models
Tasks

4.1 Visual Question Answering System

CHAPTER – 4 4.2 Chabot Development

4.3 YOLO(you only look once)

4.4 Object Detection

CHAPTER – 5 Open CV basics

CHAPTER – 6 Object Tracking

CHAPTER – 7 AI Talking Bot

CHAPTER – 8 Observations

CHAPTER – 9 Learning Outcomes

CHAPTER – 10 Conclusion and Future Extensions

References

CHAPTER -1: ABOUT AIMERS:

Details about AIMER Society:

Name: Artificial Intelligence Medical and Engineering Researchers Society (AIMER Society)

Overview:

The Artificial Intelligence Medical and Engineering Researchers Society (AIMER Society)
stands as a premier professional organization at the forefront of the advancement of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the realms of medical and engineering research. This
esteemed society is committed to driving innovation and excellence in AI by fostering a
collaborative environment among researchers, practitioners, and students from diverse
backgrounds and disciplines.

The AIMER Society's mission is to serve as a catalyst for the development and application of
cutting-edge AI technologies that can address complex challenges in healthcare and
engineering. By creating a vibrant and inclusive platform, the society facilitates the exchange
of knowledge, ideas, and best practices among its members. This collaborative approach
ensures that AI research is not only innovative but also practically applicable, leading to real
world solutions that can significantly improve medical outcomes and engineering pro.

In pursuit of its mission, the AIMER Society organizes a wide array of activities and initiatives
designed to promote AI research and development. These include annual conferences,
symposiums, and workshops that bring together leading AI experts to discuss the latest
advancements and trends. Such events provide invaluable opportunities for networking,
collaboration, and professional growth.

Mission:

The mission of the AIMER Society is to promote the development and application of AI
technologies to solve complex medical and engineering problems, improve healthcare 3
outcomes, and enhance engineering solutions. The society aims to bridge the gap between
theoretical research and practical implementation, encouraging interdisciplinary
collaboration and real-world impact.
Objectives:

• To advance research in AI and its applications in medical and engineering fields.

• To provide a platform for researchers, practitioners, and students to share
knowledge and collaborate on AI projects.
• To organize conferences, workshops, and seminars for the dissemination of AI
research and knowledge.
• To support the professional development of AI researchers and practitioners through
training programs, certifications, and networking opportunities.
• To foster ethical AI practices and address societal challenges related to AI
deployment.

Key Activities:

 Conferences and Workshops: Organizing annual conferences, symposiums, and

workshops that bring together leading AI experts, researchers, and practitioners to
discuss the latest advancements and trends in AI.
 Research Publications: Publishing high-quality research papers, journals, and articles
on AI technologies and their applications in medical and engineering fields.
 Competitions and Contests: Hosting AI model development and chatbot contests to
encourage innovation and practical applications of AI among students and
professionals.
 Training Programs: Offering training and certification programs in AI and related
technologies to enhance the skills and knowledge of members.
 Collaboration Projects: Facilitating collaborative projects between academia,
industry, and healthcare institutions to drive AI innovation and practical solutions.

Membership:

The AIMER Society offers various membership categories, including individual, student, and
corporate memberships. Members gain access to exclusive resources, networking
opportunities, and discounts on events and publications. The society encourages
participation from AI enthusiasts, researchers, practitioners, and organizations interested in
the advancement of AI technologies.
Leadership:

The AIMER Society is led by a team of experienced professionals and experts in the fields of
AI, medical research, and engineering. The leadership team is responsible for strategic
planning, organizing events, and guiding the society towards achieving its mission and
objectives.

Impact and Achievements:

a. Developed AI models for early diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.

b. Contributed to significant advancements in engineering solutions through AI
technologies.
c. Fostered a global community of AI researchers and practitioners.
d. Organized successful conferences and workshops with high participation and
impactful outcomes.
e. Published influential research papers and articles in reputed journals.

Future Goals:

a) Expand the scope of research and applications in AI to cover emerging fields

and technologies.
b) Increase collaboration with international AI societies and organizations.
c) Enhance training and certification programs to meet the evolving needs of AI
professionals.
d) Promote ethical AI practices and address challenges related to AI governance
and societal impact.

Contact Information:

-Website: AIMER Society Website http://www.aimersociety.com

-Email: [email protected]

- Phone: +91 9618222220

-Address: Sriram ChandraNagar, Vijayawada.

