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    Lecture1 Genetics

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    Mohamed Ramadan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture1 Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Ramadan
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    Lecture1 Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Ramadan

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    10/3/24

    General Botany 1
    (Plant Systematic and Genetics)
    Code: 040407101
    (Bot101)
    Fall 2024

    General Botany 1
    (Plant Systematic and Genetics)
    Code: 040407101
    (Bot101)

    Genetics

    DR. SHIMAA ABDELMONEIM ELSALHY

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    10/3/24

    Points will be
    discussed
    1. Introduction to Genetics
    2. Genome organization in
    prokaryotes and eukaryotes
    3. Cell division and cell cycle
    4. Gene expression
    5. Regulation of Gene Expression
    6. Genes and gene interactions
    7. Mutation

    Lecture 1
    INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS

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    Genetics is the study of inheritance from

    the distribution of traits to the biochemistry

    of the genetic material.

    Biochemistry

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    The science of genetics includes the


    I- Rules of inheritance
    1. Cells
    2. Individuals
    3. Populations
    II- Molecular mechanisms
    by which genes control the:
    1. Growth
    2. Development
    3. Appearance of an organism

    Genetics is an exciting basic science, and no area of biology

    can be truly understood without an understanding of

    genetics, because genes:

    1- Control cellular processes.

    2- Determine the course of evolution.

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    ØAn understanding of genetics is crucial to advancement


    in medicine, agriculture, animal breeding; and solving
    genetic problems.

    üThe purpose of this course is to introduce and describe


    the molecular basis and principles of inheritance.

    General areas of Genetics

    1-Classical Genetics

    2- Molecular Genetics

    3- Population Genetics

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    General areas of Genetics

    1. Classical Genetics:
    Is considered with the chromosomal theory of inheritance,
    the concept that:

    A- Genes are located in a linear fashion on chromosomes.


    B- Determination of relative position (mapping)

    of genes on chromosomes.

    10

    General areas of Genetics (cont.)


    2. Molecular genetics:

    a- Is the study of the genetic material ( structure, replication, and


    expression).

    b- Also the study of recombinant DNA (Genetic engineering).

    3. Population (Evolutionary) genetics:


    Is the study of the mechanisms of evolutionary changes and the
    changes of gene frequencies in population.

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    What is the genetic material?

    Must be able to contain and maintain information

    This information can be:

    a. Duplicated and Transmitted during heredity.

    B. Transcribed and translated during development.

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    What is the genetic material? (cont.)

    This information must be coded in terms of the four-

    letter alphabet of the nucleic acid bases (A, C, G, T).

    N.B. The base sequence is the only variable feature in

    the primary structure of both DNA and RNA.

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    AAAAGTTCAAAATATTATATATTTTTAAATACCATTTTACACT
    GAAATACTCCATTTATATACTGGGGACTGTCCTCTTTCTGGTT
    TGCTTTGTTTTGTTTAATAAAAGAAATAAACCAATCTACCTG
    AGGAACTGTGAACTATATTGAAGAAAAGCCCCTGCACGGG
    GGTTCTCTTACCTTTTCAAGAGTGCTTCAAAGAAGGGAAAT
    TTACTGACAGGCAAGGTCTGTACCCATTGTTTAATTGTCTGT
    TAGATGTTATGCATAGAATACGTCTTTTAACTTAGCCAAATGC
    AGAAGG

    Part of sequence of gene (Abcb1a)

    14

    may involve alterations in:

    A- The absolute amounts of DNA.

    B- Relative frequencies(‫ )ﺗﻜﺮار‬or sequence(‫)ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬


    of the bases.

    15

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    Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes


    DNA

    Nucleoid

    Prokaryotes Nucleus Eukaryotes

    LIFE: The Science of Biology, Tenth Edition


    (Book).

    16

    Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes


    Subject Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    1-Nuclear membrane absent Present

    2- Nuclear region Nucleoid Nucleus

    3-RNA polymerase One type Three types


    mRNA, rRNA, tRNA 1- rRNA polymerase
    2- mRNA polymerase
    3- tRNA polymerase

    4- Chromosomal DNA One type Three types


    (sequences) Non- repetitive 1- Non- repetitive
    2- Moderately repetitive
    3- Highly repetitive

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    AATCCCAATCCCAATCCC
    TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG

    An example of repetitive DNA in


    telomeres of human chromosome,
    showing repeats of TTAGGG

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    5- Shape Simple, nacked, Complex,


    circular DNA, with
    histones and
    non histone
    proteins
    6-DNA amount Several hundreds or Millions of
    thousands of nucleotides
    nucleotides or less
    7-Gene bearing Genophore Chromosomes
    structure

    19

    19

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    DNA Replication
    Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

    1. Mechanism Semi conservative

    2. Point of initiation One point Several points

    3. Direction Uni- or Bidirectional only


    Bidirectional
    4. Telomere No telomere Replication of
    telomere

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    O’Donnell et al., 2013


    Initiation of replication in bacteria and eukaryotes.

    21

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    Unidirectional replication Wikimedia.org

    22

    Visualization of DNA under the light microscope

    • Feulgen staining reactions:


    1-This method is one of many evidences.
    2-The Feulgen staining reaction was shown
    to be highly specific for DNA.
    3- Feulgen stains the chromosomes
    4- The cytoplasm and nucleolus are not stained
    by Feulgen.
    5- Feulgen can also be used to measure the
    amount of chromosomal DNA quantitatively.

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