 CHAPTER – 2: Training Schedule:

Sl. No. Description Link

1. Data Visualization: Using https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sri-lakshmi-

power bi we can visualize the avvaru-
data in different ways for 38bb28314_aimers-saisatishsir-powerbi-
example in barcharts, pie activity-
charts, etc.… 7209544078735151105Qfwt?
utm_source=share&utm_medium=me
mber_desktop
2. AI Model: Using Hugging https://www.linkedin.com/
face models I have performed posts/sri-lakshmi-avvaru-
Summarizati on, Question
38bb28314_saisatish-
Answering, Visual Question
answering and I explore aimers-aimersociety-
different models in activity-
that. 7224755482471620608--
qrc?
utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_d
esktop
3. Chat Bot: I have developed a https://www.linkedin.com/posts/
telegram bot that can sri-lakshmi-
interact with human directly avvaru38bb28314_saisathish-
aimersociety-apsche-activity-
with natural language.
7225498022598565888-edrV?
That includes openai API, utm_source=share&utm_medium=
Gemini API and Weather API member_desktop
which answers user questions
with the telegram token and
for weather directly type city
name we get the temperature in
that city.
4. Object Detection: I am using https://www.linkedin.com/posts/
Roboflow for detecting objects sri-lakshmi-
and usinginput dataset from avvaru38bb28314_saisathish-
aimersociety-apsche-activity-
universe which is pre trained.
7224761598148497409- RHYJ?
In that Iam using yolov8 AI utm_source=share&utm_medium=
model. member_desktop
 CHAPTER –3: Literature Survey:

3.1Computer Vision

AI Computer Vision is a field within artificial intelligence that focuses on

enabling machines to interpret and understand visual information from the
world, similar to how humans use their vision. This field combines techniques
from various domains, including computer science, neuroscience, and machine
learning, to develop systems capable of processing and analyzing visual data.

Img: Computer Vision

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses machine

learning and neural networks to teach computers and systems to derive
meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs—
and to make recommendations or take actions when they see defects or
issues.

What is computer vision?

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses machine

learning and neural networks to teach computers and systems to derive
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meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs—
and to make recommendations or take actions when they see defects or
issues.

IBM Maximo: accelerate defect detection with AI-powered visual inspection

software (2:03)

If AI enables computers to think, computer vision enables them to see, observe

and understand.

Computer vision works much the same as human vision, except humans have a
head start. Human sight has the advantage of lifetimes of context to train how
to tell objects apart, how far away they are, whether they are moving or
something is wrong with an image.

Computer vision trains machines to perform these functions, but it must do it

in much less time with cameras, data and algorithms rather than retinas, optic
nerves and a visual cortex. Because a system trained to inspect products or
watch a production asset can analyze thousands of products or processes a
minute, noticing imperceptible defects or issues, it can quickly surpass human
capabilities.

Computer vision is used in industries that range from energy and utilities to
manufacturing and automotive—and the market is continuing to grow. It is
expected to reach USD 48.6 billion by 2022.

The history of computer vision

Scientists and engineers have been trying to develop ways for machines to see
and understand visual data for about 60 years. Experimentation began in 1959
when neurophysiologists showed a cat an array of images, attempting to
correlate a response in its brain. They discovered that it responded first to hard

9
edges or lines and scientifically, this meant that image processing starts with
simple shapes like straight edges.

At about the same time, the first computer image scanning technology was
developed, enabling computers to digitize and acquire images. Another
milestone was reached in 1963 when computers were able to transform two-
dimensional images into three-dimensional forms. In the 1960s, AI emerged as
an academic field of study and it also marked the beginning of the AI quest to
solve the human vision problem.

1974 saw the introduction of optical character recognition (OCR) technology,

which could recognize text printed in any font or typeface. Similarly, intelligent
character recognition (ICR) could decipher hand-written text that is using
neural networks. Since then, OCR and ICR have found their way into document
and invoice processing, vehicle plate recognition, mobile payments, machine
conversion and other common applications.

In 1982, neuroscientist David Marr established that vision works hierarchically

and introduced algorithms for machines to detect edges, corners, curves and
similar basic shapes. Concurrently, computer scientist Kunihiko Fukushima
developed a network of cells that could recognize patterns. The network,
called the Neocognitron, included convolutional layers in a neural network.

By 2000, the focus of study was on object recognition; and by 2001, the first
real-time face recognition applications appeared. Standardization of how visual
data sets are tagged and annotated emerged through the 2000s. In 2010, the
ImageNet data set became available. It contained millions of tagged images
across a thousand object classes and provides a foundation for CNNs and deep
learning models used today. In 2012, a team from the University of Toronto
entered a CNN into an image recognition contest. The model, called AlexNet,

1
0
significantly reduced the error rate for image recognition. After this
breakthrough, error rates have fallen to just a few percent.

Key aspects of AI Computer Vision:

 Image Recognition: The ability to identify and categorize objects, people,

places, and activities in images. For instance, recognizing faces in photos,
identifying animals in wildlife photography, or detecting defects in
manufacturing.
 Object Detection: Extending image recognition by not only identifying
objects but also locating them within an image. This is crucial for
applications like autonomous driving, where identifying and tracking objects
like other cars, pedestrians, and road signs is necessary.
 Image Segmentation: Dividing an image into segments to simplify or change
the representation of an image, making it more meaningful and easier to
analyze. This includes dividing an image into regions based on the objects
present.
 Facial Recognition: A subset of image recognition focused on identifying or
verifying a person’s identity using their facial features. It is widely used in
security systems, personal device unlocking, and social media tagging.
 Video Analysis: Involves processing video frames to detect, recognize, and
track objects, as well as understanding events and actions. Applications
include surveillance, sports analytics, and activity recognition.
 Medical Imaging: AI-powered tools for analyzing medical images such as X-
rays, MRIs, and CT scans to assist in diagnostics, treatment planning, and
research.

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1
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR): The process of converting different
types of documents, such as scanned paper documents or PDFs, into
editable and searchable data. This is useful for digitizing printed texts.
 3D Vision: Creating three-dimensional models from 2D images, which is
used in areas like virtual reality, augmented reality, robotics, and
autonomous navigation.
 Neural Networks and Deep Learning: Utilizing neural networks, especially
convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are particularly effective for
tasks involving image and video data due to their ability to capture spatial
hierarchies in visual information.
 AI Computer Vision is applied in various industries, including healthcare,
automotive, retail, security, and entertainment, transforming how tasks are
performed and enabling new capabilities.

Techniques in AI Computer Vision

 Image Preprocessing:

• Noise Reduction: Removing noise from images to improve the

quality and accuracy of analysis.
• Image Enhancement: Adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness
to make features more discernible.
• Normalization: Standardizing image data for consistent input to
machine learning models.
• Feature Extraction:
• Edge Detection: Identifying the boundaries within images using
algorithms like Sobel, Canny, or Laplacian.
• Texture Analysis: Describing the surface characteristics of objects
within an image.

1
2
 • Keypoint Detection: Finding and describing local features, such as
corners and blobs, which are invariant to changes in scale and
rotation.

 Deep Learning Models:

• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Specialized neural networks

that excel at recognizing patterns and spatial hierarchies in images.
They are composed of convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully
connected layers.
• Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): Consist of two neural
networks, a generator, and a discriminator, which are trained
together to produce high-quality synthetic images.
• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Used for video analysis to
handle temporal sequences and extract patterns over time.

Algorithms and Techniques:

1. Support Vector Machines (SVM): Used for image classification tasks.

2. K-means Clustering: Employed for image segmentation.

3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Used for dimensionality

reduction in image data.

Applications of AI Computer Vision

Healthcare:

a) Medical Imaging: Analyzing radiological images (X-rays, MRIs, CT scans)

for diagnosing diseases such as cancer, fractures, and neurological
disorders.

1
3
 b) Pathology: Automated analysis of histopathological slides to identify
abnormalities and diseases.
c) Telemedicine: Using image-based diagnostics for remote consultations.

Automotive:

a) Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling self-driving cars to perceive their

environment by detecting and classifying objects, understanding road
conditions, and making navigation decisions.
b) Driver Assistance Systems: Features like lane departure warnings, adaptive
cruise control, and parking assistance.

Retail:

a) Visual Search: Allowing customers to search for products using images

rather than text.

b) Inventory Management: Monitoring stock levels and shelf organization

through automated visual inspection.

c) Customer Behavior Analysis: Understanding customer interactions

and preferences through in-store video analysis.

Security and Surveillance:

a) Facial Recognition: Used in security systems for identifying and verifying

individuals.

b) Behavior Analysis: Detecting suspicious activities or unusual behavior

patterns in public spaces.

c) Intrusion Detection: Identifying unauthorized access in restricted areas.

1
4
Manufacturing:

a) Quality Control: Automated inspection of products to detect defects and

ensure consistency.

b) Predictive Maintenance: Using visual data to monitor equipment condition

and predict failures.

Agriculture:

a) Crop Monitoring: Analyzing images from drones and satellites to monitor

crop health, detect diseases, and optimize farming practices.

b) Livestock Management: Monitoring animal health and behavior through

video analysis.

Entertainment and Media:

a) Content Moderation: Automatically detecting and filtering inappropriate

content in images and videos.

b) Special Effects: Enhancing movies and games with realistic visual effects

generated by AI.

Challenges in AI Computer Vision

Data Quality and Quantity:

1. Annotated Data: Obtaining large volumes of accurately labeled

training data is essential but often challenging.

2. Diverse Datasets: Ensuring datasets encompass various scenarios to

improve model robustness.

Computational Resources:

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5
1. Processing Power: Training deep learning models
requires significant computational resources, often necessitating
specialized hardware like GPUs.

2. Latency: Real-time applications need low-latency processing, which

can be challenging to achieve.

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6
Generalization and Bias:

1. Overfitting: Ensuring models generalize well to new, unseen data and

are not overly tailored to the training data.

2. Bias: Addressing biases in training data that can lead to unfair or

inaccurate predictions.

Interpretability:

1. Model Transparency: Deep learning models, particularly CNNs, can be

seen as "black boxes," making it difficult to understand how they

arrive at decisions.

2. Explain ability: Developing methods to make AI decisions interpretable

and explainable to humans.

Ethical and Privacy Concerns:

1. Surveillance: Balancing the benefits of surveillance with individuals’

right to privacy.

2. Consent: Ensuring data is collected and used ethically, with proper

consent.

AI Computer Vision is an evolving field with vast potential, continuously driven

by advances in algorithms, computing power, and the availability of large
datasets. As technology progresses, its applications will become even more
integrated into various aspects of daily life, further transforming industries and
society.

1
7
3.2 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) are a class of deep neural networks that
are particularly effective for analyzing visual data. They are designed to
automatically and adaptively learn spatial hierarchies of features through back
propagation by using multiple building blocks, such as convolution layers,
pooling layers, and fully connected layers.

Key Components of CNNs:

Img: CNN

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Convolution Layer:

 Filters/Kernels: Small-sized matrices used to detect features such as edges,

textures, or more complex patterns.
 Stride: The step size by which the filter moves across the input image.
 Padding: Adding borders to the input image to preserve its spatial
dimensions after convolution.

ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) Layer:

Activation Function: Applies a non-linear transformation, typically max (0, x), to

introduce non-linearity into the model, enabling it to learn complex patterns.

Pooling Layer:

Max Pooling: Reduces the spatial dimensions of the input by taking the
maximum value in each patch of the feature map.

Average Pooling: Reduces the spatial dimensions by taking the average value in
each patch of the feature map.

Purpose: Down-sampling reduces the computational load and controls

overfitting.

Fully Connected Layer:

Dense Layer: Connects every neuron in one layer to every neuron in the next
layer, similar to traditional neural networks.

Output Layer: Typically a softmax activation function is used in the final layer
for classification tasks, giving a probability distribution over classes.

Dropout:

Regularization Technique: Randomly sets a fraction of input units to 0 at each

update during training time to prevent overfitting.
11
Working of CNNs

 Feature Extraction: Convolutional layers apply filters to the input image to

create feature maps that capture various visual features.

 Down-Sampling: Pooling layers reduce the dimensions of these feature

maps while retaining the most critical information.

 Classification: Fully connected layers process the down-sampled feature

maps to perform classification or regression tasks.

 Applications and Uses of CNNs Image Recognition and Classification:

 Object Recognition: Identifying and labeling objects within an image.

 Scene Classification: Categorizing entire images into predefined classes,

such as identifying a beach, forest, or cityscape.

Object Detection:

Bounding Box Prediction: Detecting and localizing objects within an image by

drawing bounding boxes around them.

Applications: Autonomous driving (detecting pedestrians, vehicles), security

surveillance, and robotics.

Image Segmentation:

Semantic Segmentation: Classifying each pixel in an image to understand

object boundaries and regions.

Instance Segmentation: Distinguishing between different instances of the same

object class in an image.

12
Facial Recognition:

Identification and Verification: Recognizing and verifying individuals based on

facial features.

Applications: Security systems, unlocking personal devices, social media

tagging.

Medical Imaging:

Disease Detection: Analyzing medical images like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans to
detect conditions such as tumors, fractures, and anomalies.

Segmentation: Segmenting organs and lesions for better diagnosis and

treatment planning.

Automated Image Captioning:

Description Generation: Automatically generating textual descriptions for

images.

Applications: Assisting visually impaired individuals, improving search engine

capabilities.

Video Analysis:

Action Recognition: Detecting and recognizing actions and activities in video

footage.

Surveillance: Monitoring and analyzing video feeds for security purposes.

13
Self-Driving Cars:

Perception: Understanding the environment by recognizing road signs, lane

markings, pedestrians, and other vehicles.

Decision Making: Enabling autonomous vehicles to make informed driving

decisions based on visual data.

Robotics:

Navigation and Interaction: Enabling robots to navigate and interact with their
environment by recognizing objects and understanding their surroundings.

Quality Control: Inspecting products for defects in manufacturing processes.

Art and Creativity:

Style Transfer: Applying the artistic style of one image to another image.

Generative Art: Creating new artworks using generative adversarial networks

(GANs).

Advantages of CNNs

i. Automatic Feature Extraction: Unlike traditional image processing

techniques, CNNs automatically learn and extract features from raw
images.

ii. Translation Invariance: CNNs can recognize objects even if they are
translated or slightly transformed within the image.

iii. Scalability: They can be scaled to handle large datasets and complex tasks

by adjusting the depth and width of the network.

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Challenges and Limitations

Computational Intensity: Training CNNs requires significant computational

resources, particularly for deep networks with many layers.

Data Requirements: CNNs need large amounts of labeled training data to

achieve high performance, which can be challenging to obtain.

Interpretability: Understanding the internal workings of CNNs and why they

make certain decisions can be difficult, often seen as a “black box.”

Convolutional Neural Networks have revolutionized the field of computer

vision, enabling numerous applications that were previously thought to be
unachievable. Their ability to automatically and effectively learn from visual
data continues to drive advancements in AI and machine learning.

15
3.3 AI Models

Overview:

Summarization involves condensing a longer text into a shorter version, capturing the
main ideas and essential information. This is useful for quickly understanding large
volumes of text, such as articles, reports, and documents.

Summarization Steps:

 Select a Pre-trained Model: Choose a model designed for summarization,

such as BART, T5, or Pegasus.
 Load the Model and Tokenizer: Initialize the model and tokenizer using
the transformers library.
 Prepare the Input Text: Input the text you want to summarize.

 Generate Summary: Use the model to generate a summary of the input text.

 Output the Summary: Display or use the generated summary.

Img: Google Colab

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CHAPTER – 4: Tasks:

4.1 Question Answering:

Overview:
Question Answering (QA) systems extract answers from a given context based on a
posed question. QA models are trained to understand the context and locate the span
of text that answers the question.

Steps:

Select a Pre-trained Model: Choose a model designed for question answering, such
as BERT, RoBERTa, or DistilBERT.

Load the Model and Tokenizer: Initialize the model and tokenizer using the
transformers library.

Prepare the Context and Question: Input the context (passage of text) and the
question you want to answer.

Generate Answer: Use the model to find and generate the answer from the context.

Output the Answer: Display or use the generated answer.

Img: generating the Answer

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Fill Mask Overview:

The fill-mask task involves predicting missing words in a sentence. It is commonly used in
language modeling and text completion. The model predicts masked words based on the
context provided by the surrounding words.

steps:

Select a Pre-trained Model: Choose a model designed for fill-mask tasks, such as
BERT, RoBERTa, or DistilBERT.

Load the Model and Tokenizer: Initialize the model and tokenizer using the
transformers library.

Prepare the Input Sentence: Input a sentence with a masked word (e.g., "Artificial
intelligence is [MASK] by machines.").

Generate Predictions: Use the model to predict the masked word.

Output Predictions: Display the predicted words and their probabilities.

Img: Fill Mask

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4.2 ChatBot

Chatbot means creating an interaction between human and AI. A human can directly
interact with AI with natural language . Here I developed a “Telegram Bot” using chat GPT,
API keys, and telegram etc…….

Steps to create a “Telegram Bot”

1. You need to download Telegram in your mobile or laptop or desktop.

2. Create an account in telegram.
3. Search with @botfather

 Click Start to activate the BotFather chatbot.

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Send a /start command

4. Send a /newbot command then it will response you .

5. It asks choose a name for your bot you need to give the name for your bot .

6. Again it asks a username for your bot you need o give a user name to your bot

7. It generate your telegram bot token you need to copy it In that it provide your bot
link also.

8. But it not worked because it doesn’t have any backend For that we use a python
code to it you can run the code in any python platform here I am using google colab
take a new notebook install the packages required and run the main code int that
code we need to change the telegram bot token that was generated by Bot Father
and also change the “Api key” with your system generated key. And then run the
code go to you bot ask something it will interact with you . It only can interact with
us only when code is running .

To connect to your bot you need to copy the token and place in TelegramBOT TOKEN

22
Now run the above cell. Generate API key and paste in genai.configure and run the cell.

23
It interacts in an attractive way it will answer to everything we ask. Finally it is my
“Telegram Bot”.

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4.3 YOLO (you only look once)

YOLO, which stands for "You Only Look Once," is a state-of-the-art real-time object
detection system. YOLO have several versions like Yolov3, YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv8,
YOLOv9. YOLOv8 is the latest installment and it is better version compared YOLOv9
and all. YOLOv8 was developed by Ultralytics .

Step by Step Process Involved for detecting object using YOLOv8

1. you need to create an account in Roboflow

2. After creating a roboflow account you need to create a new project.

Click on create new project

3. After that, you can upload minimum 500 images or you can upload a youtube
link and then we have to label all the images that we need to detect. All 500 images
we need ti label them correctly.

25
4. otherwise, we have an option called Universe Roboflow provides a number of

universe datasets that are already labelled. We can use that data sets also.

26
Then, you will be asked to invite collaborators to your workspace. These
collaborators can help you annotate images or manage the vision projects in your
workspace. Once you have invited people to your workspace (if you want to), you
will be able to create a project.

We have plenty of datasets in Universe.

5. Select a Dataset you want and download the dataset and you must use
“YOLOv8” version then it can generate a code copy it. Then go to the AI model called
YOLOv8 you can train the model on colab, Kaggle etc.. you need to choose colab.

6. After that, training in colab you must connect with runtime GPU.

7. Then train the model by running the cells. you can custom the model here you
can change epoch rate also it means no. of iterations you need after that you can
inference the model.

8. you must need to download the Best.pt file after the iterations completed it
generates a file you must download it.

9. Finally it give the path like runs/detect/predict your output is there you check
and download it. Otherwise, there is a option to connect with our drive you can
connect with your drive and drag the out put to your drive.

27
Object Detection (YOLOV8)

The task of detecting instances of objects of a certain class within an image. Object
detection is a computer vision task that involves identifying and locating objects in
images or videos. It is an important part of many applications, such as self-driving
cars, robotics, and video surveillance. Over the years, many methods and algorithms
have been developed to find objects in images and their positions. The best quality in
performing these tasks comes from using convolutional neural networks.

One of the most popular neural networks for this task is YOLO, created in 2015 by
Joseph Redmon, Santosh Divvala, Ross Girshick, and Ali Farhadi in their famous
research paper "You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection".

Since that time, there have been quite a few versions of YOLO. Recent releases can
do even more than object detection. The newest release is YOLOv8, which we are
going to use in this tutorial.

The main features of this network for object detection is First, we will use a pre-
trained model to detect common object classes like cats and dogs. Then, I will show
how to train your own model to detect specific object types that you select, and how
to prepare the data for this process. Finally, we will create a web application to
detect objects on images right in a web browser using the custom trained model.

Problems that YOLOv8 can solve:

We can use the YOLOv8 network to solve classification, object detection, and image
segmentation problems. All these methods detect objects in images or in videos in
different ways, as you can see in the image below:

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The neural network that's created and trained for image classification determines a
class of object on the image and returns its name and the probability of this
prediction.

For example, on the left image, it returned that this is a "cat" and that the
confidence level of this prediction is 92% (0.92).

The neural network for object detection, in addition to the object type and
probability, returns the coordinates of the object on the image: x, y, width and
height, as shown on the second image. Object detection neural networks can also
detect several objects in the image and their bounding boxes.

Finally, in addition to object types and bounding boxes, the neural network trained
for image segmentation detects the shapes of the objects, as shown on the right
image.

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Object Detection using YOLOv8:

Adding Data:
 Click “Create Project.” to continue.
 Paste the youtube link and then click next it will process the video here the video
is nothing but a series of images here we will take 1 frame/second then click on
choose frame rate.
 Now click on universe and click on self-driving there are 100 of datasets select
“vehicles Computer Vision Project” click on download this dataset. In format
select YOLOv8.

After selecting YOLOv8 click on continue. Copy the code now click on a notebook
from your model library select YOLOv8 after clicking YOLOv8 you can see Train on
colab on the right- side open train on colab. Here you can see the following
codes.

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Now run the cell. This cell is used to check whether you have connected to
GPU(Graphics Processing Unit) or not.

Now run the above cell this cell works the current directory to home.

 After running the above cell the result will be saved in runs/detect/predict.

 After running the cell the output is generated.

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 Paste the video link in source After running the cell.

 After running the cell you will find the result video in runs/detect/predict2.

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 After running the cell you can find the result video in your google drive.

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 CHAPTER – 5: Open CV Basics:

OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is an open-source computer

vision and machine learning software library. It provides a common
infrastructure for computer vision applications and accelerates the use of
machine perception in commercial products.

Key Features of OpenCV

Image Processing: OpenCV offers a variety of functions to manipulate and

analyze images. This includes operations like filtering, edge detection, corner
detection, and histogram equalization.

Video Capture and Analysis: OpenCV can capture video from cameras, video
files, or image sequences. It also supports real-time video processing, making it
useful for applications like video surveillance and motion tracking.

Object Detection: The library includes pre-trained models and functions for
detecting objects such as faces, eyes, and cars. It supports various object
detection algorithms, including Haar cascades, HOG + SVM, and deep learning-
based methods like YOLO and SSD.

Feature Detection and Matching: OpenCV can detect and match features
between images using algorithms like SIFT, SURF, and ORB. This is essential for
tasks like image stitching, 3D reconstruction, and object recognition.

Machine Learning: OpenCV provides a range of machine learning algorithms

for classification, regression, and clustering. These include k-Nearest Neighbors,
Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, Random Forests, and k-Means
clustering.

Geometric Transformations: The library supports a wide array of geometric

transformations, such as scaling, rotation, translation, and perspective
transformations. These are useful for tasks like image alignment and
rectification.

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Camera Calibration: OpenCV includes tools for calibrating cameras,
estimating camera parameters, and correcting lens distortion. This is critical for
applications that require precise camera measurements and 3D reconstruction.

Image Segmentation: OpenCV can perform image segmentation, which

involves dividing an image into meaningful parts. This is useful for object
detection, medical imaging, and image editing.

GUI Features: The library provides simple functions to create graphical user
interfaces, allowing users to create windows, display images, and capture mouse
and keyboard events.

Applications of OpenCV

Robotics: Object detection, path planning, and autonomous navigation.

Medical Imaging: Enhancing and analyzing medical images for diagnostics.

Augmented Reality: Overlaying digital information onto the physical world.

Automotive: Driver assistance systems, such as lane detection and pedestrian

recognition.

Security and Surveillance: Motion detection and facial recognition.

Photo Editing: Filters, effects, and image restoration.

Sports: Analyzing player movements and game strategies.

OpenCV is highly versatile and can be used in various industries and research
areas. Its wide range of functionalities and ease of use make it a popular choice
for both beginners and experienced practitioners in computer vision and image
processing

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 CHAPTER – 6: Object Tracking:

Object tracking in OpenCV involves detecting an object in a video frame and then
following it as it moves across subsequent frames. Here’s a conceptual overview of
how object tracking works in OpenCV:

Steps in Object Tracking

Object Detection: First, the object of interest must be detected. This can be done
using various techniques like background subtraction, frame differencing, or using
pre-trained models (e.g., Haar cascades, YOLO).

Initialization: Once the object is detected, it needs to be initialized for tracking.

This typically involves setting up a bounding box around the object.

Tracking: The tracker updates the position of the object in each new frame based
on its appearance and motion. Different tracking algorithms can be used depending
on the requirements and complexity of the task.

Common Tracking Algorithms in OpenCV

BOOSTING Tracker: Based on the AdaBoost algorithm, it combines several weak

classifiers to create a strong classifier. It’s robust but can be slower and less accurate
compared to modern algorithms.

MIL Tracker (Multiple Instance Learning): Considers multiple possible object

locations, improving robustness to occlusion and inaccuracies in the initial bounding
box.

KCF Tracker (Kernelized Correlation Filters): Utilizes correlation filters with

kernels for fast and accurate tracking. It's efficient and performs well on most tasks.

TLD Tracker (Tracking, Learning, and Detection): Combines tracking with a

learning component to handle changes in the appearance of the object.

MedianFlow Tracker: Tracks the object by estimating the median of the flow
vectors, ensuring robustness to abrupt movements.

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CSRT Tracker (Discriminative Correlation Filter with Channel and Spatial
Reliability): Provides higher accuracy and robustness to occlusions and variations in
scale.

MOSSE Tracker (Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error): Fast and efficient,
suitable for real-time applications but less accurate.

Applications of Object Tracking

Surveillance: Monitoring people or objects in security footage.

Robotics: Enabling robots to follow objects or navigate through environments.

Sports Analytics: Tracking players or the ball in sports events.

Augmented Reality: Overlaying virtual objects on tracked real-world objects.

Human-Computer Interaction: Gesture recognition and interaction.

Conceptual Workflow

Initialization:

Capture the video stream.

Detect the object to track and initialize the tracker with the object's bounding box.

Tracking Loop:

For each frame:

Update the tracker to get the new position of the object. Draw the updated bounding

box around the object.

Display the frame with the tracked object.

Example Scenario: Tracking a Face

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Detect the face using a pre-trained Haar cascade classifier.

Initialize the tracker with the bounding box of the

detected face.

Track the face across subsequent video frames using one of the tracking algorithms.

Advantages of Using OpenCV for Tracking

Real-Time Performance: Many tracking algorithms in OpenCV are optimized for

real- time performance.

Flexibility: OpenCV supports various tracking algorithms, allowing you to choose

the one that best fits your needs.

Ease of Use: High-level functions and a wide range of tutorials and examples make
it easy to implement tracking.

By leveraging these features and understanding the workflow, you can implement
robust object tracking systems using OpenCV for various applications. If you have
specific questions or need guidance on implementing a particular tracking algorithm.

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39
 CHAPTER – 7: AI Talking Bot

Generative-AI Talking Bot

To create a generative AI robot that can speak different languages, you'll need to
integrate translation and text-to-speech (TTS) services. Here's a simplified explanation
of the process:

Set Up Environment:

Install libraries and obtain API keys for translation and TTS services.

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Translation:

Use a translation API to convert text from the source language to the target language.

43
Text-to-Speech (TTS):
Use a TTS API to convert the translated text into spoken words.

Voice Recognition (Optional):

If the robot needs to understand and respond to spoken language, use a speech
recognition API to convert speech to text.

Integration:
Create a script or application that takes input text, translates it, converts it to speech,
and plays the audio.

Process Overview:

Input:
The user provides text in a specific language.

Translate:
The text is sent to a translation service to be translated into the desired language.

Convert to Speech:
The translated text is sent to a TTS service to generate an audio file.

Play Audio:
The audio file is played, allowing the robot to "speak" the translated text.

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The output is:

Services and Tools:

Translation API:
Example: Google Cloud Translation
API. Function: Translate text
between languages. Text-to-Speech

API:
Example: Google Text-to-Speech, Amazon Polly.
Function: Convert text to spoken audio.

Speech Recognition API (Optional):

Example: Google Speech-to-Text.

This setup allows the robot to communicate in multiple languages by leveraging

translation and TTS technologies, making it versatile in multilingual environments.

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Key Points:
Google Cloud Translation API:
Translate text from one language to another.
Requires setting up a project on Google Cloud and enabling the Translation API.

Google Cloud Text-to-Speech API:

Convert translated text into speech.
Requires setting up a project on Google Cloud and enabling the Text-to-Speech API.

Play sound Library:

Play the audio file generated by the TTS API.

Environment Variables:
GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS should point to your Google Cloud service
account JSON file.
This example can be extended to include more languages, different TTS services, and
more sophisticated error handling and user interaction features.

Function: Convert spoken language to text for processing.

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 CHAPTER –8: OBSERVATIONS

Question Answering (QA) Systems:

1. The pre-trained models like BERT, RoBERTa, and DistilBERT

demonstrate high accuracy in extracting answers by understanding
the context and identifying relevant spans of text. These models are
optimized to process context and provide precise answers within a
short processing time.

2. QA models effectively manage a broad range of question types, which

allows them to perform well in generalizable contexts, including

varying domains and formats of input text.

3. Fill-mask models accurately predict missing words in sentences based

on surrounding context, highlighting their proficiency in

understanding syntax and semantics.

Telegram BoT and AI robot :

 The Telegram Bot setup provides an intuitive way for users to interact
with AI using natural language directly via the Telegram platform.
 Using BotFather simplifies bot creation, but connecting the bot with a
backend, such as a Python script on Google Colab, enables dynamic
interaction by linking to APIs.
 The bot responds accurately as long as the Python code is running,
making it ideal for real-time interactions but limited by the runtime of
the backend environment.
 To develop a generative AI robot that can interact in multiple
languages, you can follow these simplified steps:
 CHAPTER –7: Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes:

1. Question Answering: Gain a practical understanding of how pre-trained

models can extract relevant information from complex textual data.
Learn about context encoding and question representation, which are
essential in tasks requiring comprehension and text-based reasoning.

Understand the mechanics of language modeling and how contextually

based predictions are generated.Learn to evaluate prediction
probabilities to identify the most likely options for missing words.

2. Learners gain hands-on experience in creating a chatbot and AI bot on

Telegram by using BotFather for bot creation and integrating API keys
for backend functionality. Understanding the API integration process
improves knowledge of cloud-based chatbot deployment and the
requirements for managing runtime dependencies.

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 CHAPTER –8: Conclusion and Future Extensions

QA and fill-mask tasks highlight the powerful language

comprehension and predictive capabilities of transformer-based
models like BERT and RoBERTa. These systems can effectively extract
information and predict context-sensitive words, making them
valuable for applications in fields like education, customer support,
and writing assistance. Future developments in domain-specific fine-
tuning and multilingual support will further enhance their accuracy
and usability across diverse contexts.

Building a Telegram Bot using ChatGPT and integrating it with a

backend environment illustrates a straightforward approach to
creating AI-powered interactions on messaging platforms. The bot can
dynamically respond to user queries, showcasing the power of API
integration and the potential of chatbots to offer responsive,
interactive experiences.

This setup allows the generative AI to engage in multilingual

conversations by integrating translation, TTS, and optional speech
recognition. The combination of these services offers a user-friendly,
conversational experience that can cater to diverse linguistic
backgrounds, expanding the reach and usability of AI-driven
interactions.

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 References
1. Google Cloud. (2023). Cloud Translation API Documentation. @
https://cloud.google.com/translate/docs

2. Microsoft Azure. (2023). Microsoft Translator Documentation @

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cognitive-services/translator/

3. Text-to-Speech (TTS) Services: Google Cloud. (2023). Cloud Text-to-Speech

Documentation @ https://cloud.google.com/text-to-speech/docs

4. Patterson, J., & Gibson, A. (2017). Deep Learning: A Practitioner's Approach.

O'Reilly Media. [For integrating different AI components in applications]

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